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RESEARCH PAPER: For guidance, instructions, rubric, and sample formatting go to Modules > Research Paper Research topic, a 100-word (approximately) abstract, and list of scholarly references to be emailed to instructor during Week 5 and no later than 11:59 p.m. Central, Sunday, of week 5. Textbook(s) are not acceptable references for this research paper. If these three elements, research paper topic, 100-word research paper abstract, and list of scholarly references are not submitted by 11:59 p.m. Central, of week 5, a late submission penalty will be applied when submitted. I do not approve or disapprove a topic; I merely obtain a topic from you and then check your submitted research paper against your submitted topic. Five percentage points from research paper's final grade will be deducted for each day, or portion of a day, the research paper topic, a 100-word research paper abstract, and list of scholarly references is submitted after Sunday of Week 5. It is your responsibility to ensure that your research topic meets the criteria for analysis of international trade and finance. A submitted research paper that does not analyze an international trade and finance topic will receive a grade of zero. E.G., research papers dealing with a custody situation, women in the local workforce, current trends in local taxation, hiring bias at the neighborhood gas-and-go. If you are not sure if your topic deals with international trade and finance, contact me before you submit your paper's topic; I am always available. Research Paper for Review - Email to instructor in Week 7 (voluntary) Papers will be returned with comments; however, reviews will only occur in week 7 and will be limited to one review. Review does not include a check for plagiarism. Research paper for grade must be submitted using Modules > Module 8 > Submit ECO-4451 Research Paper Here! Final paper will not be graded if it is not submitted through Modules > Module 8 > Submit ECO-4451 Research Paper Here!; zero will be assigned. Research paper due by 11:59 p.m. Central, Sunday of week 8 Ten percentage points deducted per day, or portion of a day, for submitting after 11:59 p.m. Central, Sunday of week 8 Research papers will not be accepted for grade after Wednesday of week 9 and will receive a zero. RESEARCH PAPER INSTRUCTIONS AND REQUIREMENTS: Research paper must provide economic analysis of your research (research paper’s title). Research paper to be an economic analysis of a current (2014-2020) International Trade and Finance activity. Focus on economic analysis of activity occurring 2014 or later. Economic analysis to address the economic activity and financial implications of your research topic expressed in the affected country’s currency or US dollars. Economic analysis must address relevant economic factors expressed monetarily. Relevant economic factors could include but are not limited to: labor, material, manufacturing, shipping costs, savings, expenses, taxes, return on investment (ROI), profitability, monetary benefits, monetary detriments, etc. Disparity in socioeconomic factors, political considerations, environmental impact, etc. must be addressed as an economic variable, not a political/social problem. Background information and definitions should be minimal Do not provide political analysis An example, if you wish to write about locating foreign automobile manufacturers to right-to-work states and then only tell me about local unionization problems, your grade will be minimal since you did not address the economic impact of the location selection. Use either MLA or APA format for Research Paper. MLA: http://www.library.cornell.edu/resrch/citmanage/mla (Links to an external site.) APA: http://www.library.cornell.edu/resrch/citmanage/apa (Links to an external site.) Bibliography is required Research paper, excluding abstract and bibliography, to be approximately 1,500 words – no less than 1,300 words, no more than 1,700 words. Paper must contain your name; however, no title page or table of contents Abstract to be included but it does not count as part of the paper’s required word count. Abstract should be approximately 100 words At least two refereed journal articles are required and must be included within your citations. (Google Scholar is a good place to search for articles in refereed journals.) Cited material cannot exceed 15% of the total word count. Textbook(s) are not acceptable references for this research paper. Proper titles to be used, no last names, e.g. Secretary of State Clinton, President Obama, not Clinton or Obama. Content to be spellchecked and proofread before submission, no Instant Message text. Use of third-person (he, she, it, and they) format is required. (No “I” "we", "us", or “you”) Use of Microsoft Word (.doc or .docx) is required. Times New Roman recommended, size 12 font (title may be larger) Standard margins – APA or MLA Double-spaced If you are not sure of your topic choice, call to discuss. If you are not sure of the direction your paper is going, send it in week 7 for a review. Bottom Line - - this paper should be a research paper based on solid economic analysis expressed in the affected country’s currency or US dollars.RESEARCH PAPER: For guidance, instructions, rubric, and sample formatting go to Modules > Research Paper Research topic, a 100-word (approximately) abstract, and list of scholarly references to be emailed to instructor during Week 5 and no later than 11:59 p.m. Central, Sunday, of week 5. Textbook(s) are not acceptable references for this research paper. If these three elements, research paper topic, 100-word research paper abstract, and list of scholarly references are not submitted by 11:59 p.m. Central, of week 5, a late submission penalty will be applied when submitted. I do not approve or disapprove a topic; I merely obtain a topic from you and then check your submitted research paper against your submitted topic. Five percentage points from research paper's final grade will be deducted for each day, or portion of a day, the research paper topic, a 100-word research paper abstract, and list of scholarly references is submitted after Sunday of Week 5. It is your responsibility to ensure that your research topic meets the criteria for analysis of international trade and finance. A submitted research paper that does not analyze an international trade and finance topic will receive a grade of zero. E.G., research papers dealing with a custody situation, women in the local workforce, current trends in local taxation, hiring bias at the neighborhood gas-and-go. If you are not sure if your topic deals with international trade and finance, contact me before you submit your paper's topic; I am always available. Research Paper for Review - Email to instructor in Week 7 (voluntary) Papers will be returned with comments; however, reviews will only occur in week 7 and will be limited to one review. Review does not include a check for plagiarism. Research paper for grade must be submitted using Modules > Module 8 > Submit ECO-4451 Research Paper Here! Final paper will not be graded if it is not submitted through Modules > Module 8 > Submit ECO-4451 Research Paper Here!; zero will be assigned. Research paper due by 11:59 p.m. Central, Sunday of week 8 Ten percentage points deducted per day, or portion of a day, for submitting after 11:59 p.m. Central, Sunday of week 8 Research papers will not be accepted for grade after Wednesday of week 9 and will receive a zero. RESEARCH PAPER INSTRUCTIONS AND REQUIREMENTS: Research paper must provide economic analysis of your research (research paper’s title). Research paper to be an economic analysis of a current (2014-2020) International Trade and Finance activity. Focus on economic analysis of activity occurring 2014 or later. Economic analysis to address the economic activity and financial implications of your research topic expressed in the affected country’s currency or US dollars. Economic analysis must address relevant economic factors expressed monetarily. Relevant economic factors could include but are not limited to: labor, material, manufacturing, shipping costs, savings, expenses, taxes, return on investment (ROI), profitability, monetary benefits, monetary detriments, etc. Disparity in socioeconomic factors, political considerations, environmental impact, etc. must be addressed as an economic variable, not a political/social problem. Background information and definitions should be minimal Do not provide political analysis An example, if you wish to write about locating foreign automobile manufacturers to right-to-work states and then only tell me about local unionization problems, your grade will be minimal since you did not address the economic impact of the location selection. Use either MLA or APA format for Research Paper. MLA: http://www.library.cornell.edu/resrch/citmanage/mla (Links to an external site.) APA: http://www.library.cornell.edu/resrch/citmanage/apa (Links to an external site.) Bibliography is required Research paper, excluding abstract and bibliography, to be approximately 1,500 words – no less than 1,300 words, no more than 1,700 words. Paper must contain your name; however, no title page or table of contents Abstract to be included but it does not count as part of the paper’s required word count. Abstract should be approximately 100 words At least two refereed journal articles are required and must be included within your citations. (Google Scholar is a good place to search for articles in refereed journals.) Cited material cannot exceed 15% of the total word count. Textbook(s) are not acceptable references for this research paper. Proper titles to be used, no last names, e.g. Secretary of State Clinton, President Obama, not Clinton or Obama. Content to be spellchecked and proofread before submission, no Instant Message text. Use of third-person (he, she, it, and they) format is required. (No “I” "we", "us", or “you”) Use of Microsoft Word (.doc or .docx) is required. Times New Roman recommended, size 12 font (title may be larger) Standard margins – APA or MLA Double-spaced If you are not sure of your topic choice, call to discuss. If you are not sure of the direction your paper is going, send it in week 7 for a review. Bottom Line - - this paper should be a research paper based on solid economic analysis expressed in the affected country’s currency or US dollars. I hope the topic of research will be the impact of COVID-19 on the U.S. economy. The format is MLA. I need two documents, one is a 100-word research paper abstract and list of scholarly references, the other is more than 1300 words research paper. A minimum of 5 references is required. Research paper to be an economic analysis of a current (2014-2020) International Trade and Finance activity. My course is globalization economics, so I hope the article will focus on international trade and economy. COVID-19 on the U.S. Economy Outline I. Labor force A. Massive retrenchment B. Challenges in Long term placement II. Manufacturing A. Disrupted global supply chain B. Increased cost of production III. Debt A. High debts to finance programs B. Possible increase taxation COVID - 19 on the U.S. E conom y Outline I. Labor force A. Massive retrenchment B. C hallenges in Long term placement II. Manufacturing A. Disrupted global supply chai n B. Increased cost of production III. Debt A. High debts to finance programs B. Possible increase taxation Surname 1 Name Tutor Course Date COVID-19 on the U.S. Economy In January this year, the IMF estimated that the world economy would grow by 3.3% in 2020 (FAO 1). However, the situation has been the opposite as the global economy fights the ongoing outbreak of COVOD-19 disease. A predicted growth has now turned to a recession as most economies enforce lockdowns to contain the virus. Domestic productions have dramatically decreased to the lowest point in modern history. President Trump had suggested that the American economy would be on track again by April this year, but the situation has not materialized. Even as economies try to open up, they are faced with a resurgence of the outbreak, and the U.S is not unexceptional. The virus has disrupted the supply chain for U.S manufacturers and increased the cost of production. The impacts have been felt heavily in the U.S. labor force as millions of employee file for unemployment insurance. In response to these disruptions, the U.S. government has borrowed about $3tr to cushion both consumers and producers. However, this high debt may have negative implications in future economic growth. In the following discussion, the economic impacts of COVID-19 are analyzed in detail. The discussion hypothesizes that the virus has negatively impacted domestic production, causing a severe economic recession in the U.S. The outbreak of COVID-19 disrupted the global supply and demand. The U.S is among the global leaders in the market has been impacted negatively. The containment measures in the country have disrupted the mobility of people and goods, which is estimated to reduce 30% in foreign direct investment. Between mid- March and mid-June, 46 million Americans had filed for unemployment insurance (Jackson et al. 2). In May, 20 million people had already lost their jobs to join more than 23 million unemployed people. The country is now faced with acute unemployment of 14.7%, which is considered as the highest since the Great Depression. These statistics satisfy the Okun's law that provides that annual GDP growth of 4% is required to minimize unemployment by 1% (Jackson et al. 2). This implies that even after the U.S economy opens, unemployment will remain high for a long time. Unemployment tends to rise exponentially when the GDP is triggered negatively. Currently, most companies in the U.S are under recession as they face stagnation, falling revenue, and heightened pressure to service debts. The companies have been responding to these challenges by laying off the workers as a cost-cutting strategy. The percentage of unemployed workers spikes across most of the industries simultaneously. New unemployed people find challenges finding jobs, and the average length of unemployment for the nation increases. In the U.S., consumption makes up to 70% of the GDP (Vinelli et al. n.p). The advert of the virus has decreased the purchasing power for households as well as companies. Businesses are holding investments in speculations for better times of investment. Industries such as restaurants, recreation, and entertainment amount to 4.2% of the GDP (Miller n.p). These industries have remained closed until quarantine will be lifted. The manufacturing industry contributes to 11% of the GDP, although most companies in this industry have shut their operations due to the disruptions in global supply chains and reduced demand. When the return on investment in the business is not more than the cost of that investment, companies are left with no choices but to stop their operations. It implies that they do not have adequate revenue to cover their variable costs. Stopping activities is a strategic move that includes businesses from losing more revenue. When large companies take such a move, the effects can be felt in the economy. For example, General Motors and Ford have not been operational in the U.S since the outbreak of COVID-19. The result has been massive retrenchment, loss of revenue to the government, and reduced circulation of money in the economy. The U.S has suffered tremendous shipping costs due to the outbreak. The U.S. and China are great trade allies with the bulk of goods demanded and supplied between the two economies. The shipping industry between the two countries started to feel the impact of the virus in late 2019, and both exports and imports of the U.S have ever since experienced dramatic declines. For example, Wuhan is an epicenter for many U.S. manufacturing firms, including Apple. The lockdown translates to halted manufacturing and disruption of the global supply chain, with the U.S being impacted disproportionally. The shipping from China has decreased by 22% in 2019, the lowest level in four years. The problem has had ripple effects that are projected to persist past 2021 (Vinelli et al. n.p). The decrease is approximated at 17 million twenty-foot equivalents (TEU). The challenge has reduced the volume of shipment, especially for companies. A few firms that have been operating in the U.S have experienced strained business environment. For example, the country imports various goods and materials for production from China. Some of the imports include telecommunication devices and appliances for assembling these devices. The increased cost of shipping translated to additional expenses for the company, which is not supported by the high demand (Vinelli et al. n.p). The results have been a lack of profitability in the production and low return on investments. These challenges can explain the pressure that has been pushing businesses to close their operations temporarily. COVID-19 has impacted negatively on corporation savings. Since the outbreak, the U.S nonfinancial corporate debt stands at $10 trillion (BBC n.p). The figure is a historic increase from $4.8 trillion in 2003. Statistics show that the world's major economies, including the U.S, have the highest debts in the past century and a half. The country approved a debt of $3 trillion to fund curbing the virus in aspects such as health funding and direct payouts. The debt places the U.S as among the world’s largest borrower with a total debt of $25tn (BBC n.p). By 15 of April, the country had spent 14% of its annual budget on programs that are directly related to COVID-19. High debt is associated with increased taxation to service these loans. It is expected that after the crisis, the U.S. may revise its taxation policy upwards to cater for its expenditure and finance the loans simultaneously. The heavy service payment reduces government expenditure and retards economic growth (Ejigayehu and Persson 15). It implies that the economic impacts of COVID-19 will be long term. Even after the economy opens and business operations resume, the U.S. may experience retarded economic growth since significant resources and efforts will be channeled towards servicing the debts. In the initial phase of the health crisis, most households did not experience significant economic challenges, such as those encountered in the 2008-2009 economic recession (Jackson et al. 15). However, a chain of issues has been experienced as the virus's impacts continue to hit the country. The purchasing power of households has decreased dramatically due to unemployment and poor business performance for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The economy now is characterized by delinquencies in rent payment and default on mortgages. These problems have spilled over to the equity market that has lost value. In March this year, the Federal Reserve reduced key interest rates to almost zero in response to the damage that the pandemic is causing the GDP (Jackson et al. 20). The interest rates aimed to cushion communities and businesses that had been affected. The government also demonstrated its commitment to using all the available tools (monetary and fiscal) to cushion the economy from the intensity of COVID-19 disruptions. The move included using $700 billion to purchase Treasury securities and extend repurchase operations (Jackson et al. 21). The monetary and fiscal policies laid out by the U.S government are expected to have an overlapping goal. They will create an economic environment for stimulating and sustaining growth. These measures will steer the economy and prevent a scenario of a boom that is followed by another recession with a long term goal of stabilizing the economy. Conclusion COVID-19 is continuing to disrupt the stability of the U.S economy. The longer the virus will persist, the greater the damages are likely to be experienced. Almost every industry is impacted negatively, with companies suffering decreased productivity. The U.S is currently undergoing a historical unemployment rate that may persist even post COVID-19. However, the government has been cushioning the economy from extreme disruptions through fiscal and monetary policies. Works Cited BBC. “Coronavirus: US to borrow record $3tn as spending soars.” BBC, 4 May 2020.bbc.com/news/business-52537938 Ejigayehu Dereje. A and Persson Joakim. “The Effect of External Debt on Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis on the Relationship between External Debt and Economic Growth.” 2013. diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:664110/FULLTEXT01.pdf Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). “COVID-19 Global Economic Recession: Avoiding Hunger Must be at the Center of the Economic Stimulus.” 2020.fao.org/3/ca8800en/ca8800en.pdf Jackson James. K, Weiss Martin. A, Schwarzenber Andres. B and Nelson Rebecca, M. “Global Economic Effects of COVID-19.” Congressional Research Services. 2020. fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R46270.pdf Miller Chris. “The effect of COVID-19 on the U.S. Economy.” Foreign Policy Research Institute.fpri.org/article/2020/03/the-effect-of-covid-19-on-the-u-s-economy/ Vinelli Andres, Weller Christian. E and Vijay Divya. “The Economic Impact of Coronavirus in the U.S. and Possible Economic Policy Responses. Center for American Progress. 6 March, 2020. americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2020/03/06/481394/economic-impact-coronavirus-united-states-possible-economic-policy-responses/ S u r n a m e 1 Name Tutor Course Date COVID - 19 on the U.S. E conom y In January this year, the IMF estimated that the world economy would grow by 3.3% in 2020 (FAO 1) . However, the situation has been the opposite as the global economy fights the ongoing outbreak of COVOD - 19 disease. A predicted growth has now turned to a recession as most economies enforce lockdowns to contain the virus. Domestic productions have dramatically decreased to the lowest point in modern history. President Trump had suggested that the American economy would be on trac k again by April this y ear, but the situation has not materialized. Even as economies try to open up, they are faced with a resurgence of the outbreak, and the U.S is not unexceptional. The virus has disrupted the supply chain for U.S manufacturers and inc reased the cost of production. The impacts have been felt heavily in the U.S. labor force as millions of employee file for unemployment insurance. In response to these disruptions, the U.S. government has bo rrowed about $3tr to cushion both consumers and p roduce r s. However, this high debt may have negative implications in future economic growth. In the following discussion, the economic impac ts of COVID - 19 are analyzed in detail. The discussion