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Read the PowerPoint presentation attached then See the videos below and answer the questions.
• Theory of Evolution: How did Darwin come up with it? (5:23) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JOk_0mUT_JU&feature=emb_logo
• People of Science / Sir David Attenborough on Charles Darwin (4:53) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yEX_OI0xbQ&feature=emb_logo
• Meet Charles Darwin's Grandpa, Erasmus (3:12) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBK3qorYZnU
• Erasmus Darwin The Scientist (3:53)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h46ZHjkwGTo
• Erasmus and Charles (4:57) • https://vimeo.com/184548242
1. Who was Charles Darwin?
2. What was the name of the boat Charles Darwin sailed on when he developed his theory of Evolution?
3. During his voyage, what was the first physical clue that led him to his theory?
4. Describe the difference between artificial selection and natural selection.
5. Why are the tortoises of the Galapagos Islands different, depending on their physical environment?
6. True or false: Darwin believed that all species on the planet descended from one common ancestor.
7. Who was Alfred Russell Wallace?
8. What was the title of Darwin’s first groundbreaking book?
9. True or false: Darwin believed that God had a hand in the process of evolution.
10. True or false: Scientists have attempted but failed to prove Darwin’s theory of evolution.
10. True or false: By collecting and studying different varieties of beetles, Darwin was able to further develop his theory of genealogy in individual species.
12. Why did Darwin say he “felt sick” every time he saw a peacock’s tail?
13. True or false: Understanding how the peacock’s tail evolved helped Darwin to understand sexual selection.
14. Research the definition of “natural selection” and briefly explain what it is IN YOUR OWN WORDS.
15. True or false: Darwin did not believe we descended from Simian ancestors.
16. According to Sir David Attenborough, what was Darwin like as a person?
17. True or false: Darwin based his theory of evolution on genetics.
18. Who was Erasmus Darwin?
19. What was his connection to Charles Darwin?
20. True or false: Erasmus Darwin was considered to be the progenitor (originator) of Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution.
21. In the video “Erasmus and Charles”, which part (or parts) did you find most interesting, and why?
Introduction to
Darwinian Evolution
Evolution
What is evolution?
Accumulation of inherited changes within a population over time
Unifying concept of biology
links all fields of life sciences into a unified body of knowledge
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
1744-1829
Widely regarded as one of the
most influential naturalists and an
important forerunner of evolution.
He proposed that organisms:
change over time by natural phenomena,
not divine intervention
had vital force that changed them toward
greater complexity over time
could pass traits acquired during lifetime to offspring (this theory has since been refuted
by modern genetics)
Charles Darwin
Developed the Theory of evolution
based on observations during his
five-year voyage on the HMS Beagle
Found similarities between organisms
on arid Galápagos Islands
on humid South American mainland
Voyage of HMS Beagle
Charles Darwin
Influenced by artificial selection
variety of domesticated plants and animals
Applied Thomas Malthus’s ideas on human populations to natural populations
Malthus 1766-1834 was an English economist
and demographer
Also influenced by geologists such as Charles Lyell 1797-1875
Lyell popularized the concept that the Earth was extremely old, shaped by geological processes
Genetic Variation
Artificial selection:
“a process in the breeding of animals
and in the cultivation of plants by which
the breeder chooses to perpetuate only
those forms having certain desirable
inheritable characteristics.”
Natural Selection:
“a process resulting in the survival and
reproductive success of individuals or
groups best adjusted to their environment,
leading to the perpetuation of genetic qualities
best suited to that particular environment.”
Ideas about evolution originated
long before Darwin’s time
What are the
four premises of evolution
by natural selection
as proposed by Charles Darwin?
4 Premises of Evolution
by Natural Selection
1) Genetic variation
exists among individuals in population
2) Reproductive ability of each species
causes populations to geometrically increase over time
3) Organisms compete with one another
for resources: food, living space, water, light
4) Offspring with most favorable characteristics
most likely to survive and reproduce, and to
pass genetic characteristics to next generation
Natural Selection
Darwin’s voyage on the Beagle provided the basis
for his theory of evolution by natural selection
Results in adaptations
evolutionary modifications
improve chances of survival and reproductive success in a particular environment
Over time
accumulated changes in geographically separated populations produce new species
Galapagos Finches
Fig. 18-4a, p. 395
Figure 18.4: Three species of Galápagos finches.
Darwin inferred that these birds are derived from a common ancestral population of seed-eating birds from South America. Variation in their beaks is the result of adaptation to different kinds of food.
Fig. 18-4b, p. 395
Figure 18.4: Three species of Galápagos finches.
Darwin inferred that these birds are derived from a common ancestral population of seed-eating birds from South America. Variation in their beaks is the result of adaptation to different kinds of food.
Fig. 18-4c, p. 395
Figure 18.4: Three species of Galápagos finches.
Darwin inferred that these birds are derived from a common ancestral population of seed-eating birds from South America. Variation in their beaks is the result of adaptation to different kinds of food.
KEY CONCEPTS
Natural selection occurs because individuals with traits that make them better adapted to local conditions are more likely to survive and produce offspring than are individuals that are not as well adapted
Mutation provides genetic variability that natural selection acts on during evolution
Fossil Record
What evidence for evolution can be
obtained from the fossil record?
Fossils
remains or traces of ancient organisms
provide direct evidence of evolution
Fossil Record
Sedimentary rock
layers occur in sequence of deposition
recent layers on top of older ones
Index fossils
characterize specific layer
Radioisotopes
in rock accurately measure rock’s age
Sedimentary Rock
Fossils
Whale Evolution
Fig. 18-8a, p. 399
Mesonychid
Figure 18.8: Fossil intermediates in whale evolution.
Figures are not drawn to scale. (a–d: Adapted with permission from D. J. Futuyma, Science on Trial: The Case for Evolution, Fig. 2, pp. 260–61, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, 1995.)
Fig. 18-8b, p. 399
Ambulocetus natans
Figure 18.8: Fossil intermediates in whale evolution.
Figures are not drawn to scale. (a–d: Adapted with permission from D. J. Futuyma, Science on Trial: The Case for Evolution, Fig. 2, pp. 260–61, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, 1995.)
Fig. 18-8c, p. 399
Rodhocetus
Figure 18.8: Fossil intermediates in whale evolution.
Figures are not drawn to scale. (a–d: Adapted with permission from D. J. Futuyma, Science on Trial: The Case for Evolution, Fig. 2, pp. 260–61, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, 1995.)
Fig. 18-8d, p. 399
Basilosaurus
Figure 18.8: Fossil intermediates in whale evolution.
Figures are not drawn to scale. (a–d: Adapted with permission from D. J. Futuyma, Science on Trial: The Case for Evolution, Fig. 2, pp. 260–61, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, 1995.)
Fig. 18-8e, p. 399
Balaenoptera
Figure 18.8: Fossil intermediates in whale evolution.
Figures are not drawn to scale. (a–d: Adapted with permission from D. J. Futuyma, Science on Trial: The Case for Evolution, Fig. 2, pp. 260–61, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, 1995.)
Homologous Features
What evidence for evolution is derived from comparative anatomy?
Basic structural similarities
structures may be used in different ways
Derived from same structure
in common ancestor
Indicate organism’s evolutionary affinities
Fig. 18-10, p. 401
HUMAN
CAT
WHALE
BAT
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Humerus
Carpal
5
Radius
Metacarpal
Ulna
4
1
Carpal
Radius
Ulna
1
5
Carpal
Metacarpal
1
3
Phalanges
4
2
1
2
Phalanges
3
5
4
3
2
2
3
4
5
Figure 18.10: Homology in animals.
The human arm, cat forelimb, whale flipper, and bat wing have a basic underlying similarity of structure because they are derived from a common ancestor. The five digits are numbered in each drawing.
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