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Easy 2-3 Paragraph Discussion Board post for my Creativity and Innovation in Sports class! Please pick one part, one topic/idea from the reading related to ethics and innovation in Sport. What caught your attention or interest the most? Explain to me/us why, what intrigued you in that particular example/idea/thought. Do some further research on that and let us know why you still agree or disagree with the ethical interpretation of that particular example/idea/topic as it is listed/explained in this chapter. I also encourage you to go back to your start up and think a bit; are there any issues that should be addressed in relation to ethical decision making when you are presenting the start up to all of us at the end of the semester? My start up idea was a wristband that tracks Basketball shots The discussion board post must be 2-3 paragraphs long and you must use the chapter I attached! **PLEASE KEEP IN MIND THIS IS A ETHICS AND INNOVATION IN SPORTS CLASS** Attachments area Ethics and Sport Entrepreneurship 8 8.1 Introduction Sport is part of the social fabric of society and plays an important role in fostering ethical behavior. This is evident in Austin (2017: 2) stating that there are “promi- nent moral failings that exist in and around sport”. Ethics is an important issue in sport and is constantly changing due to technological advances. The ethics of sport changes with new knowledge developed about appropriate codes of conduct. However, ethics is a diverse and debatable topic that needs to be understood according to type of sport, cultural environment and existence of social problems. Hervieux and Voltan (2016: 3) define social problems as “socially constructed and based on conditions and conduct deemed troublesome by individuals and groups”. In sport there are social problems that create ethical issues, which depend on the environmental context. The ethics of sport refers to the ways of regulating behaviours and expected conduct in games involving physical or mental activity. Sport ethics is a distinctive discipline that plays an important role in influencing other sport fields and is entrepreneurial in three main ways. Firstly, through deliberate action about the need for change and innovative thinking about the role of ethics in sport. This means that there can be a purposive approach to integrating entrepreneurship in sport ethics to provide a way to understand future behavior. This involves looking at actions sport entities are taking in terms of being more proactive about future ethics issues. In addition, it helps provide a sense of vision about the role ethics plays in the development of sport. Secondly, there are unplanned or accidental forms of entrepreneurship in sport ethics. This occurs when inadvertently there are changes required in the understanding of ethics in sport due to technology advances. As technology is altering quickly there needs to be societal changes about ethics. This means often sport ethics is reactive instead of proactive about decisions they make in terms of regulations. Thirdly, there are evolutionary forms of entrepreneurship in sport ethics. This means that there are developments about people’s perceptions of sport ethics in terms of how it is embedded in society. Some beliefs about ethics in # Springer International Publishing AG 2018 V. Ratten, Sport Entrepreneurship, Management for Professionals, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73010-3_8 111 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73010-3_8 sport are traditional and culturally based that take time to change. However, other values are tied to the way sport is seen in society. There is assumption that socially motivated types of sport such as community and non-profit are ethically sound. This is often not the case due to the strategies and politics behind the offering of sport to the public. The question at the heart of the intersection between sport ethics and entrepreneurship is how are sport ethics evolving based on entrepreneurship? In this chapter I argue that ethics in sport is fundamentally entrepreneurial. The goal of this chapter is to bring entrepreneurship into the sports ethics literature. Thus, in this chapter I focus on sport ethics from an entrepreneurship perspective and anticipate this field will develop in the future. In this chapter there is an overview of sport ethics that then is linked to entrepreneur- ship. The chapter begins by providing a summary of key sport ethics issues and doing so opens the field up to an integration of entrepreneurship perspectives. I hope that this chapter is only the beginning of an ongoing discussion about entrepreneurship and sport ethics thereby fostering more work on the intersection of sport ethics and entrepreneurship. In this chapter, I go beyond just looking at sport ethics and entrepreneurship as disparate fields but by providing a more integrated approach into how they affect each other. The chapter ends by presenting some suggestions about future directions concerning entrepreneurship and sport ethics. 8.2 Ethics Ethics is a controversial topic as its definition changes according to context. Some people view ethics as a minor issue due to the need to outperform competitors at any cost in sport. This leads to ethical misconduct viewed as mistakes rather than conscious action. In addition, unethical action can be viewed as necessary for the teams benefit. The way ethics is perceived is constantly changing and is a fluid concept. There are challenges in managing ethics in sport due to the reliance on self-reporting and peer pressure. Whilst some unethical behavior such as cheating or doping can be tested it can depend on the timing and availability of regulators to enforce it. This was evident with Lance Armstrong the multiple winner of the Tour de France bike race who constantly kept hidden his unethical behavior. There was also discussion with Lance Armstrong how other cyclists were doing the same thing so the question became whether it was really cheating. The controversy of Lance Armstrong meant there were unethical judgments on his previous performances that might have been ethically sound but nonetheless were perceived as cheating. This leads to it being difficult to evaluate ethics in sport and the ramifications of unethical conduct. The demands of high performance sport and electronic participation in sport require a new way of understanding ethical behavior. There are different reasons in sport why people adhere to certain obligations and this depends on the type of sport under investigation. Shogun and Ford (2000: 52) states in sport “participants may abide by rules because coerced, to maintain an image as a ‘good’ competitor, for 112 8 Ethics and Sport Entrepreneurship experience, or because of a desire to honour a perceived agreement with competitors”. The reasons for ethical conduct link to the notion of sport being an activity that favours fairness in competition. The fairness depends on the type of sport in terms of whether it is regulated or unregulated. In regulated sports there are rules of the game that are needed and help compare performance. This includes tacit or unwritten rules about appropriate behavior in sport. Thus, natural competition ensures the best person or team wins in sport. Unregulated sport also has moral obligations due to the informal nature of the competition. This can also include competition with oneself rather than others in sport. In addition, there are unethical values found in sport that are part of the culture. This includes playing against unequal opponents when the chance of having a fair game is low. This creates moral dilemmas in sport, which are an important element of ethical management practices. 8.3 Ethics and Sport Entrepreneurship There needs to be a more fluid understanding about the interaction of entrepreneur- ship and sport ethics as they have practical implications. This is the result of there being pressing issues that need to be discussed in terms of entrepreneurship and sport ethics that will influence the future scholarship concerning sport entrepreneur- ship. It is surprising that little research has connected entrepreneurship to sport ethics, since it influences change in the sport industry. Entrepreneurship in the forms of new businesses are featured prominently in discussions around sport ethics. However, there is a gap in the sport literature in combining ethics issues to entrepreneurship. Chell et al. (2016: 623) states “entrepreneurship has been bedeviled with myths”. These myths impact ethical issues in entrepreneurship as there are assumptions made that often might not be relevant to current society. Entrepreneurship in sport ethics involves considering new types and reasons of behavior based on emerging trends. Whilst research might consider entrepreneurship as a newcomer to the field of sport ethics, it has been an important influencer of activity. Ethics in a way is fundamentally about change, which is at the core of entrepreneurships research. Moreover, the expansion in entrepreneurship research has coincided with an increase in sport ethics studies but they have typically been seen as disparate and unrelated fields. There is more sport policy concerning ethics and initiatives around diversity and gender equality in sport. Sport entrepreneurship has not received much academic attention until only recently. Sports that are unregulated often have rogue behavior and encourage unethical conduct. Sport has been commended for ignoring race and religion in the pursuit of a fairer playing field but there is still some degree of discrimination in the form of unethical conduct. This means that some sports particularly adventure sports pride themselves on their risk taking activity and propensity to push boundaries. For this reason, whilst adventure sports have become more regulated there is still the perception that unethical behavior is part of the sport. This means that some sports are open avenues to unethical conduct due to their link to 8.3 Ethics and Sport Entrepreneurship 113 performance. Thus, a distinguishing feature of entrepreneurship is the ability to integrate innovativeness in the sport context. Russell and Faulkner (2004) discuss how entrepreneurship is a form of chaos in the lifestyle of certain industries. This means that the sport industry utilizes entrepreneurship as a way to link risky activity to the pursuit of business ventures. Risk often involves ethical questions about the appropriate form of behavior given the circumstances. To date, there has been a lack of research about sport ethics and entrepreneurship, which implies there is an ample opportunity for more research on this topic. It is interesting to see whether there are noticeable differences between sport entrepreneurs and other types of entrepreneurs in terms of their ethical behavior. There might be a need to stimulate more ethical conduct amongst sport entrepreneurs. Thus by integrating an entrepreneurial perspective into sport ethics it can yield a more integrated understanding of the field. This will help support more ethical business conduct amongst sport entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs are a core component of the sport industry. The future of the sport industry is based on ethical conduct so it is important to understand the behaviours of entrepreneurs. Sport entrepreneurship is a distinctive field of entrepreneurship that demands a special approach to ethics. Although there has been research on ethics and sport, little research has focused on entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship involves behavior concerning business activity. Thus, the process of entrepreneur- ship involves interpreting the environment and its effects on individuals and society. Currently ethics in sport is focused on the management literature with little linkage to entrepreneurship. This has inhibited a more holistic understanding of the role entrepreneurship plays in sport ethics. Edgar (2013: 1) states that sport provides a way “metaphysical and normative problems are articulated”. This is due to sport being part of the culture and having an impact on society conditions. Sport has typically been governed by rules and physical activity although some sports instead utilize mental fitness (Edgar 2013). The sport industry has a large degree of economic and social power that means it should have ethical responsibilities. In addition, due to its impact on communities it has a moral duty to ensure ethical conduct. This is important as ethics involves consideration about business strategy and decisions making in sport. Often sport is conducted through actions that are interpreted by players. This means that rather than verbal communication the emphasis in sport is on physical action. The actual playing of sport involves non-verbal communication but the commentary is mostly verbally-based. Edgar (2013: 8) states that sport “takes the materials, ideas and fundamental experiences of our cultural existence, and plays with them”. This means that sport is a cultural aspect that involves unwritten rules that are based on the cultural context of the environment. There needs to be new interpretations of sport ethics based on changing technol- ogy and needs of society. This means entrepreneurship can provide a way to revitalize sports ethics to make it more progressive. Sport organizations need to use more entrepreneurial approaches in their dealings with sport ethics. A way to do this is to include more proactive strategies rather than have a passive stance towards ethics. This can include anticipating trends and issues in sport that will cause ethical dilemmas. 114 8 Ethics and Sport Entrepreneurship Sport is viewed as pure when there is a no artificial interference from other sources. At the heart of ethics in sport is the role of equal opportunities. Konig (1995: 249) defines equal opportunities as “the equal position of both athletes before the competition with the same changes to win, despite the intended equality after the competition brought about by the code of victory/defeat”. These equal opportunities have been hampered by unethical conduct in sport such as cheating and doping. The forms of unethical conduct can be formal and informal depending on the circumstances. Formal ethical violations include match tampering by officials or umpires whilst informal include the taking of banned substances. Performance improvement is the aim of most unethical conduct and this is influenced by technological innovation. Thus, sport regulators need to take an entrepreneurship approach in terms of how they handle unethical conduct. How- ever, it can be hard to evaluate ethics in sport due to constant change from new medical and scientific advancements. As sport management scholars have started to incorporate more ethics into their research, they have in turn contributed to an improved understanding of the role of sport in society. The field of sport ethics has experienced significant growth that has coincided with more general interest about ethical issues such as corporate social responsibility and environmental management. This has led to more research on sport ethics focusing on initiatives around sustainability that today are more strategically important for sport organizations. As part of the increased interest in business ethics there are some promising new research areas linking it to entre- preneurship. Whilst past research looked at sport ethics, business and entrepreneur- ship as separate research areas, this chapter will propose combining theme for future enquiry. This includes using entrepreneurial thinking to maximize the poten- tial of sport ethics in terms of its relevance for business. In addition, it acknowledges that sport can be used as a strategic vehicle to implement better business ethics principles. Thereby, enabling a closer sport management link between ethics and entrepreneurship that can contribute to academic discourse. The impact of entrepreneurship in sport management in terms of the ethical issues is brings has received scant scholarly attention. New technology and less reliance on public funding in sport have meant that sport organizations are under more pressure to be competitive. This is evident in the limited time and resources available to sport organizations to come up with new ideas. Many areas of a sport organization concern ethics from sponsorship of sport stadiums to the use of taxpayer money. Thus, the combination of both public and private finance in sport gives rise to a number of ethical challenges. Some areas of sport particularly non-profit organizations face scrutiny about how to grow in an ethical manner. Sometimes there are forced ethics measures and implications of ethics in sport due to regulations. This enables sport organizations to navigate ethics by adjusting their management practices. Thus, ethics in sport involves individuals questioning its relevance in contemporary society. Sport ethics is a result of the morals and expected behavior required in society. In times of economic uncertainty the role of ethics in sport is exacerbated due to financial concerns. The austerity measures caused by the global financial crisis of 2008 are still evident in the ethical guidelines of sport organizations (Parnell et al. 2017). 8.3 Ethics and Sport Entrepreneurship 115 Dey and Steyaert (2016: 627) states “ethics has had a dubious career in the domain of entrepreneurship studies”. This is due to the perception by many of entrepreneurship as being unethical as it involves risk taking. However, entre- preneurship can and should be ethical as it relates to business practices. There has been an increase in studies linking entrepreneurship to ethics due to the need for business to behave in a socially responsible manner. Entrepreneurship often involves value creation and enables better work prospects. For this reason, sub-fields of entrepreneurship such as social and women’s entrepreneurship tend to emphasise more ethics issues. Social entrepreneurship combines both non-profit and profit objectives in a business endeavour. Hence, there is an overt linkage with ethics in social entrepreneurship due to the acknowledgement of the need to help disadvantaged members of society. Increasingly business is marketing its social initiatives in activities as a way to highlight their social role. This helps with businesses that need to report their social indicators to be part of industry groups. There are also negative connotations between entrepreneurship and ethics that are evident particularly in public policy reports. This has meant ethics has been viewed skeptically in entrepreneurship studies due to the need for business to focus on financial gain at the expense of social needs (Dey and Steyaert 2016). When a business starts a new venture there is often a power play involved particularly with large businesses. This means that large businesses or multinationals can have more power in the market due to their existing relationships. In emerging and developing economies there has been some criticism of the ethical practices of large businesses in terms of entrepreneurship. This is due to many large businesses being from developed countries and having a different culture. This creates ethical issues in terms of the businesses they are developing in countries outside their home market. Part of this perception is subjective as there are different connotations on what is considered moral behavior. Entrepreneurship has been typically about business development that involves change, which can be viewed negatively. Often government policy or help is needed in entrepreneurial business ventures that create ethics issues when bribery is involved. Moreover, the lobbying of government officials for support on business ventures is viewed by some as being unethical. Ethics involves behavior that can be subjective and influenced by environmental constraints. In the sport context ethics is practiced through the actions of athletes, coaches and managers. This involves action that when conducted in a creative and proactive way exhibits signs of entrepreneurial leadership. Part of the process of ethics involves criticizing or reviewing past behavior as a way to conduct better actions in the future. Existing relationships in sport need to be managed in terms of ethical behavior as the actions of others can have flow on effects. There is a team structure evident in many sports, which means the ethical conduct of one person will affect others. The knowledge a person has about events or circumstances influences their ethical behavior. There is debate about the parameters of ethical conduct in sport due to differences in opinion about what constitutes ethics. The foundations of sport are built around ethics but there is a continuum of good to bad ethical practices. Traditionally most of the ethics violations in sport occurred at the individual level but they can also occur at the team level. This occurred with the 116 8 Ethics and Sport Entrepreneurship New England Patriots who were accused of spying on the field plays of another football team. In their case the use of cameras to record the plays of another football team was considered unethical. However, the response from the National Football League to this conduct was considered by some as not being hard enough given the impact of the conduct on the performance of the team. This means that it is often hard to penalize unethical conduct in sport as there is some uncertainty about the effects it has on performance. There are many moral issues associated with ethics in sport. Recently Colin Kaepernik in the National Football League knelt during the playing of the American anthem in protest of racism in sport. This action was copied by others in different sports as a form of protect against racial conduct both in sport but also non sport activities. There has been some debate about the use of sport to protest against racism, gender inequality and other issues. In addition, the use of sport to market products such as alcohol and gambling has been raised as an ethical issue by some sport policy analysts. This is due to the role sport has in people’s lives especially young people who may be more susceptible to marketing campaigns. In the past cigarette advertising was used extensively in sport including through sponsorship agreements and billboard advertising. Now cigarette advertising in banned in many sports where it was previously a source of revenue including cricket events. Benson and Hedges a cigarette company previously sponsored cricket events in Australia but this has since ceased. Some sports utilized anti-smoking campaigns sponsored by the government in their advertising. An example is the Quit campaign by the Victorian government in Australia to encourage people to stop smoking by promot- ing it at the Bells beach surfing context. In the National Football League there has also been the use of athletes to provide anti-violence towards women campaigns. As athletes are often viewed highly in society their endorsements about certain practices can have a big effect. Recognition about entrepreneurial ethical behavior in sport has emerged belat- edly in the academic literature. The differing kinds of ethical conduct in sport are evident in the Olympics, which promotes the event as bring together different types of sport with international participation. The positive impacts are in terms of promoting sport as a vehicle for international peace and collaboration but there are negative side effects from the politics involved in hosting the event. The Rio de Janeiro Olympics of 2016 enabled more attention placed on Brazil but the side effects included the displacement of communities to make way for the building of new stadiums. Sport organizations vary in how much they emphasise ethics, which is consid- ered as appropriate behavior given moral and societal duties. Some sport organizations such as community or non-profit are focused almost exclusively on ethical ways to conduct sport. This is the result of ethics being a byproduct of sport and an easy way to encourage a more open and inclusive society. Sport is seen by some as a language or form of communication. This means that conduct in sport will be viewed as a way to influence positively other parts of society. Sport entrepreneurs apply ethical principles to many of the challenges they face in the marketplace. Entrepreneurial ethics is a way sport can adapt to the market but also create social value. 8.3 Ethics and Sport Entrepreneurship 117 Sport when it is ethically managed has the potential to contribute to a more harmonious society. Increasing attention is directed towards ethics in sport and its importance in affecting other parts of society. It has been emphasized that the appraising of ethical guidelines in sport can be difficult due to different conceptualizations of what is ethical conduct. This means that ethics is inherently entrepreneurial due to its changing nature and role in sport. Ethical conduct is required in sport because rules and guidelines must be followed as part of fair play. The backdrop of competition in sport, encompassing a gap between performing and non-performing clubs has implications for entrepreneurial ethics. There are often cultural conditions that affect the ability of some sport teams to behave ethically. The intention of entrepreneurial ethics is to assist sport clubs and athletes perform within guidelines. Thus, the aim is to bestow sport clubs with the ability to utilize ethics in a positive way. Sport practitioners need to value ethics due to the potential effects it can have on athlete and team moral. Some sports are more prone to ethical questions particularly those concerning animals. Horse racing is amongst the most popular sports but some animal rights activists suggest that it includes unethical conduct due to the treatment of animals. This is reflected in racehorses being put down after their competitive career has finished. Another sport often highlighted by animal rights activists is greyhound racing. This is due to the dogs being taught to race and being breed particularly for this reason. Illegal dog fighting is a related sport that has been a source of controversy. However, some sports have changed from being unethical and radical to mainstream sports. This is evident in the Ultimate Fight Championships with its use of mixed martial arts being amongst the highest worldwide growth sports.This chapter can be a starting point for further discussion on entrepreneurial sport ethics. Sport entrepreneurs come up with new ideas to issues in sport that are different to current practices. This is due to sport playing a key role in communities and the use of ethics can bring about a better overall result. Sport entrepreneurs are active at the management level by directing ethical objectives. This enables change to occur through entrepreneurial action that incorporates an ethical stance. The impact of ethics on sport management is a well recognized stream of research. The search for entrepreneurial ways to respond to ethical concerns in sport is less known but an important source of competitive advantage. Sport is considered as an important way to encourage social cohesion through healthy activities that encourage wellbeing. Entrepreneurship captures many of the change and forward thinking outlook needed in sport ethics. People are attracted to sport due to the passion and connection they feel to the game and athletes. Sport is considered as wholesome as it is marketed in that way. However, the glamour and money involved in sport makes it subject to unethical behavior. The culture of sport has distinct behaviours that are in accordance with entre- preneurship such as aggressiveness and risk taking behavior. This had led to sport organizations needing to participate in ethical conduct in a way that reflects their cultural conditions. In addition, ethics is reflected in the way sports people behave and interact with the community. This means the practice of ethics is important to sports entrepreneurship as it is a component of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. 118 8 Ethics and Sport Entrepreneurship There are moral dilemmas faced by sport organizations based on their position in society. Often government authorities engage with both public and private sporting bodies in order to understand the impact of moral transgressions. Despite this cross- partnership collaboration sport ethics is a vexed question and still under studied. For sport entrepreneurs, the ethics issue remains problematic due to uncertain aspects about its implications. This is noted by sport organizations perceiving ethics to not be critical to the overall functioning of their team. Scholarship related to sport ethics has been dominated by medical and technology issues. This is not surprising given the amount of money spent on new sports products and services. This logic is based on the increasingly technological sophis- ticated sport services that are linked to the internet. For many years there has been considerable interest about the way artificial intelligence will change sport and this is reflected in ethics issues. From the perspective of sport organizations less attention has been placed on entrepreneurship. This is interesting as sport is inherently entrepreneurial and there is much to be studied about ethics. Entrepreneurs as practitioners strive to have a place in the market by developing new ideas that are likely to have successful outcomes. Shilbury et al. (2008: 217) conceptualizes sport development as being “about participation and promoting the opportunities and benefits of participation”. People experience sport in different ways depending on their interests in being a participant or observer. Sport can foster exchange of knowledge and information amongst stakeholders that can lead to innovation. Often the development of regions and states is derived from sport related activities. Schulenkorf (2017: 243) states “sport is a conduit to achieving wider development outcomes rather than an end in itself”. Given the buzz around entrepreneurship in the economy, it seems fair to say that the field of sport entrepreneurship will continue to experience …