Fluent Essays

This assignment should be approximately 500 words. Here are some suggestions for what might be useful to include: How do you feel as you come to the end of this learning experience—Relieved? Tired? Excited? Ready to do more? Inspired? Angry? Why do you think you feel this way about the course? What was the important learning you take away from this course? What were the biggest challenges you faced in this course? What advice would you give a student taking this course in order that s/he could be successful? How will you use the information, skills, or experience from this course in the next steps of your program? the course title is Sociology 211 (Race and Ethnicity in the United States) we have studied six chapters Chap 1 : Exploring race and Ethnicity Chap 2 : Prejudice Chap 3: Discrimination Chap 4: Immigration Chap 5 : Ethnicity and religion Chap 6: The Nation as a Kaleidoscope My major is Pre-Pharmacy Chapter x RACE AND ETHNICITY IN THE US, 8TH EDITION Richard T. Schaefer Chapter 4 Immigration © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. * Immigration Push Factors: economic difficulties religious or ethnic persecution political unrest Pull Factors: perceptions of a better life desire to join a community of fellow nationals Chain Migration . © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Patterns of Immigration to the United States Immigration to the United States has three unmistakable patterns: (1) the number of immigrants has fluctuated dramatically over time largely because of government policy changes; (2) settlement has not been uniform across the country but centered in certain regions and cities; and (3) the immigrants’ countries of origin have changed over time. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Early Immigration Immigration unregulated throughout 1800s About 35% emigrated back to their home country Xenophobia – fear or hatred of strangers or foreigners led to nativism - beliefs and policies favoring Native-born citizens over immigrants 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Early Immigration The Anti-Chinese Movement Before 1851, official records show that only 46 Chinese had immigrated to the United States Over the next 30 years, more than 200,000 came to this country In the 1860s, railroad work provided the greatest demand for Chinese labor Employers were glad to pay the Chinese low wages © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Restrictionist Sentiment Increases National Origin System Quotas set to block the growing immigration from southern Europe The Immigration and Nationality Act Reunite Families Protect American labor market © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Contemporary Social Concerns Brain Drain Immigration of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians who are desperately needed by their home countries Population Growth Immigration is projected to account for nearly 50 percent of the nation’s growth from 2005 to 2050 © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Contemporary Social Concerns Mixed-Status Families Families in which one or more members are citizens and one or more are noncitizens Language Barriers English Language Acquisition - 21 percent of the population speaks a language other than English illegal © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Contemporary Social Concerns The Economic Impact Impact at the national level Studies indicate an overall net gain 70% of illegal immigrants pay taxes Immigrants send remittances to their countries of origin (worldwide $325 billion to developing countries) © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Contemporary Social Concerns Impact at the local level Competition for low-skilled jobs Economic burden Positive Signs Immigrant families are more likely to be on public assistance, but their time on public assistance is less and they receive fewer benefits. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Contemporary Social Concerns Second-generation immigrants (i.e., children of immigrants) are overall doing as well as or better than White non-Hispanic natives in educational attainment, labor force participation, wages, and household income. Immigrants overwhelmingly (65 percent) continue to see learning English as an ethical obligation of all immigrants. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Contemporary Social Concerns Less Encouraging Although immigrants have lower divorce rates and are less likely to form single-parent households, their rates equal or exceed these rates by the second generation. Children in immigrant families tend to be healthier than U.S.-born children, but the advantage declines. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Contemporary Social Concerns Immigrant children attend schools that are disproportionately attended by other poor children and students with limited English proficiency, so they are ethnically, economically, and linguistically isolated. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Illegal Immigration 2013 – 11.7 million illegal/undocumented immigrants in the U.S. Scapegoats for social problems Controlling illegal immigration Auditing company employment records Border surveillance © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Path to Citizenship: Naturalization Naturalization - citizenship conferred on a person after birth - the same benefits given to native-born U.S. citizens except naturalized citizens cannot serve as president © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Path to Citizenship: Naturalization To become a naturalized U.S. citizen, a person must meet the following general conditions: be 18 years of age; have continually resided in the United States for at least five years (three years for the spouses of U.S. citizens); © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Path to Citizenship: Naturalization have good moral character as determined by the absence of conviction of selected criminal offenses; be able to read, write, speak, and understand words of ordinary usage in the English language; and pass a test in U.S. government and history. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Women and Immigration Women have the responsibility of navigating the new society. City services Schools Medical facilities © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Women and Immigration Stores/markets Women are the “liaisons” for the family to: Community associations Religious organizations © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Global Economy and Immigration Transnationals are immigrants who sustain multiple social relationships that link their societies of origin and settlement. Climate Refugees migrate as a result of environmental crises such as famine, typhoons, rising sea levels, expanding deserts, chronic water shortages, and earthquakes © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Global Economy and Immigration Refugees are people living outside their country of citizenship for fear of political or religious persecution – granted the right to enter a country - 11 million worldwide Asylees are refugees who have already entered the United States and then seek protection because of persecution or threat of persecution © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Environment and Immigration Environmental refugees are people forced to leave their communities because of natural disasters, or the effects of climate change and global warming © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Refugees Refugees are people who live outside their country of citizenship for fear of political or religious persecution The United States makes the largest financial contribution of any nation to worldwide assistance programs © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Refugees Asylees are foreigners who have already entered the United States and seek protection because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution in their home country © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter x RACE AND ETHNICITY IN THE US, 8TH EDITION Richard T. Schaefer Chapter 2 Prejudice © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. * Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice is a negative attitude toward an entire category of people Often expressed through ethnophaulisms (ethnic slurs or disrespectful speech) © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prejudice and Discrimination Can be related to ethnocentrism - the tendency to assume that one’s culture and way of life are superior to others Discrimination is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prejudice and Discrimination Merton’s Typology 1. The unprejudiced nondiscriminator—or all-weather liberal 2. The unprejudiced discriminator—or reluctant liberal 3. The prejudiced nondiscriminator—or timid bigot 4. The prejudiced discriminator—or all-weather bigot © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prejudice and Discrimination LaPiere’s Study Exposed the relationship between racial attitudes and social conduct Despite an alleged climate of intolerance of Asians, LaPiere observed that the couple was treated courteously © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. White Privilege White privilege refers to the rights or immunities granted as a particular benefit or favor for being White. This advantage exists unconsciously and is often invisible to White people (Ferber 2008). © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. White Privilege Examples of White Privilege (McIntosh 1988) include: Being considered financially reliable when using checks, credit cards, or cash. Taking a job without having coworkers suspect it came about because of race. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. White Privilege Never having to speak for all the people of your race Watching television or reading a newspaper and seeing people of your own race widely represented. Speaking effectively in a large group without being called a credit to your race. Assuming that if legal or medical help is needed, your race will not work against you © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Theories of Prejudice Scapegoating Theory Scapegoating theory says that prejudiced people believe they are society’s victims Anti-Semitism—anti-Jewish prejudice and discrimination Authoritarian Personality Theory Authoritarian personality has basic characteristics that mean it is a personality type that is likely to be prejudiced © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Theories of Prejudice Exploitation Theory Exploitation or conflict approach explains how racism can stigmatize a group as inferior to justify the exploitation of that group Normative Approach The normative approach takes the view that prejudice is influenced by societal norms and situations that encourage or discourage the tolerance of minorities. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Stereotypes What Are Stereotypes? Stereotypes are unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not take individual differences into account. Stereotyping in Action: Racial Profiling Racial profiling is any police-initiated action based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than the person’s behavior. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Color-Blind Racism Color-blind racism refers to the use of race-neutral principles to defend the racially unequal status quo. The pursuit of a color-blind agenda has created lower levels of support for politics that could reduce racial inequality if implemented © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Mood of the Oppressed Opinion pollsters have been interested in White attitudes on racial issues longer than they have measured the views of subordinate groups National surveys showed that the 2008 successful presidential bid of Senator Barack Obama led to a sense of optimism and national pride among African Americans © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Intergroup Hostility It is curious to find that some groups feel they get along better with Whites than with other minority groups Gangs become organized along racial lines, much like private clubs “downtown” © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Reducing Prejudice Education Formal education is associated with racial tolerance Mass Media Underrepresentation and stereotyping of minorities Avoidance versus Friendship The Social Distance Scale © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Reducing Prejudice Bogardus Scale – measures social distance Social Distance - the tendency to approach or withdraw from a racial group  Respondents who had friends of different races and ethnicities showed greater social distance Less likely to have been in each other’s homes Shared in fewer activities Less likely to talk about their problems with each other © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Reducing Prejudice Intergroup Contact – equal status contact makes a difference Intergroup contact between people of equal status in harmonious circumstances will cause them to become less prejudiced and to abandon previously held stereotypes. Key factors: equal status and presence of a common goal Avoidance Via the Internet  © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Reducing Prejudice Corporate Response: Diversity Training Workplace Training Programs –most effective is integrated into initial job training, reinforced periodically, and part of the mission of the organization © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter x RACE AND ETHNICITY IN THE US, 8TH EDITION Richard T. Schaefer Chapter 6 The Nation as a Kaleidoscope © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. * The Nation as a Kaleidoscope Melting Pot: portrays a nation that serves as a crucible (or pot) where all ethnic and racial groups dissolve into a new, superior stock Salad Bowl: As we can distinguish the lettuce from the . © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Nation as a Kaleidoscope Tomatoes from the peppers in a tossed salad, we can see the increasing number of ethnic restaurants and the persistence of “foreign” language newspapers. The dressing is akin to the shared value system and culture covering, but not hiding, the different ingredients of the salad. . © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Nation as a Kaleidoscope Kaleidoscope: multiethnic, multiracial United States . © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Glass Half Empty A common expression makes reference to a glass half full or half empty of water In absolute terms, the glass of water has been filling up, but people in the early twenty-first century do not compare themselves with people in the 1960s. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Glass Half Empty Little has changed since 1975. We have chosen 1975 because that was a year for which we have comparable data for Latinos, Whites, and African Americans. However, the patterns would be no different if we considered 1950, 1960, or 1970. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Is There a Model Minority? Model Minority - although they have experienced prejudice and discrimination, they seem to have succeeded economically, socially, and educationally without resorting to political or violent confrontations with the dominant group © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Is There a Model Minority? The Model Minority stereotype for Asians masks: Cultural balancing act Disproportionate numbers in low-paying service jobs Absence as top executives Lower family income based on levels of education © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Acting White, Acting Black, or Neither Acting White: taking school seriously and accepting the authority of teachers and administrators The “acting White” thesis overemphasizes personal responsibility rather than structural features © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Acting White, Acting Black, or Neither Quality of schools, curriculum, and teachers White and Black students share similar values about education and achievement. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Persistence of Inequality Cultural Capital - refers to noneconomic forces such as family background and past investments in education that is then reflected in knowledge about the arts and language. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Persistence of Inequality Social Capital - refers to the collective benefit of durable social networks and their patterns of reciprocal trust. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Talking Past One Another Research at Smith College: “Hearing at least one other person express strongly antiracist opinions produced dramatically more strongly antiracist public reactions to racism than hearing others express equivocal opinions or opinions more accepting of racism.” © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Talking Past One Another When sentiments justifying racism were expressed, the subjects were much less likely to express antiracist opinions than were those who heard no one else offer opinions. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Talking Past One Another Minorities see racism as central to society and as ever present. Whites regard it as a peripheral concern and a national concern only when accompanied by violence or involving a celebrity. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Talking Past One Another African Americans and other minorities consider racist acts in a broader context: “It is racist if my college fails to have Blacks significantly present as advisers, teachers, and administrators.” © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Talking Past One Another Whites would generally accept a racism charge if there had been an explicit denial of a job to an appropriately qualified minority member. Whites would apply the label “racist” only to the person or the few people who were actually responsible for the act. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Talking Past One Another Members of minority groups would be more willing to call most of the college’s members racist for allowing racist practices to persist. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter x RACE AND ETHNICITY IN THE US, 8TH EDITION Richard T. Schaefer Chapter 1 Exploring Race & Ethnicity © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. * Ranking Groups Minority Group - subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives Experience unequal treatment and have less power © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Ranking Groups Share physical and/or cultural characteristics Membership is not voluntary Have a strong sense of group solidarity Generally marry others from the same group © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Groups Racial Groups Racial – this designation emphasizes (obvious) physical differences Ethnic Groups Ethnic - groups set apart from others because of their national origin or distinctive cultural patterns © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. * Types of Groups Religious Groups Religious – affiliation with a religion other than the dominant faith (Protestant in the U.S.) Gender Groups Gender – women are considered a minority in patriarchal societies © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. * Types of Groups Other Subordinate Groups Other - age, disability status, physical appearance, sexual orientation, citizenship status © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Does Race Matter? Biological Meaning Based on the mistaken notion of a genetically isolated human group There are no mutually exclusive races Intelligence is measured as an intelligence quotient (IQ) © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Does Race Matter? Social Construction of Race The social construction of race The social meaning people have attached to race Acceptance of race as a legitimate category allows racial hierarchies to emerge © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Does Race Matter? Racial Formation Sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed Racism Doctrine of racial supremacy that states one race is superior to another © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Biracial and Multiracial Identity: Who Am I? Panethnicity –the development of solidarity between ethnic subgroups Hispanic-American; American-Indian; Asian American Marginality- the status of being between two cultures © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity Sociology is the systematic study of social behavior and human group Stratification by Class and Gender Stratification is the structured ranking of entire groups of people Perpetuates unequal rewards and power in a society class, or social ranking, of people who share similar wealth and income © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity Gender - unequal treatment of and less control by women compared to men Race intersects with class and gender Theoretical Perspectives Functionalist Theory - emphasizes how the parts of society are structured to maintain its stability © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity Five functions that racial beliefs have for the dominant group: Provide a moral justification for inequality Discourage subordinate people from questioning their status Serve as a rallying point for racist social movements Encourage support for the existing order Relieve the dominant group of responsibility to address the economic and educational problems faced by subordinate groups © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity Dysfunctions: elements of society that disrupt a social system or decrease its stability. 1. A society that practices discrimination fails to use the resources of all individuals. 2. Discrimination aggravates social problems such as poverty, delinquency, and crime. 3. Society must invest a good deal of time and money to defend the barriers that prevent the full participation of all members. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity 4. Prejudice and discrimination undercut goodwill and friendly diplomatic relations between nations, including global trade. 5. Social change is inhibited because change may assist a subordinate group. 6. Discrimination promotes disrespect for law enforcement and for the peaceful settlement of disputes. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity Conflict Theory assumes that the social structure is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups The privileged (dominant) and exploited (subordinate). The result is significant economic disparity and structural inequality © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity Blaming the victim: portraying the problems of minorities as their fault rather than recognizing society’s responsibility. From the conflict perspective, the emphasis should be on structural factors such as the labor market affordable housing availability of programs to assist with addiction or mental health issues © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity Labeling theory Certain groups are more at risk of being labeled depending on race, ethnicity, social class, age, etc. Labeling involves the use of stereotypes - unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not take individual differences into account © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity “Definition of the Situation” – W.I. Thomas observed that people respond not only to the objective features of a situation (or person) but also to the meaning these features have for them © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Creation of Subordinate-Group Status Migration Transfer or movement of people within or across borders Annexation Nations, particularly during wars or as a result of war, incorporate or attach land The dominant power generally suppresses the language and culture of the minority © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Creation of Subordinate-Group Status Colonialism Political, social, economic, and cultural dominance over people by a foreign power for an extended period Societies gain power over a foreign land through military strength, sophisticated political organization, and investment capital. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Spectrum of Intergroup Status Relationships between and among racial, ethnic, and religious groups as well as other dominate–subordinate relationships are not static. These relationships can be viewed among a continuum from those largely unacceptable to the subordinate group such as extermination and expulsion to those that are more tolerant such as assimilation and pluralism. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Consequences of Subordinate- Group Status Extermination Genocide is used to describe the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation Ethnic cleansing refers to the forced deportation of people, accompanied by systematic violence including death Expulsion Dominant groups may choose to force a specific subordinate group to leave certain areas or even vacate a country © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Consequences of Subordinate- Group Status Expulsion, therefore, is another extreme consequence of minority-group status Secession A group ceases to be a subordinate group when it secedes to form a new nation or moves to an already-established nation, where it becomes dominant © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Consequences of Subordinate- Group Status Segregation Segregation is the physical separation of two groups in residence, workplace, and social functions Generally, the dominant group imposes segregation on a subordinate group Apartheid came to mean a policy of separate development, euphemistically called multinational development by the government © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Consequences of Subordinate- Group Status Fusion Fusion occurs when a minority and a majority group combine to form a new group Amalgamation is the process by which a dominant group and a subordinate group combine through intermarriage into a new people Melting pot: when a diverse racial or ethnic groups form a new creation, a new cultural entity © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Consequences of Subordinate- Group Status Assimilation Assimilation is the process by which a subordinate individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant group and is eventually accepted as part of that group Segmented assimilation describes the outcome of immigrants and their descendants moving in to different classes of the host society © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Consequences of Subordinate- Group Status The Pluralist Perspective Pluralism implies that various groups in a society have mutual respect for one another’s culture, a respect that allows minorities to express their own culture without suffering prejudice or discrimination. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Resistance and Change Resistance occurs through: racial and ethnic groups maintaining their identity people questioning societal values people targeting overt symbols or racist and sexist actions social movements © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter x RACE AND ETHNICITY IN THE US, 8TH EDITION Richard T. Schaefer Chapter 5 Ethnicity & Religion © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. * Studying Whiteness Why Don’t We Study Whiteness? White people do not think of themselves as a race or have a conscious racial identity. . © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Studying Whiteness Whites downplay the importance of their racial identity, although they are willing to receive the advantages that come from being White. White privilege refers to the right granted as a benefit or favor of being White and can be an element of Whiteness. . © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Rediscovery of Ethnicity Blended Identity Blended Identity is a self-image and worldview that is a combination of religious faith, cultural background based on nationality, and the status of being a resident of the United States. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Rediscovery of Ethnicity Blended Identity Deficit model of ethnic identity (David) – ethnic identity is comprised of characteristics corresponding to some ideal ethnic type. Each factor missing from a person’s background or identity leads the person to be viewed by others as more assimilated and less ethnic. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Rediscovery of Ethnicity The Third-Generation Principle Principle of third-generation interest (Hansen) - the grandchildren of the original immigrants have an increased interest in and awareness of their ethnic heritage. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Rediscovery of Ethnicity Ethnic Paradox Ethnic Maintenance Facility in the native language Living with others of the same ethnic background * © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Rediscovery of Ethnicity Ethnic Paradox Immigrants who maintain their identity do better: Health measures Educational attainment Lower incidence of behavioral problems * © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Rediscovery of Ethnicity Symbolic Ethnicity Eating ethnic food Acknowledging ceremonial holidays Supporting specific political issues or the issues confronting the old country Peoplehood - sense of belonging - functional source of cohesion. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The German Americans Settlement Patterns Pennsylvania was the center of early settlements Major urban presence was in Milwaukee, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, and Cincinnati © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The German Americans Twenty-First-Century German America With World War I and especially the rise of the Nazi era and the war years of the 1930s and 1940s, most German Americans sought to distance themselves from the politics in their homeland In the 2000 census German-Americans were the tenth largest group of foreign-born residents, with more than 700,000 © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Irish Americans Irish immigration dates back to 1600s Irish Immigration Irish were the largest immigrant group during Colonial period Great Potato Famine - from 1841 through 1890, more than 3.2 million Irish arrived in the U.S. Anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant movements Mob violence © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Irish Americans Becoming White Ireland had a long antislavery tradition, including practices that prohibited Irish trade in English slaves The Irish immigrants sought to separate themselves from the even lower classes For the Irish American man, the priesthood was viewed as a desirable and respected occupation © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Irish Americans The Contemporary Picture By 2010, 35.6 million people identified themselves as Irish More than five times the current population of Ireland itself. Massachusetts has the largest concentration (24%) About 122,000 people in the United States were born in Ireland. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Italian Americans Early Immigration Mass immigration began in the 1880s, peaking in the first 20 years of the 20th century Majority were landless peasants from rural southern Italy Multiple cultures from different geographical locations in Italy © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Italian Americans Labor organized through an ethnic contractor, the padrone. Catholic Church was important part of Italian Americans’ lives 70% of Italian Americans today are Catholic © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Italian Americans Constructing Identity As assimilation proceeded, Italian Americans began to construct a social identity as a nationality group rather than in terms of their village or province. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Italian Americans The Contemporary Picture In politics, Italian Americans have been more successful, at least at the local level While as a group Italian Americans are firmly a part of middle America, they frequently continue to be associated with crime Italian Americans still remain the seventh-largest immigrant group © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Polish Americans Early Immigration Polish were among the first settlers in the 1600s. Difficult to document size of immigration over time due to shifting national boundaries of Poland. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Polish Americans Largely rural to urban migration as studied by Thomas and Znaniecki in their classic The Polish Peasant in Europe and America The majority of Polish immigrants were Catholic, although a sizeable number were Jewish until German invasion of Poland in 1939 © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Polish Americans Polonia Polonia (Polish communities outside of Poland) – in as Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, and, Chicago The Contemporary Picture Today the size of Polonia is nearly 10 million in U.S. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Religious Pluralism Religion (Durkheim): a unified system of sacred beliefs and practices that encompass elements beyond everyday life that inspire awe, respect, and even fear. Denomination: a large, organized religion that is not linked officially with the state or government © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Religious Pluralism Today there are more than 1,500 religious bodies in the United States, ranging from the more than 66 million members of the Roman Catholic Church to sects with fewer than 1,000 adherents. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Religious Pluralism Civil religion is the religious dimension in the United States that Merges public life with sacred beliefs. Exists alongside established religious faiths Embodies a belief system that incorporates all religions Is not associated specifically with any one religion © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. * Religious Pluralism Functionalist Perspective: Civil religion reinforces core American values – more patriotic than religious © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. * Religious Pluralism Diversity among Roman Catholics Roman Catholic Church – Americanized a diverse immigrant population after public school system, the greatest force for assimilation Diversity among Protestants Protestant Religions – generic theological camps © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Religious Pluralism Liberals: United Church of Christ (Congregationalists) and Episcopalians Moderates: Disciples of Christ, Methodists, and Presbyterians Conservatives: American Lutherans and American Baptists Fundamentalists: Missouri Synod Lutherans, Southern Baptists, and Assembly of God © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Religious Pluralism Religion and the Courts Religious pluralism owes its existence in the United States to the First Amendment The U.S. Supreme Court has consistently interpreted the wording to mean not that government should ignore religion, but that it should follow a policy of neutrality to maximize religious freedom © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Religious Pluralism School Prayer Among the most controversial and continuing disputes has been whether prayer has a role in the schools. 1962 Supreme Court decision in Engel v. Vitale that mandatory school prayer was unconstitutional © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Religious Pluralism Secessionist Minorities Secessionist minorities reject both assimilation and coexistence in some form of cultural pluralism. Example: Old Order Amish © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. * Religious Pluralism The1993 Congress passed the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, which said the government may not enforce laws that “substantially burden” the exercise of religion. Gives religious groups more flexibility in practicing their faiths. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. * Religious Pluralism Creationism and Intelligent Design Controversy: whether the biblical account of creation should be or must be presented in school curricula and whether this account should receive the same emphasis as scientific theories. Creationists: advocate a literal translation of the bible. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Religious Pluralism Intelligent Design: the idea that life is so complex it could only have been created by a “higher intelligence”. In 2005, a federal judge in Kitzmiller v. Dove Area School District ended a Pennsylvania school district intention to require the presentation of ID. The judge found ID to be “a religious belief”. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Religious Pluralism Public Displays Court decisions about public displays that have religious meaning have been dubbed “the plastic reindeer rules.” In 1995, the Court clarified the issue: privately sponsored religious displays may be allowed on public property if other forms of expression are permitted in the same location © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter x RACE AND ETHNICITY IN THE US, 8TH EDITION Richard T. Schaefer Chapter 3 Discrimination © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. * Discrimination Discrimination is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Understanding Discrimination Relative vs. Absolute Deprivation Relative deprivation - the conscious experience of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities. Absolute deprivation - implies a fixed standard based on a minimum level of subsistence below which families should not be expected to exist. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Hate Crimes What Are Hate Crimes? The government defines an ordinary crime as a hate crime when offenders are motivated to choose a victim because of some characteristic and there is evidence that hatred prompted them to commit the crime. Also referred to as bias crimes. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Hate Crimes What Are Hate Crimes? Race Ethnicity Religion Sexual orientation Disability © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Hate Crimes Why Do Hate Crimes Carry Harsher Penalties? Today’s hate crimes are like the terrorist efforts of the Ku Klux Klan of generations ago Targets may be randomly selected, but the group being terrorized is carefully chosen © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Institutional Discrimination Institutional discrimination is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Institutional Discrimination Examples: Standards for assessing credit risks IQ testing Criminal justice system Hiring practices © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Discrimination Today Discrimination Hits the Wallet Income refers to salaries, wages, and other money received Wealth is a more inclusive term that encompasses all of a person’s material assets, including land and other types of property © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Discrimination Today Eliminating Discrimination Two main agents of social change work to reduce discrimination: voluntary associations organized to solve racial and ethnic problems and the federal government, including the courts The most important legislative effort to eradicate discrimination was the Civil Rights Act of 1964 © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Discrimination Today People living in predominantly minority neighborhoods have found that companies with delivery services refuse to go to their area Many social clubs had limitations that forbade membership to minorities, Jews, and women Made its way out in the late 1980s © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Wealth Inequality: Discrimination’s Legacy Discrimination that has occurred in the past carries into the present and future Wealth is a more inclusive term than income and encompasses all of a person’s material assets Studies document that the disparities in income we have seen are even greater when wealth is considered © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Wealth Inequality: Discrimination’s Legacy Wealth is not just money in the bank, but insurance against joblessness, homelessness, and ill health A close analysis of wealth shows that African American families typically have $95,000 less in wealth than their White counterparts © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Environmental Justice Environmental justice refers to the efforts to ensure that hazardous substances are controlled so that all communities receive protection regardless of race or socioeconomic circumstance Low-income communities and areas with significant minority populations are more likely to be adjacent to waste sites, landfills, incinerators, and polluting factories than are affluent White communities © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Affirmative Action Affirmative action is the positive effort to recruit subordinate-group members, including women, for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities Affirmative Action Explained Federal measures under the heading of affirmative action have been aimed at procedures that deny equal opportunities, even if they are not intended to be overtly discriminatory © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Affirmative Action The Legal Debate Bakke case (Regents of the University of California v. Bakke) Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin Has affirmative action actually helped alleviate employment inequality on the basis of race and gender? © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Reverse Discrimination Reverse discrimination is an emotional term It conjures up the notion that somehow women and minorities will subject White men in the United States to the same treatment received by minorities during the last three centuries Is it possible to have color-blind policies prevail in the United States in the twenty-first century? © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Glass Ceiling Prejudice does not necessarily end with wealth Discrimination persists for even educated and qualified people from the best family backgrounds Reasons for glass ceilings are as many as the occurrences © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.