Fluent Essays

MUST BE 100\% ORIGINAL!!!! MUST BE 100\% ORIGINAL!!!! Hello All, Ive discussed the generalities of the weeks work in the Week Eight Announcement, so this Instructor Insight link is devoted to providing some guidelines for the second writing assignment, which is your paper on the Lingering Impacts of Lehman Brothers Bankruptcy. The great thing about this assignment is the fact that you have already completed so much preparatory work with your first writing assignment - the literature review, which is the basis for your entire discussion in this paper. You will note that the assignment rubrics are located in the writing assignment link. All you need to do is click the rubric link. I have listed below some guidelines that will help you focus on the what I expect to be included in each rubric section. I encourage you all to familiarize yourselves with the rubrics and my expectations, so you submit the very best paper you can! Guidelines: Rubric 1 Please include a heading for this section. This rubric is very self-explanatory. You should have already reviewed research that explores the impacts the Lehman Brothers Bankruptcy had on other financial institutions throughout the US and the world. If your literature review was thorough, you should be able to provide a general theme regarding the overall impacts, as well as discussing some specific examples, based on the research. Be extremely careful to use correct reference citations! Rubric 2 Please include a heading for this section. Your literature review should have specific data on industries that may have benefited from Lehmans failure or those that were especially negatively impacted by their demise. Pick one (or both) and discuss in specific detail what the impacts were in each case. I am not looking for generalities here, I am looking for in-depth discussion of the benefits or the damages. Be extremely careful to use correct reference citations! Rubric 3 Please include a heading for this section. Your literature review should have researched the managerial problems, ethical lapses, and lack of transparency with regard to the Lehman Brothers failure, so these are the types of points you should focus on when formulating your discussion on the third rubric. What are the lessons that should have been learned?  Be extremely careful to use correct reference citations! Rubric 4 Please include a heading for this section. Based on the groundwork presented in your literature review, discuss whether or not it is likely that a similar catastrophic failure like Lehman Brothers could occur again, in todays financial environment, given the regulations that were put in place following Lehman Brothers collapse and the ensuing financial crisis. Remember, it is NOT appropriate to make a statement of personal opinion. Any conclusion you present MUST be supported by the sound data and research by your references, as presented in your literature review.  Be extremely careful to use correct reference citations! Rubric 5 Please include a heading for this section. Be very careful NOT to express your personal opinion here! You are to present conclusions based on the sound data and empirical research you reviewed in the first writing assignment. Based on your research, you should discuss in detail the data that supports the American economy being either stronger or weaker as a result of the reforms that have been put in place following Lehman Brothers bankruptcy. You should list those reforms and explain how each was intended to change the system, and then provide support that either they have, or they have not accomplished their intended goals.  Be extremely careful to use correct reference citations! Rubric 6 Please include a heading for this section. This rubric is tricky because you are to relate the credit crisis to your own personal experience or that of someone with whom you are acquainted. But, you should NOT write this in the first person active voice! This is NOT a personal essay, it is academic research writing. This means that you should not discuss this as a personal experience, but rather you should use your experience as context for the general experiences of many Americans during that time. So, what you should do is take this experience (either yours personally or someone elses) and write about it as if you were a journalist reporting on the effects the credit crisis had on the average American. You will use the details of the experience you are familiar with, but you will relate them as if they were experienced by an anonymous individual. For instance, lets say your uncle owns a specialty bakery shop and during the credit crisis he was not able to obtain the financing he needed to replace an old and faulty specialty oven for the business because the banks were not making loans. Perhaps he also noticed that clients did not want to spend as much as they used to for party and wedding baked goods, and there were fewer customers than before. What you should do is take the general impacts faced by this type of small business and describe them with enough specificity to clearly exemplify the far-reaching implications of the crisis. But, do not say, “My uncle owns a bakery…” Instead say something like “The Sweet Shop Bakery in New Jersey experienced a significant decline in customers…” and “The Sweet Shop came close to filing for bankruptcy because the community banks had stopped making loans as a result of the crisis.” Keep a neutral voice. If you use specific references for this, be extremely careful to use correct reference citations! Rubric 7 This rubric is completely self-explanatory, but I will elaborate a bit. You should all have reviewed five high-quality references in your literature reviews. If you did not use appropriate references for that assignment, it is essential that you make sure the references you use for this paper comply with the standards. References must be high quality academic journals and/or peer-reviewed research papers. ANY Internet websites used will NOT count as references, and points will be deducted for any Wikipedia, Investopedia, commercial financial websites, or financial blog sites. This should not be a problem for those of you who did appropriate literature reviews. If you choose to use additional references, that is fine, as long as they are appropriate. The bottom line is there must be at least FIVE high quality academic references. Rubric 8 I am a stickler for writing mechanics; however, because my classes are so large, I am no longer able to mark each individual paper for spelling, grammatical and sentence structure errors. I will, however, deduct points for those errors and make a general statement in the rubric feedback cells if those issues are a problem. So, it is incumbent on each of you to make sure you check your paper as many times as necessary to ensure that there are no such errors when you submit the assignment. I also encourage you to use Grammarly to check for writing mechanics errors as well as originality, because each paper will be automatically analyzed. If English is not your first language, you may feel more comfortable asking a friend or colleague to read through your final draft to help you catch grammatical errors that you may have overlooked. Also, make sure your paper conforms to the specific APA writing guidelines I have previously provided for you. Best of luck to you all! I look forward to reading your papers! Writing Assignment Two Guidelines.docx  MUST BE 100\% ORIGINAL!!!! Writing Assignment Two Guidelines The Lingering Impacts of Lehman Brothers’ Bankruptcy Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements: Papers must be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides, and citations and references must follow APA format. Papers must be 7 to 8 pages in length, including title page and references. All quoted material must be enclosed in quotation marks, followed by an in-text author citation in addition to a listing in the reference list. All graphics (charts, tables, etc.) that are duplicated from a source must include an in-text citation with the graphic. All rubric section discussions must include specific section headings in bold type. All rubric section discussions must address the rubric points specifically and thoroughly. All references should be academic journals and peer-reviewed data and research. Points will be deducted for Investopedia or Wikipedia references. Points will also be deducted for excessive use of “dot com” financial websites and blogs such as Fidelity, Motley Fool, Morningstar and others, unless you have also cited material from at least the five high quality references you reviewed in the Literature Review. All papers should be thoroughly checked for spelling, grammatical and sentence structure errors prior to submission. Points will be deducted for such errors. All papers will be analyzed for originality, and any paper with a similarity score above 50\% will receive an automatic zero grade. Papers with a similarity score between 35\% and 50\% will receive point deductions accordingly. MUST BE 100\% ORIGINAL!!!! April Owens ASSIGNMENT #1 FIN 540 Literature Review for Lehman Brothers’ Bankruptcy Paper April Owens FIN 540 22 July 2018 Lehman Brothers were founded in 1950; it was an investment company which diversified in various areas regarding investments and provided funding for different international companies across the world. It was one of the most competitive and dominant stock dealers. According to the financial markets (2007), it was the largest fourth investment banks in the United States of America (Stephen 2008). Lehman brothers faced four collapses before its final bankruptcy (Jaydin et al. 2007). The first crush was the stock market crash which happened in 2009. The cause of this crash was however not identified. The second crush was in 1973. Lehman had an interest loss of6.7$ million with internal conflicts the American express acquired it in 1984. The last crush was in 1994 due to a shortage of funds. In 1993, Richard d Fuld Took the initiative to be the CEO of Lehman Brothers, he led the organization to grow over that collapse, but later in 2008, Lehman brothers collapse due to a debt of$ 613 billion. This led to an impact on many financial markets The demise of the Lehman brothers had various effects on the financial crisis. This was the most significant financial crisis that was recorded during the great depression. The reason for this crisis was as a result of inadequate regulation. Lack of openness and transparency. Market complacency. How did it contribute to its demise? First and foremost, according to the New York times (2008), the first factor was Market compliance. This one was during the upcoming of the real estate’s business. More organizations were concentrating on the building of real estates and castles. Tom the year between 1996 and 2006, the prices of most real estates increased in every month. During the same period, the average prices of real estates increased by12.4\% annually. This was furthered pushed by low-interest rates. According to the surveys done by the San Francisco home buyers (2007), the expected percentage on the increase of the real estate prices will be at an approximate of 14\%. Therefore, during the rise in the costs of the real estate, and it is evidence that the rates dropped with a significant number. The other cause was terrible regulations Due to poor rules, there was an increased demand for these products Fannie Mae were advised to invest their money on other ventures such as the securities (Mianne et al. 2008). The federal housing enterprise financial soundness act required that. Finnie and Mae to operate, according to the charter and regulations that they had agreed on. This act mandated that they should carry out various responsibilities such as, setting, the prices of the houses year in and year out and also to provide financial home ownership to multiple families. Even though there were no any penalties, there were a lot of political pressures. These bad regulations were some of the reasons that resulted in the crisis in the financial market (Giovanni 2008) Lack of transparency. The other reason that contributed to this crisis was a lack of transparency in various big markets. During the last ten years, the demand for the credit valued swaps rose with no regulation from 0 to approximately 144 trillion. It was significant than the size of the American stock markets. In addition to that. The price of collateral that was attached to these was too low, therefore proofed a systemic failure, with the lack of transparency on how the funds were generated and the states of the current market, it led to the crisis Due to these factors, financial created machine crushed, but various effects came along. After its enormous loss in the year 2008, most of the banking organizations made many profits in the next years according to Sir Howard Davis (2009), he attributed to the significant benefits of the financial banks as a result of low activities in year 2008., but later said that in the next coming years things would be difficult (Davis 2008 In addition to that, the crisis led to a little change in the financial market. According to Philip Auger (2015) a former investment banker and an author, he stated that he believes, the sizes of the banks and various activities give them a very competitive advantage edge in the financial market. As a significant player I the financial markets m they have lots of information compared to other financial institutions. With this information advantages over other financial institution, he believed that investment banking would be a very printable business compared to other financial organizations Change in risk management. After the fall and collapse of Lehman’s. risk management has been taken seriously compared to the other years (Audrey 2008). Large bonuses paid in shares, compared to the other years which investors and shareholders were settled in the form of cash. There also been a provision that one can be able to claw back, f the business, goes into deep waters. However, there are no restrictions on the amount that is to be paid to the individuals. The structure and regulation have also been changed with the bank of England, will be in charge of t banking supervisions, from various financial authorities (Peter 2015). Last but least the Lehman collapse led to unprecedented shock wave for financial markets and financial crisis. In 2001 due to a terrorist attack, there was an economic, and there was a depression in the stock market. Therefore, the federal market decided to keep low-interest rates so that the public can be able to achieve loans and financial assistance easily. Accordingly, Lehman Brother sized the opportunity in front of them to develop its business so that they could generate more profits by the second half 0f 2002 (Demyanyk, 2008). With the increase in sales and profits decided to issue two Mortgage bonds in the United States which are BNC and Aurora. Then later chose to shut down one of the Mortgage bonds company BNC because of colossal loss. This led to the public to panic so much due to the credit crunch., therefore, started to suffer from the various mortgage crisis. Thus, the result was a capital loss and no credits in the banking system (Dell’Ariccia 2008) References Peter, Adam B. and Till Schuermann, 2015, “Understanding the Securitization of Subprime Mortgage Credit”, Wharton Financial Institutions Center Working Paper No. 07-43. Jaydin, Efraim and Jennifer Dlugoszb, 2008, “The Alchemy of CDO Credit Ratings”, Harvard University Working Paper. DellAriccia, Giovanni, Deniz Igan and Luc A. Laeven, 2008, “Credit Booms and Lending Standards: Evidence from the Subprime Mortgage Market”, CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP6683. Demyanyk, Yuliya and Otto Van Hemert, 2008, “Understanding the Subprime Mortgage Crisis”, Working Paper. Labaton, Stephen, 2008, “Agency’s ’04 Rule Let Banks Pile Up New Debt, and Risk”, New York Times, 10-3-2008 7