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Week 1 peer responses Georgiann Ostrander  Initial Post/ week 1 / ostrander.g COLLAPSE Top of Form NRNP 6635 Psychopathology and Diagnostic Reasoning Week 1: Discussion Forum Explain the biological (genetic and neuroscientific); psychological (behavioral and cognitive processes, emotional, developmental); and social, cultural, and interpersonal factors that influence the development of psychopathology. Explain the implications of why, as an advanced practice nurse, it is important to adopt a multidimensional, integrative model of psychopathology.   Advanced Practitioners must adopt a multi-dimensional, integrative model of psychopathology to effectively approach mental health disorders, treat disorders, implement strategies to help improve the patient’s quality of life, and prescribe drug therapies. Every person, or, a patient has their own genetic sequence, and a person is influenced based upon their environmental exposures, social-economic status, and cultural and spiritual factors that all require an integrative multi-dimensional approach. Mental health disorders are complex due to a patient’s biological genetic makeup, developmental influences, cognitive process, and emotional state. Integrating a multi-dimensional approach is important as a person is unique as an individual due to genetic composition; therefore, each treatment response will vary per individual. Drug therapy responses will vary for everyone based upon genetics alone; others may experience no side effects as Others may have a severe reaction. The Association for Psychological Science (2017) journal identifies four key issues of mental health illness to include the etiology, categories, and dimensions/ multi-dimensional complexity, the threshold in mental disorders, and comorbidities. Many researchers have research if mental health disease is a solely genetic condition or if mental health is a condition stemming from environmental factors. According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information/ U.S. National Library of Medicine (2019), recognizes environmental and biological factors can alter the developmental stages from infancy, childhood to adulthood based upon an individual’s environmental influences on their immediate family to provide a safe and nurturing home, peer-influenced; physical environments such as good air quality or toxins; nutrition, and lifestyle factors such as exercise, and quality of sleep. The Journal of Biomedicine (2015) study recommends a multi-dimensional approach that is useful to correlate cognitive function, patterns abnormalities, and behaviors compared to early stages to full stage mental health disorders such as bipolar disease. Integrating a model of psychopathology multi-system approach can help guide and influence advanced nurse practitioners to implement effective drug therapy and cognitive therapy based upon the stage of the mental health disorder.    Reference: Clark, L.A., Cuthbert B., and Lewis-Fernandez, R. et al. (2017). Three approaches to understanding and classifying mental disorders: ICD-11, DSM-5, and the national institute of mental health research domain criteria.  Association for Psychological Science, APS. Retrieved from  https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1529100617727266 Lin, K., Xu, G., and Wong, N. M., et al. (2015). A Multi-dimensional and integrative approach to examining the high-risk and ultra-high-risk stages of bipolar disorder. Biomedicine, 2(8), 919–928.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.06.027 National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine (2019, September 11). Fostering healthy mental, emotional, and behavioral development in children and youth: A National Agenda. Retrieved from  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551846/ Bottom of Form--------------------------------- Kayla Barrett  Main Discussion Post - Kayla B COLLAPSE Top of Form Main Discussion Post The body’s response to internal and external stimuli works to influence our growth and development. Physiological growth and development are linked to the biological reactions or lack thereof occurring throughout the body and within the brain (Jackson & Milberg, 2018). As more research is conducted, it has become more evident that numerous neuropsychiatric conditions emanate during brain development. Neurodevelopmental abnormalities, such as schizophrenia, indicate signs of arrested development evidenced by enlarged ventricles and an underdeveloped prefrontal cortex and hippocampus present during adolescent years (Saddock, Saddock, & Ruiz, 2015). Family history is a prodigious indicator that a person may be at risk of being diagnosed with schizophrenia later in life. The ten percent increase in the likelihood that an offspring of a schizophrenic patient may develop the disease indicates genetic involvement (Saddock, Saddock, & Ruiz, 2015). Some neurological abnormalities occur later in life due more heavily to neurodegeneration, such as amyloid precursor protein abnormalities seen in some patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Glial cells provide the body with neurotropic support during the early and late years of life, making them poor indicators of distinguishing the origination of psychopathological disorders (Saddock, Saddock, & Ruiz, 2015). Glial cells can aggrandize disease or act as a restoration mechanism eschewing psychopathological disorders (Saddock, Saddock, & Ruiz, 2015). Either way, biologically influencing the development of psychopathology within an individual. Psychological factors that influence psychopathology are linked to the learning process during childhood. John Bowlby’s theory suggests that children experience a sense of security when their mother is near them and fear and anxiety upon separation (Saddock, Saddock, & Ruiz, 2015). The child is in a state of comfort and protection when around their mother and thus remains calm. Upon separation, the child becomes afraid, anxious, and begins to cry indicating a sense of insecurity (Saddock, Saddock, & Ruiz, 2015). If the child’s sense of security is not restored through the mother comforting the child, this sense of anxiety maintains within them as emotional trauma (Masten & Kalstabakken, 2018). In some cases, the mother, the child’s sense of comfort, maybe physically (incarceration) or psychologically unavailable (depression). Psychiatric implications include patients with relationship disorders who may develop into adults with insecure attachment styles and exhibit jealousy and possessiveness over friends or romantic partners (Saddock, Saddock, & Ruiz, 2015). Sociocultural and interpersonal factors such as ethnicity, religion, class, gender, sexual orientation, and traditions lay the foundation for the person we become due to the plasticity humans express in response to their environment. Each individual’s unique background and experiences shape how they cope and maintain a sense of self and well-being as each experience aids in the creating of personal values. According to Cheung and Mak (2018), an increased prevalence of mental disorders is noted among men and women with less education, lower-income, less privilege, and unemployment (Saddock, Saddock, & Ruiz, 2015). Such a notion indicates a lack of information conducive to coping healthily within less-than-optimal situations that are accompanied with worrying about basic needs. Moreover, the desire to meet physiological (food and water), and safety (employment and shelter) needs take priority over mentally renovating one's social and emotional intelligence (Saddock, Saddock, & Ruiz, 2015). Money, food, and shelter are more immediate goals. Shifting the emotional focus to an independent, transcendent exploration geared toward positive self-evaluation involves delayed gratification, adaptation, and channeling impulse. Without the tools, capability, knowledge, or education to recognize the variations of our emotional and mental state, the development of psychopathology may develop.   References Cheung, F., & Mak, W. (2018). Sociocultural factors in psychopathology. APA Handbook of Psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, Assessing, and Treating Adult Mental Disorders 1, 127-147.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0000064-006 Jackson, C., & Milberg, W. (2018). Examination of neurological and neuropsychological features in psychopathology. APA handbook of psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, assessing, and treating adult mental disorders 1, 65-90.  http://dx.doi.org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1037/0000064-004 Masten, A., & Kalstabakken, A. (2018). Developmental perspectives on psychopathology in children and adolescents. APA Handbook of Psychopathology: Child and Adolescent Psychopathology 2, 15-36.   http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0000065-002 Saddock, B., Saddock, V., & Ruiz, P. (2015). Kaplan & Saddocks synopsis pf psychiatry (11th ed.). Wolters Kluwers. Bottom of Form