Fluent Essays

I made a water irrigation project and now need a final technical paper on it. I've uploaded a template. Using the outline below, write a final technical paper describing your project and its success. You must include graphical representations and graphs where appropriate. MAKE SURE YOU WRITE IN 3rd PERSON. Cover page Table of Contents Introduction (Objective, etc.) [The remaining sections must follow in exact order with the section title/heading provided in the paper. However, you must NOT include the description found in parenthesis after each heading in the final submission.] Problem Background and Definition (Essentially, this will be the background and definition of the problem which you developed for the proposal.) Technology Solution (This is a narrative description of your solution to the problem highlighting significant design features and benefits. While it draws on the proposal and midterm statements, the solution is no longer a proposed solution but the solution which was actually implemented. A requirement in this section is a discussion which explains the standards (electrical, networking, safety, security, etc) and principles as well as issues which were considered in the design and its implementation. Also required is a summary of the performance of the solution, including any shortfalls.) Chosen Conceptual Design (This is a narrative description of the chosen conceptual design which was implemented. Include a Functional Block Diagram. This may be taken from the Preliminary Design Document of Week 2.) Potential Social, Ethical, Legal, and Environmental Impacts of the Project (This is a narrative description of the impact and interrelationship of the project with these elements. Refer to W4A Part 1.) Design Methodology (This should be a statement of the extensive work done for the preliminary and detailed designs. It should address the theories, models, and techniques used in the design phase, the major design trade-offs, the broader context (social, ethical, etc.), and the primary design choices. Graphs are encouraged if appropriate. Refer to the PDR and DDR.) Simulation Results (There should have been some modeling and simulation of the system or subsystems. Include those here showing that your design was validated prior to build.) Final Design (This should basically be the final design section which was developed for the Detailed Design Review with any modifications included based on the implementation and testing phases. A description should be provided of the operation of the system, functionality of different parts of the system, etc. It should be readable; thus, not every detail needs description. However, the reader should have a good sense of the design and how it works. A functional block diagram or schematic of the final design should be presented here. The schematic of the final design should be found in Appendix C as well, even if provided here.) Solution Implementation (Describe how the prototype/breadboard version was implemented. The models, techniques, and resources need to be identified along with any challenges which were encountered and how they were resolved. Explain how performance was demonstrated. Any shortfalls in performance must be identified. Clearly labeled screenshots or other documentation should be provided as evidence.) Evaluation of Solution’s Efficacy (A description of the test plan and methodology should be provided. The actual test plan will be provided in an appendix. The results must be provided (screenshots, tables, etc.) along with an evaluation of the results along with changes made based on the test results (replacement or change of parts, rewiring, redesign, rewrite of software. This should also note the failures which were first encountered and actions taken to remedy when the testing initially failed.). Particular attention must be given, both in the plan and the evaluation, to end-user profiles and interactions. Refer to the Week 6 Test Plan submission.) Improvements and Optimizations to Solution (In this section, any improvements or optimizations which were identified and implemented should be noted. Also, importantly, any ideas or opportunities for improvement or optimization which you identified but did not implement should be noted. Refer to the Week 6 Test Plan submission.) Conclusion (Remarks, comments, observations, recommendations, etc. Refer to W6 Assignment Part B.) References (Text, online, personal interviews, etc in APA format). Make sure in-text citations are used in the body of the final report. Refer to the following websites: https://www.mendeley.com/guides/apa-citation-guide https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_the_basics.html Appendices: Appendix A: Functional Specifications (This should be the requirements section which you developed for the Conceptual Design Review.) Appendix B: Design Calculations and circuit analysis, indicate what theory is being applied to the design (Refer to the DDR.) The information from week 2 assignment, Appendix A, should be included along with any modifications. Appendix C: Design Documents: Schematics of the system; software flow chart; source code (code must be well documented with comments). Appendix D: Test Plan (Refer to Testing submission.) Appendix E: Week 3 Part B Submission on Parts Acquisition Appendix F: Discussion of Standards relevant to the project. (Refer to W4 Assignment question 1.) Appendix G: Provide discussion on the qualitative and quantitative role of physics or other sciences on the operation and description of the project. Submit Week 2 Assignment Part B. Appendix H: If you did your project at work, you need a letter from your employer on company letterhead explaining what your role was in the project and the outcome. Specifically, the letter needs to address a) what you designed in contrast to that of others, b) what you built, and c) what you tested. Also, the letter should address whether you were responsible for the project or if you reported to a project or program manager. Failure to provide this letter can result in a failing grade. Any other appendices which you feel are pertinent (user manual, commendations from users, screenshots, data, code, etc.) Automatic Water Irrigation System 1. Problem background and definition The distribution of water not just for watering your grass is a necessity for farming. Countries that are heavily dependent on agriculture can benefit from a water irrigation system that can minimize labor and maximize efficiency in farming. Agriculture uses most of available fresh water resources and this use of fresh water resources will continue to be increases due to food demand increase and population growth. In some areas around the world even the use of fresh water is scarce due to the fact that major water pollution exists. Increased labor costs, stricter environmental regulations and increased competition for water resources from different areas , allows strong motivation for efficient Irrigation system. 2. Existing Solutions In a recent trip to a country in Central America, El Salvador, I noticed how many people are dependent of agriculture for their livelihood. Farming is very popular in many parts of the country as it is a big part of the economy. El Salvador, being a very poor country sometimes there is lack of water resources and therefore irrigations becomes almost impossible to come by. During my trip I noticed that most farmers still take care of their harvest by manual watering. Not with water hoses but with buckets of water and traveling where the water needs to be dispersed. Not only is this intense manual labor, but it is not an adequate way to measure how much water the crops are receiving or have received. Manual labor of water irrigation requires a lot of attention and care. The thought of an automated irrigation system will not only reduce the amount of labor involved but will assure adequate water distribution. Automated irrigation system is feasible and cost effective for optimizing water resources for agricultural production. With an irrigation system, it can provide the proper amount of water needed for crops. An irrigation system accompanied with moisture sensors can increase farming efficiency almost 100% of what it is in this part of the country. 3. Project Goal The purpose or goal of this project is to design an irrigation system that will disburse water evenly and efficiently with the use of components like moisture sensors. 4. Proposed Solution This project is significant because it would help the agriculture industry in properly using water. The implications of the project are very great considering the amount of time, money and resources it saves. The project I have selected can be used as a reference for other projects of greater level such as GSM pump controller, weather updates using mobile phones and pest control just to name a few. This solution minimizes the water usage by supplying enough water to the soil. The system automatically waters the soil by checking its soil moisture contents. 5. Key Stakeholders The key stakeholder in this project is my colleague with whom we work together in the same department of engineering. The main task he would perform is to assemble the necessary materials for designing this irrigation system and also to ensure that the results are excellent. I would then perform the remaining work to make the project a success with the help of my colleague. Other stakeholders include a mechanical engineer whose function will be to assemble the various parts and ensure that they are fixed well. 6. Assumptions and Constraints Various assumptions and constraints were made. 6.1 Assumptions We assume that there would be no wasted water and prosperous crop growth with the new irrigation system. It is also assumed that the moisture sensor will allow adequate water for the soil. 6.2 Constraints Some of the constraints include 24 hours of conducting the research. Another constraint is that there will be 21 days of designing the new irrigation system. 7. Impact Analysis 7.1 Networking standards Improved networking standards would have an impact on my project and proposed solution. With these standards, my design would be made effective by ordering the necessary tools and equipment needed for designing the new irrigation system. 7.2 Security and ethical My design would be secure and reliable. It would be effective and could be used in every part of the world as its use is not restricted to a specific place or country. It would also be in accordance with the ethics of developing water irrigation as well as engineering ethics at large. 7.3 Social and legal In society, most people are suffering from the lack of agriculture. The lack of properly maintained agriculture is due to inadequate irrigation systems. This proposal outlines how to design a new irrigation system that is more efficient and with improved performance. The design will be socially acceptable because it would solve the problem of poor water distribution. 7.4 Economic and target market If the project is accepted, it would create job opportunities as many irrigation systems of new designs would be required. This would improve the agriculture field for most farmers or even companies. Moreover, it would also save individuals from the stress of spending much on other unreliable methods of water distribution. 8. Risks Some risks that may be associated with this project include parts shortage while developing the water irrigation system. This might end up delaying the operations and thus extend the estimated duration for the completion of this project. Moreover, mother nature might also have an affect of how much water gets distributed. Another risk that could occur is theft. Stealing of the design components that are being used is a big risk. 9. Estimated Cost The parts needed to create a water irrigation aren’t as expensive as one would suspect. It all depends on the size one is working with. The bigger the size the more piping you would need for the water distribution and therefore the cost rises. The project is estimated to cost about $200 for materials and equipment. 10. Estimated Duration The estimated duration of the project is three weeks or approximately 21 days. References Grimes, D.W., and K.M. El-Zik. 1990. Cotton. p. 741–748. In B.A. Stewart and D.R. Nielsen (ed.) Irrigation of Agricultural Crops. Agron. Monogr. 30. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI. Fisher, D.K. 2004. Simple and inexpensive lysimeters for monitoring reference- and crop-ET. Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Irrigation Conference, November 14-16, Tampa, Florida. https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/smart-irrigation-technology-controllers-and-sensors.html · What standards were used in your design?  How did the standards impact your design? Water irrigation system requires specific standards to enhance efficiency and effectiveness in water engineering. I used IIABC, ASTM, and IEEE engineering standards in my design to positively impact my water irrigation system. The IIABC design enabled me to incorporate sprinklers, piping, water pump, Arduino Uno, water hose to control the water velocity, pressure and flow zoning requirements, and the entire system design. The standards played an essential role in completing my water irrigation project. Another standard I incorporated in my smart water irrigation project are the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers standards (IEEE). IEEE industry standards compel organizations and individuals to adhere to protocols that maximize product functionality and compatibility, facilitate interoperability of products and services and support consumer safety and public health (Monebhurrun, 2020). IEEE’s list of standards impacted my project design in a significant way. My choice of materials to adopt was influenced by IEEE standards of compatibility, optimal functionality, interoperability etc. For instance, my project adopted an Arduino uno because of its versatility in application in addition to easy-to-apply technology and low cost. Arduino based plant watering systems has been recognized to be effective and not wasteful of water during irrigation. Also, my pick of LCD display was one with features of simple structure, small size and good power management to make it suitable for operation in accordance with IEEE standards. · What are some of the societal, global, legal, ethical, and environmental impacts associated with your product?  This needs to be a specific and well-thought out response as it will be placed in the final report you create.  Were any of these given consideration in the requirements definition? Some of the societal and global impacts associated with my project include irrigation modernization, investment limitation, water-saving irrigation methods and economic and agricultural transformation. Global and societal standards have sought to technical upgrading of irrigation schemes with an objective of improving resource utilization. There has been limited investment in irrigation globally while there have been heightened campaigns for society to enhance irrigation water use and efficiency (“Document Card| FAO” n.d). My project has adhered to societal and global standards for irrigation schemes by designing a low-cost, irrigation project that utilizes modern technological equipment and its design has been impacted by local needs and conditions. My product has the objective to also reduce water losses through runoff and seepage. Legal impacts associated with my smart water irrigation project include requirements such as licensing and patents. The assembling of my irrigation project is my intellectual property and patenting could be a legal consideration to ensure my invention is legally protected. On the other hand, licensing is a legal impact that could mean ceding control of my project to other parties. There are many ethical considerations as well associated with my product such as safety of users and multiple use of water systems. I have taken into consideration ethical considerations by making engineering decisions consistent with the health, safety and welfare of the users, disclosing any downsides from my project and maximizing the benefits of the irrigation system. Environmental impacts associated with my project include climate smart agriculture and climate change impacts. Climate smart agriculture has the aim of sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and reducing greenhouse gas emissions where possible (“Document Card| FAO” n.d). My project has, where possible, taken into consideration forecasted impacts of climate change and adhered to climate smart agriculture by using green equipment and a smart design. References Document card | FAO | Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. (n.d.). Home | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/CA2608EN/ Monebhurrun, V. (2020). 2019 IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) International Award. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 62(1), 113-113. Part A: · Preliminary design with final design work was submitted on the other file. · Bill of Materials: Item # Description Manufacture Manufacture Part Number Component ID Quantity Supplier Date Ordered 1 Power Adapter Ledupdates DR12050Y151 B07TS1VBXY 1 Amazon 7/28/2021 2 Temperature/Humidity Sensor Module HiLetgo DHT11 1 Amazon 7/28/2021 3 Water pump Gikfun EK1856 B0744FWNFR 1 Amazon 7/28/2021 4 4 Channel Relay Module Elegoo EL-SM-006 B01HEQF5HU 1 Amazon 7/28/2021 5 LED Lights Qianxin CYT1035 B01N4JA54A 1 Amazon 7/28/2021 6 Moisture Sensor HiLetgo 3-01-0313-A B01DKISKLO 1 Amazon 7/28/2021 7 LCD display GeeekPi Z-0235 B086VVT4NH 1 Amazon 7/28/2021 8 Float Switch Anndason DPS5200 B072QCHQ2P 1 Amazon 7/28/2021 9 Bucket (water tank) Living Whole Foods BUCK-1 B00A1LUFEY 1 Amazon 7/28/2021 · Parts Cost Analysis: Item # Description Manufacture Manufacture Part Number Component ID Quantity Cost Supplier Date Ordered 1 Power Adapter Ledupdates DR12050Y151 B07TS1VBXY 1 $17.99 Amazon 7/28/2021 2 Temperature/Humidity Sensor Module HiLetgo DHT11 1 $10.69 Amazon 7/28/2021 3 Water pump Gikfun EK1856 B0744FWNFR 1 $8.98 Amazon 7/28/2021 4 4 Channel Relay Module Elegoo EL-SM-006 B01HEQF5HU 1 $7.99 Amazon 7/28/2021 5 LED Lights Qianxin CYT1035 B01N4JA54A 1 $5.99 Amazon 7/28/2021 6 Moisture Sensor HiLetgo 3-01-0313-A B01DKISKLO 1 $7.99 Amazon 7/28/2021 7 LCD display GeeekPi Z-0235 B086VVT4NH 1 $14.00 Amazon 7/28/2021 8 Float Switch Anndason DPS5200 B072QCHQ2P 1 $12.99 Amazon 7/28/2021 9 Bucket (water tank) Living Whole Foods BUCK-1 B00A1LUFEY 1 $19.99 Amazon 7/28/2021 · Bill of Materials Extended Description Price per 1 Price per 100 Price per 1000 Power Adapter $17.99 $1,799.00 $17,990.00 Temperature/Humidity Sensor Module $10.69 $1,069.00 $10,690.00 Water pump $8.98 $898.00 $8,980.00 4 Channel Relay Module $7.99 $799.00 $7,990.00 LED Lights $5.99 $599.00 $5,990.00 Moisture Sensor $7.99 $799.00 $7,990.00 LCD display $14.00 $1,400.00 $14,000.00 Float Switch $12.99 $1,299.00 $12,990.00 Bucket (water tank) $19.99 $1,999.00 $19,990.00 The cost compared to my initial projects is a big difference. Buying one item versus 1000 items is a big difference. However, if you are trying to fulfill an order in the thousands then buying in bulk would be beneficial. I’ve noticed that a lot of vendors all across the world will give you a discount if you buy in bulk. Not only will you receive a discount but you will also save on shipping for bundling multiple items together. If you close to your projected budget buying in bulk could be very beneficial. Part B: · Parts Acquisition Scenario I am a believer of communication. Communication can solve so many issues and also prevent major issues from occurring. A sit down with all personnel in the organization is a must. In the meeting a zero tolerance for child labor would be enforced. The primary thing that would be done is stop all dealings with the makers until you can have a meeting concerning the child work laws and the utilization of 14-year-old. Then, at that point during the meeting I would help teach the organization and the administrators/leads on not to utilize underage youngsters in the assembling of the item or in any part of the organization. Both the company manager and vendor need to work collaboratively to follow the ethical issues of child labor and follow the ethical regulations religiously. Your organization ought to have every one of the rules identified with kid work laws to share with the seller. In the event that the manufacture doesn't abide by the work laws, the dealings of your business would be disregarded and the relationship would be stopped. If the manufacture is in agreeance with the zero tolerance for child labor, then an on location visit would be justified to guarantee cooperation is being met and the manufacture is utilizing workers of proper age. PART A: 1. Problem Definition In many parts of the world agriculture is the livelihood for many people. Even when the world faced a pandemic, so many people turned into growing their own produce. The problem with novice and experienced farmers is that it is difficult to determine if your soil needs water or does it have too much water without actually going over there and either physically touching it or take samples of the soil. This task is very daunting and time consuming. This method is not 100% effective and can be the breakdown of any agriculture whether it be on a large scale or just at home. 2. Proposed Solution My solution is to build a smart irrigation system. The system will include a moisture sensor that will determine if the soil needs to be watered. Along with the moisture sensor there will be a temperature/humidity module as well. The water tank will also have a float switch sensor to detect when the water tank is running low and when the tank is full. This will create a system that is efficient and effective. 3. Conceptual Design MOISTURE SENSOR ARDUINO UNO PUMP RELAY LCD DISPLAY POWER SUPPLY Green alarm light Water Tank Red alarm light Low water sensor Full water sensor The top block diagram is just for the water tank that will give a simple visual aid to the person of when the tank is low by turning on a red light. This will also give the user help when the tank is full as it will light a green light. The bottom block diagram is the smart irrigation system. TEMPERATURE/Humidity Module 4. Functional Specification The function of this system is to water the soil when it is dry and to stop watering once the soil is moist enough. At the same time, the system will monitor humidity and temperature. This all will be displayed through the LCD board. 5. Narrative of design There will be an external water tank with float sensors that will determine if the water tank is empty or full. This will be just a visual aid for the user to let them know the water. The tower alarm on top of the tank will have either a red led for low or no water indication and a green light for tank full indication. The design will have a moisture sensor along with a temperature and humidity module. The moisture sensor will determine if the Arduino is to turn on the pump to allow water to start wetting the soil. In the process, the temperature and humidity levels will be read. This will all be visually present through an LCD. Once the sensor has detected that the soil is moist enough, the pump will turn off until the sensor detects that the soil is once again dry. 6. Results of simulation 7. Summary of any changes to overall design My original proposal was rejected and so I submitted another proposal which is this smart irrigation system with just the moisture sensor. Then I was told that the complexity of my proposal wasn’t enough to get it approved. So I added a humidity and temperature module along with a microcontroller(Arduino). So, my overall design has changed a lot along with the cost. The schedule wasn’t affected much as the project will still be on time. 8. Appendix A · Arduino Uno Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V Operating Voltage: 5V Input Voltage (limit): 6-20V · Moisture Sensor Operating Voltage: 3.3V to 5V Operating current: 15mA · Temperature/Humidity Module Operating Voltage: 3.3V to 5V Operating current: 0.3mA (measuring) 60uA (standby) Temperature Range: 0°C to 50°C Humidity Range: 20% to 90% · Power Supply Operating Voltage: 3.7V Max Loading Current: 2A (peak value) Max Loading Current: 1A (constant) · LCD Display Operating Voltage: 3V to 5V Supply Current: 0.8mA · Relay Operating voltage: 5v Current rating: 3A · Pump Operating Voltage: 3V Operating Current: 0.12A Power: 0.36W 9. Appendix B NO YES LCD DISPLAY PUMP OFF ACTIVATE PUMP ACTIVATE RELAY START MOISTURE SENSOR MICROCONTROLLER STOP MOISTURE LEVEL >20% TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY MODULE 10. Appendix C ITEM NUMBER PART DESCRIPTION QUANTITY 1 WATER LEVEL SENSOR 1 2 LED ALARM TOWER 1 3 POWER SUPPLY TRANSFORMER 1 4 WATER TANK 1 5 MOISTURE SENSOR 1 6 LCD DISPLAY 1 7 JUMPER WIRE 1 8 1KOHM RESISTOR 1 9 BREADBOARD 1 10 HUMIDITY/TEMP MODULE 1 11 3.7V BATTERY 1 12 ARDUINO UNO 1 13 SIGNAL RELAY 1 PART B: a. Scientific methods provide credibility, consistency, and an impartial perspective on water management. Data and results of scientific analysis quantify the comparison of choices available to make complex decisions required to effectively use an irrigation system. Moisture content sensors takes the readings of water amount in the soil, the soil moisture content is then converted to electronic signals hence being transmitted to the micro-controller. Ultrasonic sensor is employed at the reservoir. Its operation is almost similar to that of a transducer, conversion of water depth in the reservoir to the electronic signals directed to the micro controller. It then receives the measured values from the multiple sensors in an analog form and then digitizes them. Computation of the appropriate control scheme meant is employed to initiate the irrigation based on soil moisture content and water level in the reservoir. Controller output is sent as digital control to the irrigation pumps through the relays. System status with water level, content of the moisture and pumps initiated for irrigation are represented on the LCD inking to the micro controller. In the process of water optimization ultrasonic sensor takes water level readings in the reservoir then sends to the micro controller. Micro controller decides pumps to be deployed for irrigation basing on the specified time. b. Throughout the world, irrigation is probably the most important use of water. Continuity and momentum equations are employed to derive general hydraulic equations on unsteady flow within the prismatic open channel with the arbitrary cross-sectional shape. Shallow waters theory and hydrodynamics are initiated. There is a singularity point (the origin) with a zero point (x=0) where the equations of motion can be formulated. Hence, there is the need to solve boundary value problem for depth and velocity of the flow in order to obtain a description of the flow in the surface irrigation. It’s feasible through imposing a critical depth and velocity at initial state of the two dimensions flow. A “Centered Simple Wave” is the mathematical model for a we-known precise remedy, the Ritter solution, to the darn breaking problem, is already well-known. In the Ritter case, the discharge is constant always (x=0). PART A: 1. Problem Definition In many parts of the world agriculture is the livelihood for many people. Even when the world faced a pandemic, so many people turned into growing their own produce. The problem with novice and experienced farmers is that it is difficult to determine if your soil needs water or does it have too much water without actually going over there and either physically touching it or take samples of the soil. This task is very daunting and time consuming. This method is not 100% effective and can be the breakdown of any agriculture whether it be on a large scale or just at home. 2. Proposed Solution My solution is to build a smart irrigation system. The system will include a moisture sensor that will determine if the soil needs to be watered. Along with the moisture sensor there will be a temperature/humidity module as well. The water tank will also have a float switch sensor to detect when the water tank is running low and when the tank is full. This will create a system that is efficient and effective. 3. Conceptual Design MOISTURE SENSOR ARDUINO UNO PUMP RELAY LCD DISPLAY POWER SUPPLY Green alarm light Water Tank Red alarm light Low water sensor Full water sensor The top block diagram is just for the water tank that will give a simple visual aid to the person of when the tank is low by turning on a red light. This will also give the user help when the tank is full as it will light a green light. The bottom block diagram is the smart irrigation system. TEMPERATURE/Humidity Module 4. Functional Specification The function of this system is to water the soil when it is dry and to stop watering once the soil is moist enough. At the same time, the system will monitor humidity and temperature. This all will be displayed through the LCD board. 5. Narrative of design There will be an external water tank with float sensors that will determine if the water tank is empty or full. This will be just a visual aid for the user to let them know the water level. The tower alarm on top of the tank will have either a red led for low or no water indication and a green light for tank full indication. The design will have a moisture sensor along with a temperature and humidity module. The moisture sensor will determine if the Arduino is to turn on the pump to allow water to start wetting the soil. In the process, the temperature and humidity levels will be read. This will all be visually present through an LCD. Once the sensor has detected that the soil is moist enough, the pump will turn off until the sensor detects that the soil is once again dry. 6. Results of simulation 7. Summary of any changes to overall design My original proposal was rejected and so I submitted another proposal which is this smart irrigation system with just the moisture sensor. Then I was told that the complexity of my proposal wasn’t enough to get it approved. So I added a humidity and temperature module along with a microcontroller(Arduino). So, my overall design has changed a lot along with the cost. The schedule wasn’t affected much as the project will still be on time. 8. Appendix A · Arduino Uno Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V Operating Voltage: 5V Input Voltage (limit): 6-20V · Moisture Sensor Operating Voltage: 3.3V to 5V Operating current: 15mA · Temperature/Humidity Module Operating Voltage: 3.3V to 5V Operating current: 0.3mA (measuring) 60uA (standby) Temperature Range: 0°C to 50°C Humidity Range: 20% to 90% · Power Supply Operating Voltage: 3.7V Max Loading Current: 2A (peak value) Max Loading Current: 1A (constant) · LCD Display Operating Voltage: 3V to 5V Supply Current: 0.8mA · Relay Operating voltage: 5v Current rating: 3A · Pump Operating Voltage: 3V Operating Current: 0.12A Power: 0.36W 9. Appendix B At start, the system is activated. The moisture sensor is planted in the soil which is connected to the microcontroller. The microcontroller process the information along with reading the temperature and humidity of the soi. If moisture level is determined to be either greater than or less than 20%. If moisture level is said to be greater than 20% than a signal is sent to the relay which in then turns on the pump for a couple of seconds and waters the soil. If moisture level is said to be less than 20%, than pump is not activated. The LCD picks up all the readings and has it digitally displayed for the user to visually see it. NO YES LCD DISPLAY PUMP OFF ACTIVATE PUMP ACTIVATE RELAY START MOISTURE SENSOR MICROCONTROLLER STOP MOISTURE LEVEL >20% TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY MODULE 10. Appendix C ITEM NUMBER PART DESCRIPTION QUANTITY 1 WATER LEVEL SENSOR 1 2 LED ALARM TOWER 1 3 POWER SUPPLY TRANSFORMER 1 4 WATER TANK 1 5 MOISTURE SENSOR 1 6 LCD DISPLAY 1 7 JUMPER WIRE 1 8 1KOHM RESISTOR 1 9 BREADBOARD 1 10 HUMIDITY/TEMP MODULE 1 11 3.7V BATTERY 1 12 ARDUINO UNO 1 13 SIGNAL RELAY 1 PART B: a. Scientific methods provide credibility, consistency, and an impartial perspective on water management. Data and results of scientific analysis quantify the comparison of choices available to make complex decisions required to effectively use an irrigation system. Moisture content sensors takes the readings of water amount in the soil, the soil moisture content is then converted to electronic signals hence being transmitted to the micro-controller. Ultrasonic sensor is employed at the reservoir. Its operation is almost similar to that of a transducer, conversion of water depth in the reservoir to the electronic signals directed to the micro controller. It then receives the measured values from the multiple sensors in an analog form and then digitizes them. Computation of the appropriate control scheme meant is employed to initiate the irrigation based on soil moisture content and water level in the reservoir. Controller output is sent as digital control to the irrigation pumps through the relays. System status with water level, content of the moisture and pumps initiated for irrigation are represented on the LCD inking to the micro controller. In the process of water optimization ultrasonic sensor takes water level readings in the reservoir then sends to the micro controller. Micro controller decides pumps to be deployed for irrigation basing on the specified time. b. Throughout the world, irrigation is probably the most important use of water. Continuity and momentum equations are employed to derive general hydraulic equations on unsteady flow within the prismatic open channel with the arbitrary cross-sectional shape. Shallow waters theory and hydrodynamics are initiated. There is a singularity point (the origin) with a zero point (x=0) where the equations of motion can be formulated. Hence, there is the need to solve boundary value problem for depth and velocity of the flow in order to obtain a description of the flow in the surface irrigation. It’s feasible through imposing a critical depth and velocity at initial state of the two dimensions flow. A “Centered Simple Wave” is the mathematical model for a we-known precise remedy, the Ritter solution, to the darn breaking problem, is already well-known. In the Ritter case, the discharge is constant always (x=0). Week 1 Preliminary Design Week 2 Fine tune PDR Week 3 Detail Design & Component Selection Week 4 Prototyping Week 5 Project build and testing Week 6 Testing Week 7 Project completion 2 PART A: Item Description Status Conclusion/Results Recommendations and Improvement Opportunities Water tank The water tank should be large enough to store and distribute water to the chosen irrigation point. The water tank should be well demarcated to show water levels and free from mechanical damage, leakage, or corrosion. Also check that water control valves and flow switches are electronically monitored with the main relay and sensor control panels. A leak test was performed on the water tank. This test will show if the tank is leaking or not. Passed. No leaks were present at the time of the test. An improvement opportunity would be to make the tank a filtered rainwater collecting tank. This will allow for the usage of rainwater to be collected, filtered, and re-used for your irrigation. Water pump The test for water pump is about checking if the soil is dry, the “water pump” turns or provides water automatically to the soil. The expected results are that the water pump should be able to provide water automatically if the soil is dry. Additionally, the test should affirm if the water pump is able to stop providing water automatically is the soil is wet. Before installing the water pump, I tested it as an individual component. With a multimeter I performed a continuity test as well as a function test. When voltage applied it should turn on. Passed. Water pump passed the continuity test. Pump turned on when voltage was applied. Instead of a submersible pump a good improvement could be an inline pump. With a submersible pump, the pump is in the water along with the electrical wiring. This could damage the wiring of the pump prematurely. Water hose The check for water hose involves determining if it shows signs of leakage, corrosion, physical damage, loaded with dust, dirt and grease or loss of fluid in the glass bulb heat responsive element. The water hose should be installed in the correct orientation they are designed from and if there is adequate clearance so that their location reaches to a proximity of stocks, furnishings, equipment, or architectural features. Another test is checking is a supply element of the water hose are in correct number and can be used within the irrigation area they are designed for. The water hose should be in good conditions and free of mechanical damage, leakage, and corrosion. The water hose was tested for restriction and leaks. Passed. No water flow restriction or leaks found. An improvement for a water hose would be a more rigid water transportation. For example, PVC piping would be more rigid than a water hose. DHT11 Sensor Dht11 sensor is a humidity and temperature sensor. The sensor should be able to be aligned advanced yield as a port with the micro controller and provide sudden results of humidity and temperature. The sensor must be able to differentiate between the wet and dry soils by showing the percentage on the LCD display. The DHT11 sensor was tested alongside the Arduino Uno and a display screen. A code was written to have the sensor function properly. Passed. With the sensor hooked up to the breadboard and running the Arduino, the display shows humidity and temperature perfectly. With the everlasting improvement of technology, it is impossible for sensors not to be improved. My recommendation for improvement would be to upgrade this sensor to a DHT20. The DHT20 features a wider rand of measurements with more precision. Relay The relay module controls the on and off switch of the water pump. The relay module should be able to switch the pump automatically to start watering process and vice versa. The motor should turn on and off when the temperature is above 20 degrees Celsius, or soil is moist. The relay was tested for continuity while coil isn’t energized and then with coil being energized. This will test the N/O and N/C part of the relay. Passed. While the coil is not energized there is continuity at the N/C terminal. When the coil is energized there is continuity at the N/O terminal. An improvement to a standard relay would be the use of a solid-state relay. The disadvantage to a regular relay is that it uses mechanical moving parts that can wear over time. With a SSR it is a contactless component. Arduino Uno The Arduino Uno is the microcontroller and core hardware for the smart irrigation project. The microcontroller should be able to receive the input from the soil moisture sensor and process the input based on the requirements coded. The Arduino Uno was tested for power input and power distribution. 5v was supplied to the board and A0 was reading 5v. Passed. When power (5v) was supplied to the Arduino, I received 5v at the A0 terminal. Similarly, when I supplied 3.3v, now A0 was reading 3.3v. An improvement to Arduino Uno would be the Arduino Nano. The improvement would be the size. The nano could be used in smaller tight areas were and uno wouldn’t fit. LCD screen An LCD display should be able to show the moisture percentage and pump status. The LCD display should register and display data from the command register. LCD was tested to make sure it powered on. Nothing will be displayed during test. Passed. When voltage (5v) was supplied the LCD came one. Nothing is programmed at the time of the test, so nothing is being displayed. An improvement to an LCD would be an LED screen.  LED uses less power, provides a brighter display with better contrast, a thinner panel, and lesser heat dissipation than a conventional LCD Float sensor The water level sensor detects the levels of water in the tank and if the water is unavailable in the tank, it sends its information to the Arduino and after that Arduino provides a notification using 2 LED’s. As a result, it's critical to use the water level sensor. The test will involve checking if the water level sensor is working or not and if it’s able to send its information. Float sensor was tested for continuity. With it having 2 wires, you just hook up your multimeter in series. Passed. While switch is down, there is continuity showing at the meter. When the switch was up there was no more continuity. An improvement is to use a capacitive liquid level sensor. The capacitive sensor is a true solid-state device with no moving parts. This provides unrivalled reliability as there are no floats or arms to either jam or wear out. The capacitive sensor is situated outside of the liquid container. Unlike the float arm sensor, where the potentiometer element is inside the tank and vulnerable to corrosion or fluid contamination. Moisture sensor The moisture sensor involves checking the moisture condition of the soil. The test involves examining the sensor values and its functionality. The expected results are that the moisture should light up in the controller when it is switched on and can show the lower and upper boundaries of the sensor value in dry and wet conditions. Moisture sensor was tested for functionality. When power supplied and the sensor is dry it will activate pump. When sensor is dry, the pump stays off. Passed. Sensor functioned properly during testing. It called for water when dry. While moisture was detected pump was not activated. An improvement for a moisture sensor would be to have it record readings throughout the day. This data could be used to determine moisture levels as references and pinpoint at way time of the day the moisture dissipates quicker. 3.7v-5v power supply The controller (timer) that switches the valves on and off in a conventional irrigation system is powered by electricity. A stable energy source – or a reliable mix of energy sources – is required for motor-driven water abstraction and transport. The test is checking whether the power supply is consistent and able to make sure that all the hardware and software systems are functional. Check is all the systems work and the energy source can keep them on for the required period. The power supply was tested for proper power output. The rating is between 3.7v-5v. Passed. With the multimeter and one lead on black while the other on read the power supply was at 5v. An improvement to the power supply could be a solar panel supply. With the solar panel option there wouldn’t be a need to recharge the battery or even the cost of a regular power supply. PART B: · Did the capstone project meet all of the requirements of the scope? The capstone project meet all of the requirements of the scope. These scopes include project goals, deliverables, tasks, costs and deadlines. · Was the capstone project completed on time? The capstone was completed way before the deadline which was beneficial for me to double check every aspect of it. Small things like wire routing and component positioning really make or break a presentation. I like to present a neat and clean project and not have all the wires running everywhere looking like a mess. · Was the capstone project completed under budget? The project was maintained under budget with room to spare. I was able to source parts out in a timely and reasonably priced. · Did the quality and performance of the capstone project meet the stakeholders' expectations? Quality and performance exceeded the stakeholders expectations. This project will provide many agriculture aspects a more functional way of watering their crops. Maintaining proper moisture in the soil is very critical to many peoples livelihood.