Fluent Essays

asapnursing For this assignment, you are to complete a PowerPoint presentation addressing the specific criteria below, on Otitis Media.  The PowerPoint presentation will be based on Otitis Media. Your presentation must include the following headings. Heading - Title Page Heading - Pathophysiology of Assigned Disease Heading - Definitions of the Two Assigned Drug Classes Heading - Discussion of 4 Medications (2 drugs from each assigned drug class) Heading - Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Safety/Monitoring, & Pregnancy/Lactation of the 4 Medications Discussed Earlier Heading - Contraindications of the 4 Medications Discussed Earlier Heading - Conclusions Heading - References please use apa style The Powerpoint template titled Pharmacological -Management Project for you to use as a guide for this assignment. Pharmacological Management Project Student Name NSG6005 Faculty name Pathophysiology of assigned disease Assigned Disease: Primary Biliary Cholangitis Pathophysiology: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC, formerly known as primary biliary cirrhosis) is an uncommon cholestatic liver disease characterized by immune-mediated destruction of biliary epithelial cells. PBC is female preponderant and typically presents in the fifth or sixth decade of life. The clinical presentation may include generalized pruritus, dryness of eyes and mouth, fatigue, and upper abdominal discomfort; patients may be asymptomatic. Typical laboratory findings are elevations in serum alkaline phosphatase levels, increased serum immunoglobulin M levels, and the presence of antimitochondrial antibodies or specific subtypes of antinuclear antibodies. A diagnosis of PBC is usually made without histologic examination. When used, liver biopsy typically reveals nonsuppurative granulomatous cholangitis with loss of small bile ducts and lymphocytic portal inflammation. Patients who do not achieve an adequate biochemical response to first-line therapy have a greater risk of disease progression to cirrhosis and may ultimately require liver transplantation. Definition of the two assigned drug Classifications Classification 1: Bile Acid Analog Bile acids aid in the digestion and solubilization of lipophilic nutrients and drugs in the small intestine, they signal endocrine molecules that regulate the glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism through complex and intertwined pathways that are largely mediated by activation of nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and cell surface G protein-coupled receptor 1, TGR5 (also known as GPBAR1). Classification 2: Immunomodulatory therapy Immunomodulatory drugs modify the response of the immune system by increasing (immunostimulators) or decreasing (immunosuppressives) the production of serum antibodies. Immunostimulators are prescribed to enhance the immune response against infectious diseases, tumours, primary or secondary immunodeficiency, and alterations in antibody transfer, among others. Immunosuppressive drugs are used to reduce the immune response against transplanted organs and to treat autoimmune diseases. Discussion of 4 medications – 2 from each drug classification (you are to choose the drugs – they must belong to the drug class) Classification 1: Bile Acid analog Drug 1: Actigall (ursodiol) 13 – 15 mg/kg/day orally given in 2 – 4 divided doses Give with food Drug 2: Obeticholic acid 5 – 10 mg PO qD Start 5mg PO qd x 3 months, then may increase to 10mg PO qd if needed Classification 1: immunomodulatory therapy Drug 1: prednisone 20 – 30 mg PO qd initially for one month, titrate downward according to IgG concentration Drug 2: Mycophenolate mofetil 500 – 1000 mg PO qd BID Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, safety/monitoring & pregnancy/lactation of the 4 Medications you discussed earlier Drug 1: actigall (ursodiol) Metabolism: Liver, GI Tract, CYP450; half-life unknown Excretion: feces primarily; urine Mechanism of Action: decreases cholesterol synthesis, secretion, and absorption; alters bile cholesterol composition Monitoring Parameters: liver function tests q months x 3months, then q6 months Pregnancy: may use during pregnancy; no known risk of fetal harm based on human data Lactation: may use while breastfeeding; no known risk of infant harm based on limited human data Drug 1: obeticholic Metabolism: live; no CYP450; enterohepatically recirculated; active metabolites Excretion: feces 87%; urine <3%; half-life 24 hours Mechanism of Action: agonizes farnesoid X receptor, decreasing intracellular hepatocyte concentrations of bile acids Monitoring Parameters: liver function tests at baseline, then frequently, especially if there is an increase in risk of hepatic decompensation or before dose adjustment; lipid panel Pregnancy: caution advised during pregnancy; inadequate human data available to assess risk Lactation: caution advised while breastfeeding; no human data available to assess risk of infant harm or effects on milk production Drug 1: prednisone Metabolism: liver; CYP450 – 3A4 substrate; prodrug converted to prednisolone Excretion: urine; half-life: 2-4 hours (plasma); 18-36 hours (biological) Mechanism of Action: exact mechanism of anti-inflammatory action unknown; inhibits multiple inflammatory cytokines; produces multiple glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid effects Monitoring Parameters: electrolytes; BP; weight; 2 hours postprandial glucose; chest x-ray if prolonged treatment; ophthalmic exam if treatment >6weeks Pregnancy: weight risk/benefit during pregnancy, especially in 1st trimester; risk of orofacial cleft based on limited human data; possible risk of teratogenicity based on animal data Lactation: may use while breastfeeding, consider breastfeeding at least 4 hours after high-dose prednisone use; no known risk of infant harm Drug 1: mycophenolate mofetil Metabolism: liver; CYP450-unknown; UGT: 1A9 substrate; info: prodrug converted to mycophenolic acid Excretion: urine 93%, feces 6%, half-life: 17.9 hour (PO route), 16.6h (IV route) Mechanism of Action: inhibits B- and T-lymphocyte proliferation Monitoring Parameters: pregnancy test immediately prior to treatment start, then 8-10 days later, then continue at routine visits, creatinine at baseline, CBC qwk x 1 month, then 2x/mo x 2mo, then q month during 1st year of treatment Pregnancy: avoid use during pregnancy; risk of fetal harm; included teratogenicity and spontaneous abortion, based on human data Lactation: weigh risk/benefit while breastfeeding; no human data available to assess risk of infant harm though possible drug excretion into milk Contraindications of the 4 medications discussed earlier Actigall (ursodiol) Hypersensitivity to drug, unremitting acute cholecystitis, acute cholangitis, biliary obstruction, gallstone pancreatitis Obeticholic acid Hypersensitivity to drug; complete biliary obstruction, caution if Child-Pugh Class B or C hepatic impairment, caution if prior hepatic decompensation event prednisone Systemic fungal infection, cerebral malaria, avoid abrupt withdrawal, caution in pediatrics, pregnancy, if immunosuppressed, if active infection, if TB infection, if hypertensive, if diabetic Mycophenolate mofetil Hypersensitivity to polysorbate 80, pregnancy, avoid donating blood during treatment and 6 weeks after d/c, avoid semen donation during treatment and 90 days after d/c, caution HBV or HCV infection, caution if CrCl <50 conclusion Summarize what you learned on this slide – what are the important things to know about the disease, the classifications, drugs and risks references Include all the references used following the APA 7th Edition