Fluent Essays

requesting assistance with the methodology portion of my bibliography. Could someone please help me understand how to rewrite six articles that have not been approved by my professor... Attached is the feedback posted along with the Annotated Bibliography.... Please let me know if you have any issues.  Below is the feedback from the professor You provided methodology for AB; however, "there are majors errors in need of correcting". Take a look at the first Article, your methodology is incorrectly stated. "A Correlational study does not show cause and effect, it only shows relationship"; although, correlational is acceptable for the LTR and is considered quantitative, we cannot infer cause and effect from a correlational study. Did your Articles use any other methodology, than the ones provided in my e-mail to you? 1 Annotated Bibliography American Military University Cynthya Wilson 1 September 2021 Annotated Bibliography 1. Barbuscia, A., & Mills, M. C. (2017). Cognitive development in children up to age 11 years born after ART—a longitudinal cohort study. Human Reproduction, 32(7), 1482-1488. Purpose of the study: The authors wanted to study how the cognitive progress of children conceived after alternative risk transfer differs from those born in natural conception. Methodology: The study is correlational showing the cause and effect by finding the quantitative relationship between cognitive development of children conceived after IVF and ICSI and cognitive development of children born after natural conception. A total of 8298 children from the different groups were sampled; Two -tailed t-tests were conducted to determine the differences in the cognitive development between the two groups Findings: They revealed that cognitive development measures were higher for children conceived with alternative risk transfer than natural conception, and they did well in cognitive and academic skills. Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the topic because it highlights how the preconception factors influence a child’s development. 2. Britto, P. R., Lee, S. J., Proulx, K., Yousafzai, A. K., Matthews, S. G., Vaivada, T., ... & Lancet Early Childhood Development Series Steering Committee. (2017). nurturing care: promoting early childhood development. The Lancet, 389 (10064), 91-102. Purpose of study: The study analyzed the association between child care and early childhood development. Methodology: The study was hypothesis testing entailed comparing the articles focusing on articles on good child care in different countries and its contribution to a child’s development and comparing the findings with bad child care on child development. Regression on the a number of articles in each category was determined. Findings: Authors urge that in the interventions to enhance the growth of congenital science, families and caregivers need to be assisted in providing nourishing care and protection for children to attain congenital prospective. The findings reveal that child care affects the future development of the child’s cognitive and social abilities. Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the topic because it compared studies on child care givers and cognitive development of children in different countries. The comparative findings show that caregiving has an effect on the child’s development. 3. Christensen, D. L., Schieve, L. A., Devine, O., &Drews-Botsch, C. (2014). Socioeconomic status, child enrichment factors, and cognitive performance among preschool-age children: results from the Follow-Up of Growth and Development Experiences study. Research in developmental disabilities, 35(7), 1789-1801. Purpose of the study: The study analyzed how low developmental execution is related with proper well-being and operation throughout the longevity and their effects on children from low demographic levels. Methodology: The study was a two group design. The methodology entailed sampling children from low social-economic status and children from high social economic status a comparing them based on differential ability scales. Findings: The study found a correlation between low socio-economic status and poor differential ability scores. Consequently, the article concludes that healthcare professionals should reinforce home enrichment guidelines and help children with delays in early interventions mainly for children in disadvantaged populations. Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant because it highlights how social and economic status influences the development of a child. 4. Dell’Agnolo, C. M., Cyr, C., de Montigny, F., de Barros Carvalho, M. D., & Pelloso, S. M. (2015). Pregnancy after bariatric surgery: Obstetric and perinatal outcomes and the growth and development of children. Obesity surgery, 25(11), 2030-2039. The purpose of the study: The study analyzed pregnancy results after bariatric operation using a retrospective study evaluating perinatal effects on children's growth and development. By retrospective, it means the study focused backwards by considering the exposures that led to the existing risk. Methodology: The study was hypothesis testing; it entailed control of variables specifically mothers who conceived after bariatric surgery and mothers who conceived before bariatric surgery The methodology of sampling and collecting data from the participants was quantitative in nature because it incorporated subjects from before and after. Findings: The research study showed that children born after the operation have low obesity and have changes in development of speech, and all were affected after bariatric surgery. Relevance to the topic: The study is relevant to the topic because it notes that the medical operations before conception have effect on the child’s development. 5. Dike, V. E. (2017). Poverty and Brain Development in Children: Implications for Learning. Asian journal of education and training, 3(1), 64-68. Purpose of the study: Dike researches the debate on the effects of poverty in children's brain development and its implications for learning. He analyzed how poverty affects brain development in children and has a clear impact on learning by carrying Methodology: The study was correlational, it carried out experiments on parts of the brain affected by poverty and how those parts affect learning. The subjects were pre-school going children from a society with high poverty rates. Findings: The study found that poverty affects brain growth and development because of the effect of poverty on the availability of appropriate nutrition. The study concluded that poverty negatively affects brain development and has implications on learning. Relevance to the topic: The study’s findings that living in poverty may increase health risks and behavioral problems for preschool and school aged children is relevant to the topic because, it explains how nurture affects a child’s development. 6. França, T. L. B. D., Medeiros, W. R., Souza, N. L. D., Longo, E., Pereira, S. A., França, T. B. D. O., & Sousa, K. G. (2018). Growth and development of children with microcephaly associated with congenital Zika virus syndrome in Brazil. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(9), 1990. Purpose of the study: The study quantitatively analyzes the increase in severe demonstrations and changes in birth defects in newborns after the upsurge of the Zika virus. Methodology: The study was a correlational cross-sectional study of children born with Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome. The study entailed finding the correlation between the mental retardation and Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome. Findings: The study found that children with Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome are at higher risk of development and retardation than typical children. Relevance to the topic: The study is relevant to the topic because it reveals that medical conditions influence child’s development. 7. Gauderman, W. J., Urman, R., Avol, E., Berhane, K., McConnell, R., Rappaport, E., & Gilliland, F. (2015). Association of improved air quality with lung development in children.N Engl J Med, 372, 905-913. Purpose of the study: The study analyzed the functions of lungs in children and determined the associations of enhanced air quality with lung expansion. Methodology: The study was hypothesis testing, it determined the association between the quality of air and lung expansion. The independent variable controlled was the quality of air. Different qualities of air were exposed to lungs to determine the expansion capacity. It was found that children living in environments with poor quality air had lower lung expansion compared to children living in environments with good quality air. Findings: It was evident that advancements in air standard were related with statistical and clinical positive impacts of lung functioning development in children. The quality of air a child is exposed to have significant impacts on their growth and development. Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the topic because it explains the relation between physical development, specifically lung expansion and quality of air. 8. Guerrero, A. D., Fuller, B., Chu, L., Kim, A., Franke, T., Bridges, M., &Kuo, A. (2013). Early growth of Mexican–American children: Lagging in preliteracy skills but not social development. Maternal and child health journal, 17(9), 1701-1711. Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study was to determine if cognitive trajectories widen between 24 and 48 months. The rationale of carrying out the study was based on quantitative study, which showed that whereas Latino children join kindergarten with social skill that rival white children, they lag behind at 24 mothns in interactive and oral language skills. Methodology: The study was a two-group design; a total of 4690 children from Latino and white races were sampled. The change in development between 24 and 48 months for each participant was recorded. The data were quantitatively analyzed regressing race with child development The findings: The article evaluated lagging in preliteracy skills for children with Mexican –American backgrounds. Advancements in development and social realms transpire unconventionally for children who have Mexican backgrounds, even those brought up in economically low-income families. The study found that Latino children engaged less frequently in oral language compared to their white peers as they progressed towards 48 months. Relevance to the topic: The topic is relevant because it shows that cognitive development at different ages varies based on race. 9. Hall, K. D., Butte, N. F., Swinburn, B. A., & Chow, C. C. (2013). Dynamics of childhood growth and obesity: development and validation of a quantitative mathematical model. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 1(2), 97-105. Purpose of the study: The study aimed at therapeutics ways where children can outgrow obesity without losing weight. Methodology: The study was wthin subject design; it determined the quantitative mathematical model for outgrowing obesity among children without losing weight. Findings: The study results showed that childhood obesity development had a significant excess energy intake than in adults. Therefore, among children, they are able to outgrow the condition without losing weight. Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the study because it explains how child development can occur without taking drastic medical measures to address health related issue. 10. Kit, B. K., Akinbami, L. J., Isfahani, N. S., & Ulrich, D. A. (2017). Gross motor development in children aged 3–5 years, United States 2012. Maternal and child health journal, 21(7), 1573-1580. Purpose of the study: The study analyzed the importance of gross motor development in early childhood and how it fosters excellent interplay with the environment. Its motive is to analyze gross motor expertise amid children aged three to five years using a gross motor development test. Methodology: The study was correlated group design, it determined if motor development relate to the environment in which the child lives. Findings: If the motor skills do not administer themselves at the right time, they might never become well. That means the study found that in situations where the motor development do not relate with the environment, then they may not develop normally. Relevance to the study: The article is relevant to the topic because it associates motor development to the environment. 11. Leve, L. D., Neiderhiser, J. M., Shaw, D. S., Ganiban, J., Natsuaki, M. N., & Reiss, D. (2013). The Early Growth and Development Study: A prospective adoption study from birth through middle childhood. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 16(1), 412-423. Purpose of the study: The study focused on assessing how family and contextual procedures affect advancements in children; it also examined the interplay with genetic influences. Methodology: The study was between subject experimental design. It entailed determining if the poverty and other environmental factors such as nutrition affected how children grew and developed. Children from different environments were assessed developmentally on a numerical scale. Findings: The study revealed that factors like environment and poverty affect how children grow and are responsible for differences in growth among children of the same age. Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant because it shows how the environment affects child development. 12. Li, X., Zhu, J., an, J., Wang, Y., Wu, Y., & Li, X. (2021). Growth and development of children under 5 years of age with tetralogy of Fallot in a Chinese population. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1-8. The purpose of the study: The article analyzes how developmental heart deficiencies are related with malnutrition designs and growth dementia. Methodology: The study was within subject design. The study quantitatively analyzed growth retardation levels of children under five years. Findings: The study found growth retardation is highest during early years. As such, the authors urged that interventions should be administered early to avert the growth and retardation of children from getting severe. Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the topic because it reveals the growth retardation levels during early years. 13. Lönnerdal, B. (2017). Excess iron intake is a factor in infants' and young children's growth, infections, and development. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 106(suppl_6), 1681S-1687S. Purpose of the study: The aim of the study was to evaluate how iron provision through fortifying foods effectively prevents and treats iron deficiency in young children. The author analyzed how iron can have adverse effects on biological systems even when administered in moderate amounts; some of the effects include decreased growth and increased illness. Methodology: The study was between subject experimental design. The control experiment entailed using unfortified foods and conducting experiments on the participants if there was iron deficiency. Findings: The study found that children who fed on unfortified suffered from iron deficiency. There was a correlation between unfortified foods and iron deficiency. Relevance to the topic: The study is relevant to the topic because it specifically focuses on the effect of food on physical development. 14. Luo, Y., Zheng, Z., Yang, Y., Bai, X., Yang, H., Zhu, H., & Chen, S. (2021). Effects of growth hormone on the cognitive, motor, and behavioral development in Prader-Willi syndrome children: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The purpose of the study: The aim of the study was to analyze growth hormone benefits and improvements in children's motor, cognitive, and behavioral development. Methodology: The study was correlated group design. smapled children with different hormone levels were analysed to determine if the hormone content affected the children's motor, cognitive, and behavioral development Findings: The study found that growth hormones affect different developmental aspects. Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the topic because it explains how genes, which influence hormone formation, affect different developmental aspects 15. Mostafavi, S. A., Mohammadi, M. R., Hosseinzadeh, P., Eshraghian, M. R., Akhondzadeh, S., Hosseinzadeh-Attar, M. J., & Keshavarz, S. A. (2012). Dietary intake, growth, and development of children with ADHD in a randomized clinical trial of Ritalin and Melatonin co-administration: Through circadian cycle modification or appetite enhancement? Iranian journal of psychiatry, 7(3), 114. Purpose of the study: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of melatonin supplementation on intake of diets, appetite mechanism and growth of children with disorders cured with Ritalin through modifying the regular cycle. Methodology: The study utilized between subject experimental design using clinical trial of Ritalin and Melatonin co-administration Findings: The authors of the article assert that Ritalin can negatively impact sleep, weight, and growth of infants living with disorders. Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the topic because it explains the effect of supplements on child growth. 16. Nahar, B., Hossain, M. I., Hamadani, J. D., Ahmed, T., Huda, S. N., Grantham-McGregor, S. M., &Persson, L. A. (2012). Effects of a community-based approach of food and psychosocial stimulation on growth and development of severely malnourished children in Bangladesh: a randomized trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 66(6), 701-709. Purpose of the study: The study evaluated the impacts of a community-based perspective of attitudinal pique and augment of diet on the growth and advancement of famished children. Methodology: The study was between subject experimental design. It used randomized trials to determine the effect of community-based perspective of attitudinal pique and augment of diet on the growth and advancement of famished children Findings of the study: The study revealed that psychosocial stimulation and supplementation of food improve the outcome of malnourished children. Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the topic because it shows how communities can influence children’s growth and development through psychosocial stimulation and food programs 17. Pem, D. (2015). Factors affecting early childhood growth and development: Golden 1000 days. Adv Practice Nurs, 1(101), 2573-0347. The purpose of the study: The aim of the study was to quantitatively analyze the significant factors that children face in their development. Methodology: The study was two group design Findings: The research found that many children under the age of five do not reach their social and cognitive development potential because of malnutrition, deficit care, poor health, and poverty. The author asserts that comprehending the magnitude of these issues in the child's early stage is essential because the problems can be reversible. Relevance to the topic: The study is relevant to the topic 18. Rocha, H. A., Sudfeld, C. R., Leite, Á. J., Rocha, S. G., Machado, M. M., Campos, J. S., ... & Correia, L. L. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences and child development outcomes in Ceará, Brazil: A population-based study. American journal of preventive medicine, 60(4), 579-586. The purpose of the study: The study analyzed how adverse childhood occurrences and mental health issues are negatively linked to outcomes of child development. Methodology: The study was correlational; it was conducted to find the association between mental health issues and future childhood development determined. Findings: The study showed that most children don't reach their potential development and adverse childhood occurrences were solely related with congenital effects. Relevance to the topic: The peer reviewed article is relevant to the topic because it links childhood occurrences such as mental health issues to future child development. 19. Scharf, R. J., Stroustrup, A., Conaway, M. R., & DeBoer, M. D. (2016).Growth and development in children born very low birthweight.Archives of Disease in Childhood-Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 101(5), F433-F438. The purpose of the study: The study focused on examining the relationship between growth and advancement outcomes in infants born with small birth weights. Methodology: The study was correlational done a retrospectively; it analyzed data backwards by relating child growth to the birth weight. Findings: The results show that anthropometric measures of growth are linked to current and future developmental outcomes in children. If not rectified in the early stages, they are hard to control later as children grow. Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the topic because it highlights the relationship between birth weight and child growth and development. 20. Surkan, P. J., Ettinger, A. K., Ahmed, S., Minkovitz, C. S., &Strobino, D. (2012). Impact of maternal depressive symptoms on the growth of preschool and school-aged children.Pediatrics, 130(4), e847-e855. The purpose of the study: The study aimed at examining how maternal dreary signs affect growth in school-aged children. Methodology: The study was correlated group design; it entailed sampling children born of mothers who had maternal depressive symptoms and children born of mothers who did not suffer from maternal depressive symptoms. A correlation was determined to find the relationship between maternal depressive symptoms and growth of children Findings: The results show that maternal dreary symptoms during childhood impact physical development in early infancy. Prevention, early discernment, and therapy of dreary signs can help children growth without issues in their growth. Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the topic because it links maternal depressive symptoms to child growth 21. Willerslev‐Olsen, M., Choe Lund, M., Lorentzen, J., Barber, L., Kofoed‐Hansen, M., & Nielsen, J. B. (2018). Impaired muscle growth precedes increased stiffness of the triceps suraemusculotendinous unit in children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 60(7), 672-679. The purpose of the study: The study analyzed the comparison of medial brain volume and the acquiescent rigidity of triceps in growing children from birth up to four years. Methodology: The study was experimental was correlational. Findings: They found that increased brawn rigidity in infants with disorders is associated with broken and reduced brawn growth. The paralysis of the muscles is among the factors that lead to cerebral palsy. Relevance of the topic: The article is relevant to the topic because it explains some developmental issues. 22. Zeng, X., Xu, X., Qin, Q., Ye, K., Wu, W., &Huo, X. (2019). Heavy metal exposure has adverse effects on the growth and development of preschool children. Environmental geochemistry and health, 41(1), 309-321. The purpose of the study: The study aimed at investigating the associations between lead, chromium, blood, and physical growth and parameters in development like weight, height, and mass index in preschool children. Methodology: The study was correlated group design; it entailed investigating the lead and chromium levels in children’s blood and evaluating their physical and cognitive development. Findings: Children exposed to heavy metals have issues in their growth and development, and most have retarded changes. Relevance of the study: The article is relevant to the topic because it highlights the association between exposure to heavy metals and physical development. 23. Batra, S. (2013). The psychosocial development of children: Implications for education and society—Erik Erikson in context. Contemporary Education Dialogue, 10(2), 249-278. Purpose of the study: The study analyzed how modern societies have made growing up highly complex because of the emphasis they place on children. Methodology: The study was correlational; it was retrospective in nature to determine the association between life pressures such as cost of living, schooling years, and child development was done. Findings: The results assert that the emphasis and pressure society put on children affect their growth and development. Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the topic because it explores how schooling years impact the lives of children in rural and urban areas. 24. DiVall, S. A. (2013). The influence of endocrine disruptors on the growth and development of children.Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity, 20(1), 50-55. The purpose of the study: The study aimed at unveiling the consequences of endocrine-disrupting composites on infants in reproductive region development and childhood growth. Methodology: The study was between subject experimental design Findings: The study revealed that exogenous compounds that affect standard hormone signaling systems are in the modern environment and lead to increased premature births, childhood obesity, and sexual development disorders. Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the topic because it explains how the endocrine system affects child growth 25. Giles, L. C ., Whitrow, M. J., Davies, M. J., Davies, C. E., Rumbold, A. R., and Moore, V. M., (2005). Growth trajectories in early childhood, their relationship with antenatal and postnatal factors, and development of obesity by age 9 years: Results from an Australian birth cohort study. International journal of obesity, 39 (7), pp. 1049-1056 Purpose of the study: The aim of the study was to determine the association between growth trajectories during infancy and early childhood and the body size at age 9. Furthermore, the study also aimed at assessing the influence of antenatal and postnatal exposures to the growth trajectories Methodology: The study was a correlated group design, it entailed collecting the weight and the height measurements of the children particpants from birth to age 9. Multivariate logistic regression models were conducted Findings: Four growth trajectories were identified, the findings on antenatal and postnatal exposures reveal ed that obesity was associated with accelerating growth trajectory Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the topic because it highlights the effect of pregnancy and after birth exposures on child growth trajectory. 26. Philippat, C., Nakiwala, D., Calafat, A. M., Botton, J., De Agostini, M., Heude, B., and Slama, R (2017). Prenatal Exposure to Nonpersistent Endocrine Disruptors and Behavior in Boys at 3 and 5 Years Environmental Health Perspectives, 125 (9), pp. 097014-097014 Purpose of the study: the aim of the study was to determine the association between non persistent endocrine disruptors and behavior of boys Methodology: The study was correlated-group design. It entailed sampling boys with persistent endocrine disruptors and those without and determining the behavior of each group. Findings: The study found that endocrine disruptors affect the behavior of boys Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the topic. 1 Implications of poor Parenthood on Teenagers-A Study on Growth and Development of Children in the United States Cynthya Wilson American Military University PSYC 699 Dr. Gregory, Charles 8 July 2021 Implications of poor Parenthood on Teenagers-A Study on Growth and Development of Children in the United States The concept of growth and development is a crucial component of different studies associated with psychology. The main reason for the above comes from the fact that psychology is mainly associated with the continuous psychological changes occurring among human beings from as early as infancy to death. Hence, parenthood is crucial for the study because it is the reason for developing specific behavioral traits, thinking patterns, and personalities. The psychoanalytic theory by Sigmund Freud is one important model that shows the major role of the environment in shaping personalities among individuals as they grow up from one stage to another. It describes teenagers’ behaviors and relationships as originating from the connection they have with their home environments. A stable environment promotes a stable teenage-hood among teenagers and vice versa. Poor parenthood means that a child may grow up to be broken. A child may have problems establishing romantic and social relationships. A child may be forced to use drugs and substances to deal with the unsettled mental challenges acquired from each stage of development and the poor relationship that caused them. Therefore, the study uses a literature review to identify the problem of poor parenthood and the implications it has on teenagers.   Presenting a comprehensive Discussion on the Problem            The parenthood issue has, for the longest period, attracted significant attention among psychologists. Parenthood serves as the foundation of human survival and the development of personalities that are fitting enough to promote the development of a whole lineage. Without adequate and positive parenthood, it means that a whole society will become broken. To understand the concept of parenthood, its position, and implications, it becomes important to focus on the study through the following segments:  Statement of the Problem             Children’s development in social and cognitive skills is important for future success and general academic performance. Parenting style plays a crucial role in ensuring the above is achievable and impactful in the development of children. In short, it can be reiterated that responsive parenting creates supportive parenting outcomes as it creates a robust foundation for children to have optimal development. It is known to cement affection and promote high warmth levels. Children and teenagers who have grown in an environment with responsive parenting styles have received rich verbal input with a framework that expands their interests (Garcia et al., 2015). In turn, a child has been able to grow in the right way to achieve his/her potential. Whenever parents accept their children’s interests with prompt and contingent responses, the children develop trust. In turn, they can cope with anxiety, stress, and novelty in their environments. Repeated positive experiences mean the establishment of trust and bond established between a child and parent.             However, poor parenting style brings with it significant stress and pressure on the child. First, the child may consider violence as a way to communicate his/her deep and disturbing thoughts with those around them. A child who grows up in a violent environment where he sees his father beating his mother has a high likelihood of practicing the same on his future spouse. Poor parenting style also instills fear and anxiety among children. They may choose to end up being lonely due to the fear that they do not want to have a similar reaction and responsive personality as their parents. Poor performance is another major implication that comes with poor parenting (Perez-Gramaje et al., 2020). The situation means that children may grow up to become mentally unstable. Some of them may begin using alcohol and other substances such as marijuana, heroin, and cocaine to deal with the results of their parents’ poor style of raising them.             Due to this, the main problem is about how poor parenting style leads to negative growth and development among children. The study tries to create a mirror to compare the effects of responsive and poor parenting styles on mental growth and development. The focus is mainly on teenagers because the stage of development is in the middle of early childhood and adulthood, making it an interesting area of development. The importance of the study is to promote a clear understanding of what parenthood is all about in modern society. It is about evaluating the position of parenting style in creating personalities and determining the fate of development in the human environment.  Context of Problem  Smetana (2017) reiterates that children observe and learn from what they see and hear from their environments. The main individuals around them during their early developmental phases include their parents. Hence, they will grow up to emulate the actions of their parents about how they live their lives. A lazy parent will have a high likelihood of influencing a child to grow up lazy and vice versa. Even when it comes to academic performance, children will always look at how their parents deal with tasks. If a parent cannot deal with work well, it means that children will look at such an issue as normal. Moreno–Ruiz et al. (2019) suggest that the result may include the child not reading at all. The child may end up performing poorly at all times. Hardworking and focused parents tend to raise their children with virtues that are more focused on influencing positive developments. Such parents influence their children to look at all challenges in life as a crucial motivational factor to change their lives for the best.             According to Berge et al. (2016), parenting style determines the fate of a child in his/her society as maturity occurs. The social learning theory by Bandura is comprehensively evaluated to create an understanding that close networks and relationships between parents and their children are instrumental in ensuring a child has a stable mental and social status. The social learning theory focuses on the need to ensure a child has the right virtues in his environment. Lorence et al. (2019) argue that a child should understand the differences between right and wrong. Through this, they can know how to think, behave, and relate with those around them. Due to this, it means that poor parenting style will create a difficult teenager and adult who will not conform to anything that tries to influence positive change in life. It means that the child may choose the wrong path due to the negative influence provided by the parent on how to handle issues.  Relevance to Field of Psychology             The literature will be significant in ensuring that individuals can understand the true influence of the position of parenthood. The use of theories such as the psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive-behavioral theories will be significant in ensuring that individuals can identify the position of learning and influence through parenting style on the development of personalities, thinking, and behavior among children and teenagers (Argyriou et al., 2016). The literature review will be crucial in promoting why parents have to focus on raising children that are positive in their thinking, behavior, and relationships with those around them. This is one way through which they ensure society can develop in the best way possible. The literature review also evaluates the damages that are caused by poor parenting styles among children. Issues such as low concentration in the classroom environment, development of mental and behavioral disorders, negative relationships with those around, low productivity in later workplaces, and promotion of a negative outlook about life are discussed.  Relevance to Student’s Professional Interests             Students, in general, have to think about their future careers. Psychology is one interesting area of development that should be looked into and understood comprehensively. An issue such as growth and development presented through literature review in the discussion creates a specific picture about an issue such as implications of parenting style on children. Professionally, it opens their minds to the possibility of remaining professionals in defining the right direction of preventing these implications of negative parenting styles on children. Students will have an opportunity to identify their role in understanding what it means to be a parent and what they need to do if they were provided an opportunity of parenthood. It means that they would learn how to become better parents and provide the best learning opportunities for their children (Visser et al., 2013). Additionally, the literature review prepares them for a greater course in their professional environments. It allows them to gain the proper communication and analytical skills to deal with anxiety and stress among teenagers when facing issues surrounding the relationships they have with their parents.  Conclusion            To conclude the proposal, the problem statement is about understanding the effects of parenthood by focusing on how poor parenting style diminishes confidence, behavioral patterns, and positive thinking among children. The literature review will be instrumental in determining the right sources to use in the study. An evaluation of the implications of negative parenting style makes it possible to understand what it means to be a parent and how a child grows from such an experience. This serves as one way a student can open his/her mind regarding stress and anxiety among teenagers. They may look at the home environment as playing a crucial role in influencing their colleagues' negative mental and social statuses. The use of cognitive and social theories is instrumental in defining the problem further for comprehensive discussions.  References Argyriou, E., Bakoyannis, G., & Tantaros, S. (2016). Parenting styles and trait emotional intelligence in adolescence. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 57(1), 42-49. Berge, J., Sundell, K., Öjehagen, A., & Håkansson, A. (2016). Role of parenting styles in adolescent substance use: results from a Swedish longitudinal cohort study. BMJ open, 6(1), e008979. García, F., Fernández-Doménech, L., Veiga, F. H., Bono, R., Serra, E., & Musitu, G. (2015). Parenting styles and parenting practices: Analyzing current relationships in the Spanish context. Parenting: Cultural influences and impact on childhood health and well-being, 17-31. Lorence, B., Hidalgo, V., Pérez-Padilla, J., & Menéndez, S. (2019). The role of parenting styles on behavior problem profiles of adolescents. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(15), 2767. Moreno–Ruiz, D., Martínez–Ferrer, B., & García–Bacete, F. (2019). Parenting styles, cyberaggression, and cybervictimization among adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 93, 252-259. Perez-Gramaje, A. F., Garcia, O. F., Reyes, M., Serra, E., & Garcia, F. (2020). Parenting styles and aggressive adolescents: relationships with self-esteem and personal maladjustment. The European journal of psychology applied to legal context. Smetana, J. G. (2017). Current research on parenting styles, dimensions, and beliefs. Current opinion in psychology, 15, 19-25. Visser, L., de Winter, A. F., Vollebergh, W. A., Verhulst, F. C., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2013). The impact of parenting styles on adolescent alcohol use: the TRAILS study. European addiction research, 19(4), 165-172. 1 Annotated Bibliography American Military University Cynthya Wilson 28 August 2021 Dr. Charles Gregory 2 2 Annotated Bibliography 1. Barbuscia, A., & Mills, M. C. (2017). Cognitive development in children up to age 11 years born after ART—a longitudinal cohort study. Human Reproduction, 32(7), 1482- 1488. Purpose of the study: The authors wanted to study how the cognitive progress of children conceived after alternative risk transfer differs from those born in natural conception. Methodology: The study was experimental in nature; it inferred the cause and effect by finding the quantitative relationship between cognitive development of children conceived after IVF and ICSI and cognitive development of children born after natural conception. A total of 8298 children from the different groups were sampled; Two -tailed t-tests were conducted to determine the differences in the cognitive development between the two groups Findings: They revealed that cognitive development measures were higher for children conceived with alternative risk transfer than natural conception, and they did well in cognitive and academic skills. Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the topic because it highlights how the preconception factors influence a child’s development. 2. Britto, P. R., Lee, S. J., Proulx, K., Yousafzai, A. K., Matthews, S. G., Vaivada, T., ... & Lancet Early Childhood Development Series Steering Committee. (2017). nurturing care: promoting early childhood development. The Lancet, 389 (10064), 91-102. Purpose of study: The study analyzed the association between child care and early childhood development. Correct margin for all summaries! Approved Correct all Articles to APA style and format 1 3 7 3 Methodology: The study was entailed comparing the articles focusing on articles on good child care in different countries and its contribution to a child’s development and comparing the findings with bad child care on child development. Regression on the a number of articles in each category was determined Findings: Authors urge that in the interventions to enhance the growth of congenital science, families and caregivers need to be assisted in providing nourishing care and protection for children to attain congenital prospective. The findings reveal that child care affects the future development of the child’s cognitive and social abilities. Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the topic because it compared studies on child care givers and cognitive development of children in different countries. The comparative findings show that care giving has effect on child’s development. 3. Christensen, D. L., Schieve, L. A., Devine, O., &Drews-Botsch, C. (2014). Socioeconomic status, child enrichment factors, and cognitive performance among preschool-age children: results from the Follow-Up of Growth and Development Experiences study. Research in developmental disabilities, 35(7), 1789-1801. Purpose of the study: The study analyzed how low developmental execution is related with proper well-being and operation throughout the longevity and their effects on children from low demographic levels. Methodology: The article is a quantitative evidence-based peer reviewed article because the methodology employed was quantitative. The methodology entailed sampling children from low social-economic status and children from high social economic status a comparing them based on differential ability scales. Approved Need type of methodology; stating that it is quantitative does not give me the type of methodology (read back over information sent to you earlier) 4 8 4 Findings: The study found a correlation between low socio-economic status and poor differential ability scores. Consequently, the article concludes that healthcare professionals should reinforce home enrichment guidelines and help children with delays in early interventions mainly for children in disadvantaged populations. Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant because it highlights how social and economic status influences the development of a child. 4. Dell’Agnolo, C. M., Cyr, C., de Montigny, F., de Barros Carvalho, M. D., & Pelloso, S. M. (2015). Pregnancy after bariatric surgery: Obstetric and perinatal outcomes and the growth and development of children. Obesity surgery, 25(11), 2030-2039. The purpose of the study: The study analyzed pregnancy results after bariatric operation using a retrospective study evaluating perinatal effects on children's growth and development. By retrospective, it means the study focused backwards by considering the exposures that led to the existing risk. Methodology: The methodology of sampling and collecting data from the participants was quantitative in nature. The study was experimental because it entailed control of variables specifically mothers who conceived after bariatric surgery and mothers who conceived before bariatric surgery. Findings: The research study showed that children born after the operation have low obesity and have changes in development of speech, and all were affected after bariatric surgery. Relevance to the topic: The study is relevant to the topic because it notes that the medical operations before conception have effect on the child’s development. Approved Correct to APA style and format Need type of methodology; stating that it is quantitative does not give me the type of methodology (read back over information sent to you earlier) 5 6 9 5 5. Dike, V. E. (2017). Poverty and Brain Development in Children: Implications for Learning. Asian journal of education and training, 3(1), 64-68. Purpose of the study: Dike researches the debate on the effects of poverty in children's brain development and its implications for learning. He analyzed how poverty affects brain development in children and has a clear impact on learning by carrying Methodology: The study adopted experimental design where it carried out experiments on parts of brain affected by poverty and how those parts affect learning. Findings: The study found that poverty affects brain growth and development because of the effect of poverty on the availability of appropriate nutrition. The study concluded that poverty negatively affects brain development and has implications on learning. Relevance to the topic: The study’s findings that living in poverty may increase health risks and behavioral problems for preschool and school aged children is relevant to the topic because, it explains how nurture affects a child’s development. 6. França, T. L. B. D., Medeiros, W. R., Souza, N. L. D., Longo, E., Pereira, S. A., França, T. B. D. O., & Sousa, K. G. (2018). Growth and development of children with microcephaly associated with congenital Zika virus syndrome in Brazil. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(9), 1990. Purpose of the study: The study quantitatively analyzes the increase in severe demonstrations and changes in birth defects in newborns after the upsurge of the Zika virus. Need type of methodology; stating that it is experimental/quantitative does not give me the type of methodology (read back over information sent to you earlier) 10 6 Methodology: The study focused cross-sectional study and a quantitative analysis of children born with Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome. The study entailed finding the correlation between the mental retardation and Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome. Findings: The study found that children with Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome are at higher risk of development and retardation than typical children. Relevance to the topic: The study is relevant to the topic because it reveals that medical conditions influence child’s development. 7. Gauderman, W. J., Urman, R., Avol, E., Berhane, K., McConnell, R., Rappaport, E., & Gilliland, F. (2015). Association of improved air quality with lung development in children.N Engl J Med, 372, 905-913. Purpose of the study: The study analyzed the functions of lungs in children and determined the associations of enhanced air quality with lung expansion. Methodology: The study was experimental, it determined the association between the quality of air and lung expansion. The independent variable controlled was the quality of air. Different qualities of air were exposed to lungs to determine the expansion capacity. It was found that children living in environments with poor quality air had lower lung expansion compared to children living in environments with good quality air. Findings: It was evident that advancements in air standard were related with statistical and clinical positive impacts of lung functioning development in children. The quality of air a child is exposed to have significant impacts on their growth and development. Approved approved 11 12 7 Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the topic because it explains the relation between physical development, specifically lung expansion and quality of air. 8. Guerrero, A. D., Fuller, B., Chu, L., Kim, A., Franke, T., Bridges, M., &Kuo, A. (2013). Early growth of Mexican–American children: Lagging in preliteracy skills but not social development. Maternal and child health journal, 17(9), 1701-1711. Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study was to determine if cognitive trajectories widen between 24 and 48 months. The rationale of carrying out the study was based on quantitative study, which showed that whereas Latino children join kindergarten with social skill that rival white children, they lag behind at 24 mothns in interactive and oral language skills. Methodology: The study was experimental; a total of 4690 children from Latino and white races were sampled. The change in development between 24 and 48 months for each participant was recorded. The data was quantitatively analysed by regressing race with child development The findings: The article evaluated lagging in preliteracy skills for children with Mexican – American backgrounds. Advancements in development and social realms transpire unconventionally for children who have Mexican backgrounds, even those brought up in economically low-income families. The study found that Latino children engaged less frequently in oral language compared to their white peers as they progressed towards 48 months. Relevance to the topic: The topic is relevant because it shows that cognitive development at different ages varies based on race. approved 13 8 9. Hall, K. D., Butte, N. F., Swinburn, B. A., & Chow, C. C. (2013). Dynamics of childhood growth and obesity: development and validation of a quantitative mathematical model. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 1(2), 97-105. Purpose of the study: The study aimed at therapeutics ways where children can outgrow obesity without losing weight. Methodology: The study was experimental; it determined the quantitative mathematical model for outgrowing obesity among children without losing weight. Findings: The study results showed that childhood obesity development had a significant excess energy intake than in adults. Therefore, among children, they are able to outgrow the condition without losing weight. Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the study because it explains how child development can occur without taking drastic medical measures to address health related issue. 10. Kit, B. K., Akinbami, L. J., Isfahani, N. S., & Ulrich, D. A. (2017). Gross motor development in children aged 3–5 years, United States 2012. Maternal and child health journal, 21(7), 1573-1580. Purpose of the study: The study analyzed the importance of gross motor development in early childhood and how it fosters excellent interplay with the environment. Its motive is to analyze gross motor expertise amid children aged three to five years using a gross motor development test. Methodology: The study was experimental, it determined if motor development relate to the environment in which the child lives. Approved Need type of methodology; stating that it is experimental/quantitative does not give me the type of methodology (read back over information sent to you earlier) 14 15 9 Findings: If the motor skills do not administer themselves at the right time, they might never become well. That means the study found that in situations where the motor development do not relate with the environment, then they may not develop normally. Relevance to the study: The article is relevant to the topic because it associates motor development to the environment. 11. Leve, L. D., Neiderhiser, J. M., Shaw, D. S., Ganiban, J., Natsuaki, M. N., & Reiss, D. (2013). The Early Growth and Development Study: A prospective adoption study from birth through middle childhood. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 16(1), 412-423. Purpose of the study: The study focused on assessing how family and contextual procedures affect advancements in children; it also examined the interplay with genetic influences. Methodology: The study was conducted quantitatively using experimental design. The study entailed determining if the poverty and other environmental factors such as nutrition affected how children grew and developed. Children from different environments were assessed developmentally on a numerical scale. Findings: The study revealed that factors like environment and poverty affect how children grow and are responsible for differences in growth among children of the same age. Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant because it shows how the environment affects child development. approved 16 10 12. Li, X., Zhu, J., an, J., Wang, Y., Wu, Y., & Li, X. (2021). Growth and development of children under 5 years of age with tetralogy of Fallot in a Chinese population. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1-8. The purpose of the study: The article analyzes how developmental heart deficiencies are related with malnutrition designs and growth dementia. Methodology: The study quantitatively analyzed growth retardation levels of children under five years. Findings: The study found growth retardation is highest during early years. As such, the authors urged that interventions should be administered early to avert the growth and retardation of children from getting severe. Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the topic because it reveals the growth retardation levels during early years. 13. Lönnerdal, B. (2017). Excess iron intake is a factor in infants' and young children's growth, infections, and development. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 106(suppl_6), 1681S-1687S. Purpose of the study: The aim of the study was to evaluate how iron provision through fortifying foods effectively prevents and treats iron deficiency in young children. The author analyzed how iron can have adverse effects on biological systems even when administered in moderate amounts; some of the effects include decreased growth and increased illness. Methodology: The study was experimental, the control experiment entailed using unfortified foods and conducting experiments on the participants if there was iron deficiency. Need type of methodology; stating that it is experimental/quantitative does not give me the type of methodology (read back over information sent to you earlier) approved 17 18 11 Findings: The study found that children who fed on unfortified suffered from iron deficiency. There was a correlation between unfortified foods and iron deficiency. Relevance to the topic: The study is relevant to the topic because it specifically focuses on the effect of food on physical development. 14. Luo, Y., Zheng, Z., Yang, Y., Bai, X., Yang, H., Zhu, H., & Chen, S. (2021). Effects of growth hormone on the cognitive, motor, and behavioral development in Prader-Willi syndrome children: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The purpose of the study: The aim of the study was to analyze growth hormone benefits and improvements in children's motor, cognitive, and behavioral development. Methodology: all these factors can be rectified if identified early. The research meta-analysis had a significant positive impact on motor enhancement with average treatment and affected cognitive and behavioral development. Findings: The study found that growth hormones affect different developmental aspects. Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the topic because it explains how genes, which influence hormone formation, affect different developmental aspects 15. Mostafavi, S. A., Mohammadi, M. R., Hosseinzadeh, P., Eshraghian, M. R., Akhondzadeh, S., Hosseinzadeh-Attar, M. J., & Keshavarz, S. A. (2012). Dietary intake, growth, and development of children with ADHD in a randomized clinical trial of Ritalin and Melatonin co-administration: Through circadian cycle modification or appetite enhancement? Iranian journal of psychiatry, 7(3), 114. not experimental A meta-analysis is not experimental evidence-based research; need an experimental evidence-based Article (quantitative) 19 20 12 Purpose of the study: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of melatonin supplementation on intake of diets, appetite mechanism and growth of children with disorders cured with Ritalin through modifying the regular cycle. Methodology: The study utilized experimental design using clinical trial of Ritalin and Melatonin co-administration Findings: The authors of the article assert that Ritalin can negatively impact sleep, weight, and growth of infants living with disorders. Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the topic because it explains the effect of supplements on child growth. 16. Nahar, B., Hossain, M. I., Hamadani, J. D., Ahmed, T., Huda, S. N., Grantham- McGregor, S. M., &Persson, L. A. (2012). Effects of a community-based approach of food and psychosocial stimulation on growth and development of severely malnourished children in Bangladesh: a randomized trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 66(6), 701-709. Purpose of the study: The study evaluated the impacts of a community-based perspective of attitudinal pique and augment of diet on the growth and advancement of famished children. Methodology: the study was experimental, a randomized trial Findings of the study: The study revealed that psychosocial stimulation and supplementation of food improve the outcome of malnourished children. approved approved 21 22 13 Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the topic because it shows how communities can influence children’s growth and development through psychosocial stimulation and food programs 17. Pem, D. (2015). Factors affecting early childhood growth and development: Golden 1000 days. Adv Practice Nurs, 1(101), 2573-0347. The purpose of the study: The aim of the study was to quantitatively analyze the significant factors that children face in their development. Methodology: The study was experimental Findings: The research found that many children under the age of five do not reach their social and cognitive development potential because of malnutrition, deficit care, poor health, and poverty. The author asserts that comprehending the magnitude of these issues in the child's early stage is essential because the problems can be reversible. Relevance to the topic: The study is relevant to the topic 18. Rocha, H. A., Sudfeld, C. R., Leite, Á. J., Rocha, S. G., Machado, M. M., Campos, J. S., ... &Correia, L. L. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences and child development outcomes in Ceará, Brazil: a population-based study. American journal of preventive medicine, 60(4), 579-586. The purpose of the study: The study analyzed how adverse childhood occurrences and mental health issues are negatively linked to outcomes of child development. Methodology: The study was conducted in a population and correlation to find the association between mental health issues and future childhood development determined. Need type of methodology; stating that it is quantitative/experimental does not give me the type of methodology (read back over information sent to you earlier) Approved 23 24 14 Findings: The study showed that most children don't reach their potential development and adverse childhood occurrences were solely related with congenital effects. Relevance to the topic: The peer reviewed article is relevant to the topic because it links childhood occurrences such as mental health issues to future child development. 19. Scharf, R. J., Stroustrup, A., Conaway, M. R., & DeBoer, M. D. (2016).Growth and development in children born very low birthweight.Archives of Disease in Childhood- Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 101(5), F433-F438. The purpose of the study: The study focused on examining the relationship between growth and advancement outcomes in infants born with small birth weights. Methodology: The study was a retrospective study; it analyzed data backwards by relating child growth to the birth weight. Findings: The results show that anthropometric measures of growth are linked to current and future developmental outcomes in children. If not rectified in the early stages, they are hard to control later as children grow. Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the topic because it highlights the relationship between birth weight and child growth and development. 20. Surkan, P. J., Ettinger, A. K., Ahmed, S., Minkovitz, C. S., &Strobino, D. (2012). Impact of maternal depressive symptoms on the growth of preschool and school-aged children.Pediatrics, 130(4), e847-e855. The purpose of the study: The study aimed at examining how maternal dreary signs affect growth in school-aged children. Need evidence-based experimental study! 25 15 Methodology: The study utilized quantitative approach by sampling children born of mothers who had maternal depressive symptoms and children born of mothers who did not suffer from maternal depressive symptoms. A correlation was determined to find the relationship between maternal depressive symptoms and growth of children Findings: The results show that maternal dreary symptoms during childhood impact physical development in early infancy. Prevention, early discernment, and therapy of dreary signs can help children growth without issues in their growth. Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the topic because it links maternal depressive symptoms to child growth 21. Willerslev‐Olsen, M., Choe Lund, M., Lorentzen, J., Barber, L., Kofoed‐Hansen, M., & Nielsen, J. B. (2018). Impaired muscle growth precedes increased stiffness of the triceps suraemusculotendinous unit in children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 60(7), 672-679. The purpose of the study: The study analyzed the comparison of medial brain volume and the acquiescent rigidity of triceps in growing children from birth up to four years. Methodology: the study was experimental Findings: They found that increased brawn rigidity in infants with disorders is associated with broken and reduced brawn growth. The paralysis of the muscles is among the factors that lead to cerebral palsy. Relevance of the topic: The article is relevant to the topic because it explains some developmental issues. Approved Need type of methodology; stating that it is quantitative/experimental does not give me the type of methodology (read back over information sent to you earlier) 26 27 16 22. Zeng, X., Xu, X., Qin, Q., Ye, K., Wu, W., &Huo, X. (2019). Heavy metal exposure has adverse effects on the growth and development of preschool children. Environmental geochemistry and health, 41(1), 309-321. The purpose of the study: The study aimed at investigating the associations between lead, chromium, blood, and physical growth and parameters in development like weight, height, and mass index in preschool children. Methodology: The study was experimental; it entailed investigating the lead and chromium levels in children’s blood and evaluating their physical and cognitive development. Findings: Children exposed to heavy metals have issues in their growth and development, and most have retarded changes. Relevance of the study: The article is relevant to the topic because it highlights the association between exposure to heavy metals and physical development. 23. Batra, S. (2013). The psychosocial development of children: Implications for education and society—Erik Erikson in context. Contemporary Education Dialogue, 10(2), 249- 278. Purpose of the study: The study analyzed how modern societies have made growing up highly complex because of the emphasis they place on children. Methodology: The study was retrospective in nature, a correlation to determine the association between life pressures such as cost of living, schooling years and child development was done. Findings: The results assert that the emphasis and pressure society put on children affect their growth and development. Need type of methodology; stating that it is quantitative/experimental does not give me the type of methodology (read back over information sent to you earlier) Approved 28 29 17 Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the topic because it explores how schooling years impact the lives of children in rural and urban areas. 24. DiVall, S. A. (2013). The influence of endocrine disruptors on the growth and development of children.Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity, 20(1), 50-55. The purpose of the study: The study aimed at unveiling the consequences of endocrine- disrupting composites on infants in reproductive region development and childhood growth. Methodology: The study was experimental Findings: The study revealed that exogenous compounds that affect standard hormone signaling systems are in the modern environment and lead to increased premature births, childhood obesity, and sexual development disorders. Relevance to the topic: The article is relevant to the topic because it explains how the endocrine system affects child growth Need type of methodology; stating that it is quantitative/experimental does not give me the type of methodology (read back over information sent to you earlier) 30