PART 2 OF THE RESEARCH - Management
You need assistant me step by step:
1. Read the research paper once more completely
2. Now read the comments that professor put
3. Edit and revise the work base on the comment exactly with full attention
4. He said the introduction ( PPT PROVIDED WITH NAMED AS INTRODUCTION) and literature gap( PPT PROVIDED AS LITERATURE REVIEW) was not in accordance with the guideline pdf
open the guideline in one file and recorrect that exactly base on the guideline and ask me question if you faced any unknown issue
I NEED THE FIRST PART IN 30 HOURS
STEP 2
1. after reading revising and completing part one done them well then move on pdf and see what it want in part 2
2. read line by line so precise and exact the guideline pdf in part two since there two options in each part that need choose one in some of them
3. each section like " DATA Collection should have same titile in the work "
6 page required for part to but Quality importants more than Quantity here. If you provide 5 page but accurate and exact is more worthy than filling paper only
PDF FOR PART ONE+ SCREENSHOT OF COMMENT
INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW
PDF FOR PART TWO:
QUALITATIVE METHOD
QUANTITATIVE METHOD
MIXED METHOD
THAT YOU NEED CHOOSE OR MIX THEM BASE ON GUIDELINE PDF
5
Research Proposal
Name of the Student
Institution Affiliation
Course
Date
Research Proposal
“How Improvement of Technology Impact Economy Especially in Canada”.
Introduction
The research will be exploring how the improvement of technology impacts the economic status of a country, particularly Canada. Technology improvement involves the systematic use of commercial, economic, technical, and scientific knowledge in meeting the specific requirements and objectives on potential needs such as business, among others (Caliskan, 2015). In economics, it is widely acknowledged that technology is among the key drivers of economic growth in cities, regions, and countries. This is mainly because technological progress helps in the efficient production of services and goods, which are the main aspects of prosperity. The technology involves a huge body of tools and knowledge, which ease the utilization of the economic resources in an approach to produce services and goods innovatively and efficiently. Technology improvement in Canada has been essential for its development and growth, and the more advanced technology available, the more it has helped to improve the economy in various areas.
The impact of technology development on Canada’s economy could be broken into various areas (Bakari, 2016; Rivera, Manzani, & Rivera, 2017). First, technology development has helped improve international trade and the internet. Through technology, there have been some important elements such as the internet, which boost the international trades, supporting import and export of products. This has supported the growth and success of the job market growth and international trades. For instance, technology allows organizations in conducting trades or sharing information in less than the blink of an eye. Another area on how technology has impacted Canada’s economy is on the research. With better technology, it has led to further research in various sectors of business and science, improving businesses. Another area greatly impacted by the technology improvement is industrial expansions. Thanks to the technology development, which has increased efficiency in the industrial sector, such as improved efficiency of labour, which has resulted in an expansion in many industries. For instance, there are technology devices, which make work easier. Moreover, technology improvements have increased efficiency.
Literature Review
Export/Import
Export and import comprise the selling and buying of services and products from foreign countries or from their home country (Bakari, 2017). According to Bakari (2017) research findings, there are many ways in which export and import impact economic development. At first, for a healthy economy, it must have imports and exports, which indicates the strength and sustainable trade surplus for the country (Rivera et al., 2017). Bakari (2017) also identified that exports and imports promote the well-being of the country by indulging the go-ahead, giving the preferential approach to exploiting the economics of scale and encouraging the spreading of technical knowledge. In a similar view by research from different scholars, Blavasciunaite, Garsviene, and Matuzeviciute, K. (2020) and Wolla (2018), maintaining the export and import in the economy promotes the economic performance as well as the gross domestic product (GDP). This applies that maintaining the appropriate balance is very crucial for the survival of the country’s economy. For instance, according to research by Bakari (2016), there are many products exported from Canada, such as cars, crude petroleum, aircraft, spacecraft, and many others, which generate higher revenues, helping to sustain the country’s economy. Other essential elements in the economy, which may be influenced by export and import include the interest rates, levels of inflations, and exchange rates. Even in the next few decades or fifty years to come, export and import will continue to be among the essential activities supporting the country’s economy (Vorlak, Abasimi, & Fan, 2019). For instance, it will have a significant impact on the exchange rates, making the imports less expensive and exports more expensive. In a similar view by Korkmaz (2013), exchange rates help in the performance of a country on international trades by making the exports more expensive and imports less cheap, gaining the country much revenue.
Overall, the research findings from the different scholars identify that import/export are among essential activities, which supports the health status of the economy. These research findings will be useful to the proposed study as they will help identify among the essential activities in the economy, and they influence its well-being.
Technology Development and Export/Import
Export and import have a significant impact on the economy of a country; however, their integration into technology would result in many potential benefits. Technology improvement is among the essential mechanisms that facilitate the economy’s growth and development (Wang et al., 2020; Fotros, Ahmadvand, & Amini Rad, 2017). According to Wang et al. (2020) research findings, technology holds the future global commerce trade for both importing and exporting. For the past many years, technology has greatly played an essential role in shaping the trades, and it possesses great potential in transforming trades in the years to come. In a similar view by Sultanuzzaman et al. (2020), technology and its ever-developing capabilities affect exports and imports for many businesses. This applies to the reason why technology development is among the main players in economic development and growth. Reviewing the argument from the authors, they identify that the technology development and its integration to export and import across the industries have resulted in economic development (Estevadeordal, Chatruc, & Martincus, 2020). For instance, it has influenced the procedures involved in the international trades for the companies by streamlining these processes, making it easier for the organizations to perform their businesses.
Aghion et al. (2018) argue that technology has developed an information way for importing and exporting companies. All the companies and industries, which import or export their products or services in Canada depend on technology for sharing their information. In comparison to several years back, it was hard to share information, and the international trade was not as smooth as in modern times. This applies that in the few years to come, technology development would have introduced a new approach to sharing information, making it easier to conduct trade. A good example of development on technology, information sharing across business a few years ago used to take a long time from one party to the other. However, the change in technology has changed, which makes it easier for parties sharing information or events occurring in really (Da Silva, Karabag, & Berggren, 2017). According to the research by Da Silva et al. (2017), being a buyer or a supplier of international products, it requires a quick turnaround because there is a need for conducting constant transactions. In other instances, it involves sending inventory information to the buyers. Following the normal supply chain, it would be hard due to the delayed procedures. However, with the technology, there is increased speed to conduct these transactions, where suppliers and buyers can increase their export and production while customers wait for a small period of time.
The gradual change in technology is likely to change the trading approach (Kalaitzi, 2018). Kalaitzi (2018) suggests that in the next years, technology is like to make the trade digital, making export and import easier. For instance, with the help of technology, it would be easier to digitize business transactions, ensuring quick deliveries on imports and exports. Harrison (2018) present a similar view that if the trades and the involved processes will not be digitized, it will be hard for the industries and companies to keep up with the increased demand rates on imports and exports. According to Xing (2017), digitizing these transactions probably would be an expensive approach; however, this would save billions of dollars for the country’s economy. A good example is that products are easily financed, shipped, and inventoried with a push of few buttons or a few clicks of a mouse.
In conclusion, the different research findings from various scholars identify that technological advancement play an essential role in the import and export of products and services. In addition, the scholars identify how technology will have impacted the development of international trade transactions, essential to the success of import and export activities. On the other hand, these export and import activities are among the essential aspects, which support the well-being of the economy. The reviewed research results relate to the proposed study as they will be utilized to present how technology impacts the economy’s well-being through imports and exports.
Technological Devices and Luxury Goods
Regardless that technology development has significant development on the economy of the country. It still has some negative impacts on businesses, particularly those selling luxury products (Mgunda, 2019). However, regardless of the related negatives impacts, the rise of new technology will result in new technological devices. Some of these technologies will influence the connection between luxury goods and customers. For instance, there are some current luxury goods in Canada, such as Apple Watch, which has outstanding features such as a touch screen, among others. However, with the gradual changing technology, such features will be outdated, forcing these luxury goods to disappear from the market. Many years back, there were luxury products, trending such as the Model T Ford luxury cars. However, the technology change resulted in new models of luxury cars such as Ferrari, with more technological integrations features. The same phenomena will apply to the current luxury products in the next few decades. In a similar view by Aiolfi and Sabbadin (2019), technology will greatly disrupt the luxury market to its core. According to Aiolfi and Sabbadin (2019), technology has greatly caused a shake-up to the watches by introducing smartwatches, which identifies that in the next few decades, the industry will even face more disruption.
Apart from affecting luxury products, technology as well influences the customers’ perspectives (Aiolfi & Sabbadin, 2019). Based on the research findings by Aiolfi, S., & Sabbadin, E. (2019), technology advancement is among the major challenges to luxurious and fashion products. For instance, technology is presenting a new perspective in the market, where owning some of the technological devices is part of luxurious products. This applies that these new technological products will take up the market for other products or act as alternatives for these products. In conclusion, based on the scholarly findings, technological advancement is likely to have a negative impact on luxury products. The various research findings from different scholars’ present that technology will result in new luxury products or introduce new technological devices, which will act as luxury products.
Statement of the Problem
The research will aim to explore how the improvement of technology impacts the economic status of a country, particularly Canada. Technological advances have resulted in various significant impacts on the economy (Rivera et al., 2017). There are various ways in which technological advancement impacts the economy of the country. One approach how it affects is influencing the imports and export of the country. Import involves the receiving services and procedures from foreign countries, while exporting is the selling of products and services to other countries from the home country (Thirunavukkarasu & Achchuthan, 2014; Oum et al., 2019). Technological advancement impacts imports and export in various approaches, which directly relates to the health status of the economy. For instance, the improved procedures, processes, and transactions through technology help in increasing the production and delivery of products. This, in return, increases the exchange rates and improving the inflation rates in the economy. Therefore, the research will aim to explore more on how technological changes impacts the economy through various approaches.
Moreover, the research will aim to explore the negative impacts of technological advancement on the economy. Specifically, technology advancement has resulted to emerging of new technology products, which replace other luxury products. For instance, a few years ago, there were luxury watches. However, the new technology resulted in smartwatches, which upgraded features. The luxury market is a multibillion industry, and technology is bringing new changes, which are strongly shaking it. This applies that in the next few decades, technology will give rise to other technology products, which replace the current new products. This research will explore how technological advancement is affecting the luxurious industry in Canada, which is among the major source of revenue to the Canadian economy.
Overall, the research will be important to different parties, including different organizations, based that it will shed light on how technological advancement is affecting the economy. This will include analyzing findings from various scholars to identify their views about technology advancement. The findings of the research as well could be used for reference to other studies.
Research Questions
The following research questions will guide this research:
i. How do export and import affect the economy?
This research question will guide the research to identify the role that export and import have to the well-being of the economy.
ii. How does the technological advancement benefit the economy?
This research question will guide the research to identify how technology supports, either directly or indirectly, the well-being of the economy.
iii. How does the technological advancement affect luxury products?
This research question will guide the research to explore how luxury products are affected by changes in technology and how it relates to the economy.
References
Aghion, P., Bergeaud, A., Lequien, M., & Melitz, M. J. (2018). The impact of exports on innovation: Theory and evidence (p. 678). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Aiolfi, S., & Sabbadin, E. (2019). Fashion and new luxury digital disruption: the new challenges of fashion between omnichannel and traditional retailing. International Journal of Business and Management, 14(8), 41.
Bakari, S. (2016). Impact of exports and imports on economic growth in Canada: an empirical analysis based on causality.
Bakari, S. (2017). The long-run and short-run impacts of exports on economic growth: Evidence from Gabon.
Blavasciunaite, D., Garsviene, L., & Matuzeviciute, K. (2020). Trade balance effects on economic growth: Evidence from European Union Countries. Economies, 8(3), 54.
Caliskan, H. (2015). Technological Change and Economic Growth. World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.174
da Silva, L. E., Karabag, S. F., & Berggren, C. (2017). Collaboration in international technology transfer: the role of knowledge boundaries and boundary objects.
Estevadeordal, A., Chatruc, M. R., & Martincus, C. V. (2020). New technologies and trade: new determinants, modalities, and varieties. Inter-American Development Bank.
Fotros, M. H., Ahmadvand, N., & Amini Rad, M. (2017). The Impact of Import and Export of Medium Technology Industries on Economic Growth of Iran. International Journal of Business and Development Studies, 9(2), 139-161.
Harrison, A. (2018). International trade or technology? Who is left behind and what to do about it. Journal of Globalization and Development, 9(2).
Kalaitzi, A. S. (2018). The causal effects of trade and technology transfer on human capital and economic growth in the United Arab Emirates. Sustainability, 10(5), 1535.
Korkmaz, S. (2013). The effect of exchange rate on economic growth. In Conference paper Oct.
Mgunda, M. I. (2019, December). The Impacts Information Technology On Business. In Journal of International Conference Proceedings (JICP) (Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 149-156).
Oum, T. H., Wang, K., & Yan, J. (2019). Measuring the effects of open skies agreements on bilateral passenger flow and service export and import trades. Transport Policy, 74, 1-14.
Rivera, V. A. G., Manzani, D., & Rivera, V. A. G. (2017). Technological advances in tellurite glasses. Springer International Publishing.
Sultanuzzaman, M. R., Fan, H., Mohamued, E. A., Hossain, M. I., & Islam, M. A. (2019). Effects of export and technology on economic growth: Selected emerging Asian economies. Economic research-Ekonomska istraživanja, 32(1), 2515-2531.
Thirunavukkarasu, V., & Achchuthan, S. (2014). Export, import and economic growth: Evidence from Sri Lanka. Achchuthan, S.(2013). Export, Import and Economic Growth: Evidence from Sri Lanka. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 4(9), 147-155.
Vorlak, L., Abasimi, I., & Fan, Y. (2019). The Impacts of Exchange Rate on Economic Growth in Cambodia. International Journal of Applied Economics, Finance and Accounting, 5(2), 78-83.
Wang, K., Wang, J., Mei, S., & Xiong, S. (2020). How does technology import and export affect the innovative performance of firms? From the perspective of emerging markets firms. Complexity, 2020.
Wolla, S. A. (2018). How Do Imports Affect GDP?. Page One Economics®.
Xing, Z. (2017). The impacts of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and E-commerce on bilateral trade flows. International Economics and Economic Policy, 15(3), 565–586. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10368-017-0375-5
1
RSCH 600 Research Proposal writing
RESEARCH PROPOSAL - PART 1: INTRODUCTION, REVIEW OF LITERATURE, PROBLEM STATEMENT,
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Due at the end of week 6 (Sunday August 22, 2021, at midnight)
You need to conduct some research related to your own interests or to serve the interests of some organization
(employer/client/sponsor). Before you start writing a formal proposal, you (or your employer/client/sponsor) would like to
gather some information about the problem as well as understand its importance.
Choose your research topic thoughtfully and submit the topic of your research proposal for approval the latest by the end of
Week 2 (Sunday July 25, 2021, at midnight). You can find the submission box in Week 2.
This part of your research proposal should be roughly 7-9 pages (excluding cover page, references and annex) and written
in paragraphs, report format. All citations and references for this course are to be done in the APA style.
HERE ARE THE KEY PARTS OF THIS PART OF THE PROPOSAL (PART 1):
Title of your research
Make it intriguing – (BUT LESS THAN 120 CHARACTERS)
Introduction/Background
Provide a brief description of what the proposed research topic is about (using the 5 components of Introduction of a
proposal).
Literature Review
The purpose of this assignment is to develop skills in finding and analyzing valid literary resources for your research.
The review should be written in an integral/synthetic style, and NOT as an annotated bibliography.
Please note: Use in-text citations to reference all ideas, concepts, text, and data that are not your own. If you make a
statement, back it up with a reference!
• Research a minimum of 15 relevant business-related literature sources (focus on material available in digital
format only for this course). Carefully choose your 15 "keepers" that are clearly related to your study. (Note: you
might need to find 30 to “keep” only 15).
• Identify major common themes encountered in the selected literature sources. For each theme, create its own
subsection within the literature review.
• For each theme / subsection of the literature review, explain the opinions of the authors and show their
similarities, differences, methods of acquisition of data, methods of data analysis and other pertinent information.
State how the reviewed research results relate to your proposed study.
• Identify the gaps in the literature and explain what needs to be done to move forward in your research.
Statement of the Problem
Detail the problem that you are considering. Explain:
• How are you defining and delimiting the specific area of the research?
• What is the gap that will be addressed by this research?
• What it is that you hope to learn by conducting this research?
• Discuss the anticipated outcomes and benefits to the researcher, the organization, or society.
Research Questions
Provide focused research questions for your planned research. Also provide a back-up question in case the first one does
not pan out. Make sure you address the following questions:
• What is the scope of your research?
• Is the scope of your research question reasonable?
2
RESEARCH PROPOSAL - PART 2: Research Methods
Due in week 10 (Wednesday, September 15, 2021, at midnight)
The purpose of the assignment is to develop skills associated with selecting and applying methods for data collection,
qualitative data analysis, stationary and time series data analysis and hypothesis testing. Choose either Quantitative Method
or Mixed Methods so that most of the method sections listed below (A to E) are included.
Note: Part A, C and E are common to all Research Approaches/Methods. Use only the relevant parts to your research
method from Part B and Part D unless you plan to have both types of data at a time.
A. Data collection
Identify the sources that will offer the information that you need to answer the research question (journals, books,
internet resources, government documents, people, etc).
1. What data do you plan to acquire to answer your research question? Why? What kinds of instruments,
variables, materials, or sources will you use (i.e. will you use observations, surveys, interviews, case studies,
focus groups, experiments, documents, media, data base searches, etc.)? If you plan to use mixed methods,
will they be sequential, concurrent or transformative? Why?
2. List the kinds of data/information that you plan to collect (e.g. testimonials, statistics, business/government
reports, other research data, audio/video recordings, etc.). Also, consider two or three alternative ways you
could gather data/information for this research.
3. If you plan to use research participants, where will they come from? How will they be sampled? How many
participants will you require? If you are not using research participants, who will you use as the target audience
of your data? Who would most benefit from your research, and why?
4. If you have a research topics relate to events that develop in time.
• Explain how would you acquire a snapshot of data relevant to your research question. Within the
snapshot, the data become effectively stationary.
• Consider the evolution of data with time. How would you acquire the time series data relevant to
your research question?
5. What ethical issues will your research project present? What biases might you bring to the research and how
will you address that bias?
B. Analysis of stationary data
1. What method will you choose to analyze the stationary data that you plan to collect?
2. Has this method of data analysis been applied in similar situations by other authors? Include references and
illustrations from the literature to show the advantages and disadvantages of the method.
3. Annex a worked-out example of application of the method using simulated or previously published data.
4. How will you validate your findings/conclusions?
C. Testing hypotheses
1. State you hypotheses.
2. Explain whether your hypotheses will be tested using frequentist or Bayesian approach, and justify the choice.
3. Have similar hypotheses been tested by other authors? Include references and illustrations from the literature.
4. Annex a worked out example of hypothesis testing using simulated or previously published data.
D. Analysis and forecasting of time series
1. What method will you choose to analyze and forecast the time series data that you plan to collect?
2. Have these methods of data analysis and forecasting been applied in similar situations by other authors?
Include references and illustrations from the literature to show their advantages and disadvantages.
3. Annex a worked out examples of analysis and forecasting using simulated or previously published data.
4. How will you validate your findings/conclusions?
E. Timetable and Budget
1. Provide a plan (timetable) of the major research activities (on weekly or monthly basis)
2. Provide a budget estimate in a separate table for all eligible expenses of the proposed research
3
Grading Rubric for Papers
The followings are 3 criteria that are used in marking your written papers:
❖ Content/Development that includes:
Subject Matter --
• Key elements of assignments covered
• Content is comprehensive/accurate/persuasive
• Displays an understanding of the relevant theory
• Major points supported by specific details/samples
Higher-Order Thinking --
• Writer compares/contrasts/integrates theory/subject matter with work environment/experience
• At an appropriate level, the writer analyzes and synthesizes theory/practice to develop new ideas and
ways of conceptualizing and performing
❖ Organizing includes:
• Central theme/purpose is immediately clear
• The structure is clear, logical and easy to follow
❖ Style/Mechanics that includes:
Format
• Properly cites ideas/info from other sources
• Paper is neat/shows attention to detail
Grammar/Punctuation/Spelling
• Rules of grammar, usage, punctuation are followed
• Spelling is correct
Readability/Style
• Sentences are complete, clear, and concise
• Sentences are well-constructed with consistently strong, varied structure
• Transitions between sentences/paragraphs/sections help maintain the flow of thought
• Words used are precise and unambiguous
• The tone is appropriate to the audience, content, and assignment
4
Checklist for Proposal Part 1
Note that this checklist is not to replace the Assignment Guideline mentioned in page 1. It is
designed to elaborate the key points mentioned in page 1.
Please make sure that you addressed the following questions before submitting your term paper:
• General:
☐Did I strictly follow the APA style (font size, spacing, citation, paragraph structures, list of
references, etc.)?
☐ Did I meet the minimum page requirement (7—9 pages, excluding title page, table of contents,
references, and annexes)?
• Topic:
☐ Is the topic less than 120 characters but not too short?
☐ Is the topic clear enough to explain the proposed study?
• Introduction:
☐ Does the introduction part address the five components of the introduction of a proposal (one
paragraph for each)?
• Literature review:
☐ Did I write 5 - 7 pages?
☐ Did I use only peer-reviewed journal articles and books as the main source of information?
☐ Did I review and summarized at least 15 relevant article journals/books related to the study
topic?
☐ Is there a logical flow of ideas/concepts in the literature review?
☐ Did I write a clear literature gap/s or literature deficiency?
• Statement of the problem
☐ Does the statement justify the problem properly?
• Research question
☐ Are the research questions (in qualitative or quantitative methods) and research questions or
hypotheses (in quantitative and mixed methods) clear enough to be answered at the later stage
of the research?
5
Checklist for Proposal Part 2
Note that this checklist is not to replace the Assignment Guideline mentioned in page 2. It is
designed to elaborate the key points mentioned in page 2.
• General:
o You research method should be either quantitative or mixed method.
o No page limit but strictly follow the APA style
o Merge the improved version of Part 1 and the new Part 2 and submit in Turnitin.
• Data Collection:
o What type of data and Why you choose that type of data?
▪ What kinds of instruments
▪ Identify the sources information
▪ If you plan to use mixed methods, which type and Why?
o List the kinds of data. Consider 2 or 3 alternative ways you could gather data
o If you plan to use research participants, where will they come from? Sampling Techniques?
How many participants?
o If no research participants, who will be the target audience? Who would most benefit from
your research, and why?
o If your research topic is related to events that develop in time (time-series data only).
• Explain how you would acquire a snapshot of data, and how would you acquire the
time series data relevant to your research question?
o What are ethical issues and biases will your research project present? (You don’t need to
explain how you will the ethical issue=)
• Analysis of (stationary) data:
o What method will you choose to analyze?
o If the method of data analysis you choose been applied in similar situations by other authors include
references and illustrations
o Annex a worked-out example of the application of the method using published data (Optional).
o How will you validate your findings/conclusions?
• Testing Hypothesis
o State your null hypothesis ONLY.
o What is your approach (frequentist or Bayesian)? and justify the choice.
o Have similar hypotheses been tested by other authors? If yes, include references.
o Annex a worked-out example of hypothesis testing using previously published data (Optional).
• Analysis and forecasting of time series
o What method will you choose to analyze?
o If these methods of data analysis and forecasting been applied in similar situations by other
authors include references
o Annex worked-out examples of analysis & forecasting using previously published data (Optional).
o How will you validate your findings/conclusions?
• Timetable and Budget Plan
o Show the timetable for major activities on weekly or monthly basis (not daily basis).
o Show your budget plan for research related expenses (Do not merge with the timetable).
Proposal Introduction
Chapter 5
*
Outline
Research Introduction
Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Introductions
A Model for an Introduction
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Introduction
Next step is to design or plan the study
After having decision on the approach and format for a proposal and preliminary literature review
Proposal introduction has five components:
Establishing the problem leading to the study
Reviewing the literature about the problem
Identifying deficiencies in the literature about the problem
Targeting an audience and noting the significance
Identifying the purpose of the proposed study
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
The Importance of Introductions
The introduction is the initial passage in a study or proposal that:
Sets the stage for the project
Creates reader interest in the topic
Establishes the problem leads to the study
Places the study within the larger context of literature
Reaches out to a specific audience
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
A research problem is the problem or issue that leads to the need for a study
Potential sources
Personal experience
Debate in the literature
Literature gaps that need to be addressed
Policy debates (in government)
Research Problem ≠ Research Question
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Importance of Introductions
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Introductions
Similar pattern for all approaches, but some differences
Qualitative introductions
Problem best understood by exploration of concept or phenomenon
May be shaped by a theoretical lens
May be written from a personal, first-person, subjective point of view
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Quantitative introductions
Problem best addressed by for understanding what factors and variables influencing an outcome
May advance a theory to test
Incorporate substantial literature review
May be written from an impersonal point of view
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Introductions
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Mixed methods introductions
Can use a quantitative or qualitative approach or a combination
If one approach is emphasized or begins the study, then the introduction may follow that approach
May reflect need to understand relationships and explore
Problem may include the need for other methodologies
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Introductions
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
A Model for an Introduction
Deficiencies model of an introduction:
builds on gaps in the literature (the deficiencies in past research)
Write one paragraph per element (about 2 pages)
State the research problem
Review studies that have addressed the problem
Indicate deficiencies in the studies
Advance the significance of the study for particular audiences
State the purpose statement
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
The research problem – Tips for opening paragraph:
Indicate why the problem is important using the existing literature
Frames the problem in a manner consistent with the research approach (exploratory, examine relationship)
Consider whether there is a single problem or multiple problems addressed
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
A Model for an Introduction
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Studies addressing the problem:
Not a complete literature review as in the full literature review (Chapter 2)
The literature review in the introduction serves to:
Justify the importance of the problem
Create distinctions between past studies and the proposed study
Set the research problem within ongoing dialogue in the literature (not to replicate the study exactly)
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
A Model for an Introduction
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Tips to consider when reviewing the literature for the research problem for an introduction:
Summarize groups of studies not individual ones
Use in-text referencing to remove the emphasis on any one study
Review studies that use quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches
Use recent studies (last 10 years) and older studies that are of value
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
A Model for an Introduction
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Deficiencies in past literature:
After advancing the problem and reviewing the literature, identify the deficiencies
Deficiencies in past literature may exist because:
The topic has not been explored with a particular group, sample, or population
The literature needs to be replicated with new people or sites
The voice of underrepresented groups has not been heard in published literature
Deficiencies can often be found in the “suggestion for future research”
*
A Model for an Introduction
*
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
A Model for an Introduction
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
A Model for an Introduction
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
When identifying deficiencies in past literature:
Cite several deficiencies
Identify specifically the deficiencies of the other studies
Write about areas overlooked by past studies
Discuss how proposed study will
Remedy or address the deficiencies
Provide a unique contribution
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
A Model for an Introduction
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Significance of a study for audiences:
Describe the significance of the study for select audiences
Consider including:
3–4 reasons the study adds to the scholarly literature
3–4 reasons the study helps to improve practice
3–4 reasons the study will improve policy
End with a statement of the purpose of the study
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
A Model for an Introduction
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
A Model for an Introduction
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Summary
The introduction incorporates the research problem
Five-part deficiencies model
Research problem (narrative hook)
Literature addressing problem
Deficiencies in literature
Audiences that will profit
Purpose statement
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Chapter 9
Qualitative Methods
*
Outline
Qualitative Research Methods
Characteristics of qualitative research
Stages in Qualitative Research
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Qualitative Methods
Writing a method section for a proposal for qualitative research partly requires:
Educating readers of the intent
Tell reader about the design
Comments on role/reflection of researcher
Using protocols for recording and analyzing of data
Mentioning approaches for documenting validity of the data collected.
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Qualitative Methods
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Qualitative Methods
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Characteristics of Qualitative Research
Review the needs of potential audiences for the proposal
audiences’ knowledge: social sciences vs health sciences
Characteristics of qualitative research
Natural setting (not lab/contrived situation)
face-to-face interaction
Researcher as key instrument (not rely on questionnaire):
collect the information and interpret it
Multiple sources of data (not single data source):
interview, observation, documents – review all and make sense of it
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Characteristics of Qualitative Research
Inductive and deductive data analysis
deductive thinking also plays an important role as the analysis moves forward (from the theme).
Participants' meanings
the meaning that the participants hold about the problem/issue
Emergent design: the process may change or shift after data collection started
Reflexivity: inquirers reflect their personal background, culture, and experiences
Holistic account: develop a complex picture of the problem/issue
*
Qualitative Designs
Specific approaches in conducting qualitative research
Include procedures for data collection, analysis, and writing
Designs include
Narrative
Phenomenology
Ethnography
Case study
Grounded theory
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Researcher’s Role and Reflexivity
Researcher has sustained and intensive experience with participants
This introduces a range of strategic, ethical, and personal issues into the qualitative research process
shape researcher’s interpretations formed during a study
Researchers should comment on
Past experiences with participants, setting or research problem
How these experiences shape the interpretations
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
How can reflexive thinking be incorporated into your qualitative study?
Memos reflect on developing codes and themes
Connection between researchers, participants, site that may influence interpretations
Indicate steps to get Institutional Review Board permissions
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Researcher’s Role and Reflexivity
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Discuss steps to gain entry into the setting
Gatekeepers – individuals at the site who provide access
A brief proposal might need to be developed and submitted for review to gatekeepers:
Why was the site chosen for study?
What activities will occur at the site?
Will the study be disruptive?
How will the results be reported?
What will the gatekeeper gain from the study?
*
The Researcher’s Role and Reflexivity
*
Data Collection Procedures
Purposefully select individuals and sites
to best understand the problem
Discuss strategies to recruit
ways of informing participants, recruitment messages, ways to provide incentives, method of recruitment
Comment on the number of sites and participants
Sample size depends on the design being used (e.g., narrative, 1or 2, phenomenology 3-10, ground theory 20-30)
Saturation – fresh data no longer sparks new insights or reveals new properties
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Collection Procedures
Indicates the type/s of data to be collected
(see Table 9.3)
Qualitative observations
Qualitative interviews
Qualitative documents
Qualitative audio-visual materials
many studies collect multiple forms of data, and
spend a considerable time in the natural setting gathering information
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Participant observation
Researcher roles
Saunders et al. (2016). Research methods for business students, 7th Ed.
*
Data Collection Procedures
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Collection Procedures
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Collection Procedures
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Collection Procedures
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Collection Procedures
Be specific about types
Include data collection types beyond typical observations and interviews
These unusual forms create reader interest and can capture useful information:
gathering sounds or tastes,
using cherished items to elicit comments during an interview .
(see Table 9.3)
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Collection Procedures
*
Data Collection Procedures
*
Data Recording Procedures
Observational protocol – record information while observing
Record descriptive notes
physical setting, accounts of particular events, or activities
Reflexive notes
researcher’s personal thoughts: speculation, feelings
Demographic information
time, place, and date of the field setting where the observation takes place
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Recording Procedures
Interview protocol for asking questions and recording answers
Take a note, audio-/video-taping
Information about interview, introduction, opening question, content question, probes, closing instructions
Perhaps 5 to 10 questions
Prepare in advance
Memorize questions
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Analysis Procedures
Segment and take apart the data and put back together
Simultaneous Procedure: data analysis will proceed hand-in-hand with data collection and the write-up of findings
Winnowing the data because it is dense
Aggregate into five to seven themes
Use a computer software program – coding
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Analysis Procedures
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Analysis Procedures
Step 1 – Organize and prepare the data for analysis
e.g., Transcribing interviews
Step 2 – Read or look at all the data
gain a general sense of the data
Step 3 – Start coding all of the data
Coding – organize data by bracketing chunks
Labeling with a term (code), often based on language of participants
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Analysis Procedures
Step 4 – Generate a description and themes
description: detailed rendering of information about people, places, or events in a setting
generating 5-7 themes or
Step 5 – Represent the description and themes
Narrative discussion, figures, tables, quotes
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Analysis Procedures
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Thematic analysis
Coding your data: used to categorise data with similar meanings (references to actions, behaviours, beliefs, conditions, events, ideas, interactions, outcomes, policies, relationships, strategies)
*
Template analysis
You will need to become familiar with the data. The initial transcript or transcripts will be code
You reflect on the coding you have undertaken and begin to develop an initial coding template.
E.g. Initial Coding Template about advertising Campaign
*
Template analysis
changing the scope of a code.
E.g. Alteration as the process of data collection and analysis progressing
*
Data Analysis Procedures
Categories of codes
Expected codes
Code on topics that readers would expect to find
Surprising codes
Code on findings that are surprising and could not be anticipated before the study began.
Codes of unusual or conceptual interest
Code unusual ideas
Predetermined codes
on the basis of the emerging information collected from participants,
Coding visual images
Visual images may be coded
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Analysis Procedures
Further data analysis by types of approach
More general procedures
Analysis embedded within specific qualitative designs
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Interpretation
Interpretation in qualitative research:
Summarize overall findings, compare the findings to literature
Use a theoretical lens
Convey personal, research-based, and action meanings
Suggest limitations and future research
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Validity and Reliability
Qualitative validity
Determine whether findings are accurate from standpoint of researcher, participant, or readers
Use multiple validity procedures
Triangulate
Member checking
Rich, thick description
Clarify bias
Negative information
External auditor
Peer debriefing
Prolonged time in the field
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Validity and Reliability
Qualitative reliability
Researcher uses an approach that is consistent across different analysts and projects
Check transcripts for mistakes
Ensure no drift in definition of codes
Communication among coders
Cross-check codes by different researchers
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Validity and Reliability
Qualitative generalization
Used in limited way in qualitative research
Focus on the particularity, not generalizability
Case study results may generalize to broader theory
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Writing the Qualitative Report
Plan for the narrative
Developing description and themes
Considering how sections will be presented
Convey the following:
Use quotes
Dialogue that reflects culture
Varied narrative form
Use the first person
Use metaphors and analogies
Narrative reflects strategies
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Summary
Components of writing a qualitative methods section
Characteristics of qualitative research
Data collection
Data analysis
Expected outcomes
Strategies to validate
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Review of the Literature
Chapter 2
*
Outline
The research topic
The literature review
The use of literature review
Techniques of literature review
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
The Research Topic
Before considering what literature to use:
Identify the topic
e.g. “organizational creativity,” “psychological stress”
Describe the topic in a few words or in a short phrase.
The topic becomes the central idea to learn about or to explore.
Then, conduct literature review about the topic
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Research Topic
Gain insight into the topic/ strategy to develop topic by:
a. Drafting a working title
“My study is about…”
“My study is about at-risk children in the junior high,”
“My study is about helping college faculty become better researchers.”
Straightforward, uncomplicated thoughts, easy to read and understand
Be brief and avoid wasting words (“An approach to…”, “A Study of…..”
Single or double title (an Ethnography: Understanding a Child‘s Perception of War.“)
Eliminate most articles and preposition
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Research Topic
Gain insight into the topic/ ….
b. Posing a brief question
What needs to be answered?
“What brings people to tourist sites in the Midwest?”
“What treatment is best for depression?”
Consider how this question miight be expanded later on the purpose statment and research questions/hypothesis
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
First step is to examine research on the topic
How does this project contribute to the literature?
How the study might address a topic that has yet to be examine
New perspectives:
new topic,
new elements,
replication with new situations/participants?
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Research Topic
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The topic can be researched if:
You have access to participants
You have resources to collect and analyze information
The topic should be researched if:
The research will add to the literature about the topic
Scholars will be interested in the topic
A study of it will advance your personal goals
Now, the search can begin for related literature on the topic
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Research Topic
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Literature Review: Purposes
Shares the results of other studies
Relates the study to the larger ongoing dialogue in the literature, filling in gaps and extending prior studies
Provides a framework for establishing the importance of the study
Provides a benchmark for comparing the results to other findings
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Literature reviews take several forms/types:
Integrate what others have done and said
Criticize previous scholarly works
Bridge between related topics
Identify the central issues in the field
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Use of Literature Review
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Use of literature review in Qualitative study
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
In quantitative methods studies, researchers use the literature to:
Provide direction to the research questions and hypotheses
Introduce a problem
Introduce and describe the theory that will be used
Examine the usefulness of the theory
Compare results with existing literature or predictions
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Use of literature review in Quantitative Study
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
In qualitative research, inquirers use the literature in a manner consistent with the assumptions of learning from the participant, not prescribing the questions that need to be answered from the researcher’s standpoint. One of the chief reasons for conducting a qualitative study is that the study is exploratory. This usually means that not much has been written about the topic or the population being studied, and the researcher seeks to listen to participants and build an understanding based on what is heard.
The use of literature in qualitative research varies considerably. In one example, literature on a cultural concept or a critical theory can be introduced early as an orienting framework for ethnographies.
*
In mixed methods studies, researchers use the literature:
In either a quantitative or qualitative approach
Sequential approach: in each phase, consistent with either the quantitative or qualitative approach
The decision as to which form to use is based on the audience for the study
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Use of literature review in Mixed research
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Steps in conducting a literature review:
1. Identify key words:
useful in locating material
Emerge in identifying a topic
2. Search (computerized) online databases:
ERIC, ProQuest, EBSCO, Sociological Abstracts, PsycINFO, PubMed, Science Direct, Google scholar, SSCI
With key words in mind
Journals and books
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Techniques of Literature Review
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
3. Identify about 50 research reports in articles or books
Check for the availability (library/interlibrary loan)
4. Skim initial group of articles
Collect those that are central to your topic
5. Design a literature map
visual picture of groupings of the literature on the topic
position your study within the larger body of research
The structure of the literature map may be:
Hierarchical pattern
Flowchart layout
Series of circles
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Techniques of Literature Review
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Literature Review: Literature Map
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
6. Draft summaries of the most relevant articles
these summaries are combined into the final literature review
Include precise references to the literature using an appropriate style guide
7. Write a literature review
assemble the literature review, structuring it thematically or organizing it by important concepts.
addresses a gap in the themes.
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Techniques of Literature Review
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The literature review process
Saunders et al. (2016). Research methods for business students, 7th Ed.
Most useful: academic books and journals
Literature sources
Saunders et al. (2016). Research methods for business students, 7th Ed.
Tips for searching in computerized databases:
Use both free databases and those available in your academic library
Search several databases, even those outside your field
Use guides to terms to locate articles
Locate articles close to your topic and use their terms in your search
Use databases that provide access to full text
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Literature Review
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
A priority for selecting literature material:
Start with broad syntheses (such as encyclopedias) if you are new to the topic
Turn to journal articles in national journals
Next, consider books
Then examine conference papers
Scan for dissertations
Lastly, consider reports on the web
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Literature Review
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
A quantitative or mixed methods literature review:
Introduce the review with a statement about the organization of the sections
Review literature about the independent variables
Review literature about the dependent variables
Review literature that relates the independent variables to the dependent variables
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Literature Review
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
A quantitative or mixed methods literature review:
Provide a summary:
Highlight important studies
Capture major themes
Suggest why more research is needed
Advance how the proposed study will fill this need
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Literature Review
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Summary
Identify your topic through a brief title or central research question
Use the literature to
Present similar studies
Relate the study to the literature
Provide a framework for comparison
Different purpose depending on approach
Search databases using key terms
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Chapter 8
Quantitative Methods
*
Outline
Quantitative Research Methods
Components of a Survey Method Plan
Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Quantitative Methods
Quantitative approaches focus on carefully measuring (or experimentally manipulating) a set of variables to answer theory-guided research questions/hypothesis
Survey design: Quantitative description of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population
Experimental design: Systematic manipulation of one or more variables to evaluate an outcome
Both designs help the researcher:
make inferences about relationships among variables,
how the sample results may generalize to a broader population of interest
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
The survey design
The population and sample
Instrumentation
Variables in the study
Data analysis and interpretation
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Components of
a Survey Method Plan
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Components of a Survey Method Plan
The survey design:
Identify the purpose of survey research
the primary purpose is to answer a question about variables
Indicate why the survey method is preferred
E.g. cost, rapid turnaround in data collection
Indicate the type of survey design
Cross-sectional or Longitudinal
Specify the form of data collection
telephone, mail, Internet personal/group interviews) and rationale
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Components of a Survey Method Plan
The population and sample:
Identify the population, including size and sampling frames
Specify the sampling design
Single-stage
Multi-stage (clustering): when impractical to compile a list of the elements- identify clusters first
Type of sampling
Probability (random & systematic)
Nonprobability (conveniecy and availability)
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
It is important to define research population clearly
Sampling
Saunders et al. (2016). Research methods for business students, 7th Ed.
Sampling Techniques
Saunders et al. (2016). Research methods for business students, 7th Ed.
Components of a Survey Method Plan
The population and sample:
Stratification: Indicate if the study involves stratification – ensuring specific population characteristics (e.g. gender, income, education) are represented
Sample size: Indicate number in the sample and procedure to determine (fraction of the population-e.g. 10%, as past studies, analysis plan)
Power analysis: use a power analysis (target sample size estimators) if you plan to detect significant associations
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Components of a Survey Method Plan
The population and sample:
Power analysis requires:
Estimating the size of correlation - r (previous studies)
An alpha value (type I error rate)- false positive.
Saying “there is significant r/p” (alpha=0.5 or 5%)
A beta value (type II error rate) – false negative.
Saying “ there is no significant r/p” (beta=0.2)
Conducting the power analysis (e.g., G*Power) –online recourses
Conduct power analysis during planning
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Components of a Survey Method Plan
Instrumentation:
Name the survey instrument used to collect data, if any
e.g. scale to measure stress
Indicate how instrument was developed
Describe the established validity scores from past use (to use the existing instruments)
Describe reliability of scores from past use
Internal consistency
Test-retest
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Components of a Survey Method Plan
Instrumentation:
Pilot testing: Discuss pilot testing or field-testing
Rationale for plans
Content validity and reliability
Improve question
Administering the survey: identify steps for administering and for following up for a mailed survey
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Components of a Survey Method Plan
Variables in the study:
useful to relate the variables, the research questions or hypotheses, and sample items on the survey instrument
reader can easily determine how the data collection connects to the variables and questions/hypotheses
plan to include a table and a discussion that cross-reference the variables, the questions or hypotheses, and specific survey items.
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Components of a Survey Method Plan- Variables
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Components of a Survey Method Plan
Data analysis:
Computer programs used for analysis
Data analysis steps
Step 1. Number who did and did not respond
Step 2. Method to determine response bias: the effect of nonresponses on survey estimates
Step 3. Plan to provide descriptive analyses: missing data handling
Step 4. Calculate total scale scores
Step 5. Statistics and program for inferential statistical analyses
Step 6. Present results in figures or tables and interpret
*
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Components of a Survey Method Plan
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Interpreting results and writing a discussion section:
Report how the results answered the research question or hypothesis
based on statistical significance testing
summarized as “the analysis of variance revealed a statistically significant/not significant diff. or r/p….”
Practical evidence in terms of:
effect size: strength of the conclusions
confidence interval- level of uncertainty
Discuss implications
Consistent with, refute, extended previous studies
*
Components of a Survey Method Plan
Components of
an Experimental Study Method Plan
Participants
Variables
Instrumentation and materials
Experimental procedures
Threats to validity
Data analysis
Interpreting results and writing a discussion
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan
Participants:
Describe procedures for recruiting participants
Describe the selection of participants as either:
Random (distinguishing feature of experiment)
Nonrandom (convenience)
E.g . “The experiment consisted of a one-way two-groups design comparing burnout symptoms between full-time and part-time nurses”
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan
Variables:
Specify the variables and describe in detail
Identify the independent variables
Include a manipulation check measure
Identify dependent variable
Identify other variables measured
Participant demographics
Measure variables that contribute noise
time of day vs Self-esteem
Potential confounding variables (e.g. deep thought)
*
Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan
Instrumentation and materials:
Describe the instrument(s) participants complete in the experiment
Development, items, and scales
Reliability and validity reports of past uses
Thoroughly discuss materials used for the treatment
Cover story to explain procedures if deception is used
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan
Experimental procedures:
Identify the type of experiment
Pre-experimental (no ctrl group), true experiment, quasi-experiment, single subject design (observing the behavior of a single individual over time).
Identify the type of comparisons – within-group or between-subject
Provide a visual model to illustrate the research design used
X = treatment
O = observation
R = random assignment
See Examples 8.2–8.5
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan
Threats to validity:
Internal validity
procedures, treatments, or experiences of the participants that threaten inferences in experiments
External validity
drawing incorrect inferences from sample data to other persons, settings, situations
Statistical conclusion validity
because of inadequate statistical power or violation of statistical assumptions
Construct validity
When inadequate definitions and measures of variable
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan
The procedure:
Administer measures of the dependent variable or a variable closely correlated
Assign participants to matched pairs
Randomly assign one member of each pair to the control and experimental group
Expose experimental group to the treatment
Administer measures of dependent variables
Compare performance of the experimental and control groups
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan
Data analysis:
Report descriptive statistics (e.g., means, standard deviations, ranges)
Indicate inferential statistical tests (e.g., t test, ANOVA, ANCOVA, or MANOVA)
Report confidence intervals and effect sizes in addition to statistical tests
Use line graphs for single subject designs
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan
Interpreting results and writing a discussion section:
Interpret findings in light of hypotheses and research questions
Whether supported or refuted
Why results significant or not, literature
Indicate implications
Suggest future research
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Summary
The methodological approach to a survey or experiment
Surveys – purpose, population and sample, instruments, relationship, research questions, items, analysis
Experiments – identify participants, variables, instruments, type of experiment, validly, analysis
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Chapter 9
Qualitative Methods
*
Outline
Qualitative Research Methods
Characteristics of qualitative research
Stages in Qualitative Research
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Qualitative Methods
Writing a method section for a proposal for qualitative research partly requires:
Educating readers of the intent
Tell reader about the design
Comments on role/reflection of researcher
Using protocols for recording and analyzing of data
Mentioning approaches for documenting validity of the data collected.
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Qualitative Methods
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Qualitative Methods
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Characteristics of Qualitative Research
Review the needs of potential audiences for the proposal
audiences’ knowledge: social sciences vs health sciences
Characteristics of qualitative research
Natural setting (not lab/contrived situation)
face-to-face interaction
Researcher as key instrument (not rely on questionnaire):
collect the information and interpret it
Multiple sources of data (not single data source):
interview, observation, documents – review all and make sense of it
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Characteristics of Qualitative Research
Inductive and deductive data analysis
deductive thinking also plays an important role as the analysis moves forward (from the theme).
Participants' meanings
the meaning that the participants hold about the problem/issue
Emergent design: the process may change or shift after data collection started
Reflexivity: inquirers reflect their personal background, culture, and experiences
Holistic account: develop a complex picture of the problem/issue
*
Qualitative Designs
Specific approaches in conducting qualitative research
Include procedures for data collection, analysis, and writing
Designs include
Narrative
Phenomenology
Ethnography
Case study
Grounded theory
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Researcher’s Role and Reflexivity
Researcher has sustained and intensive experience with participants
This introduces a range of strategic, ethical, and personal issues into the qualitative research process
shape researcher’s interpretations formed during a study
Researchers should comment on
Past experiences with participants, setting or research problem
How these experiences shape the interpretations
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
How can reflexive thinking be incorporated into your qualitative study?
Memos reflect on developing codes and themes
Connection between researchers, participants, site that may influence interpretations
Indicate steps to get Institutional Review Board permissions
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Researcher’s Role and Reflexivity
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Discuss steps to gain entry into the setting
Gatekeepers – individuals at the site who provide access
A brief proposal might need to be developed and submitted for review to gatekeepers:
Why was the site chosen for study?
What activities will occur at the site?
Will the study be disruptive?
How will the results be reported?
What will the gatekeeper gain from the study?
*
The Researcher’s Role and Reflexivity
*
Data Collection Procedures
Purposefully select individuals and sites
to best understand the problem
Discuss strategies to recruit
ways of informing participants, recruitment messages, ways to provide incentives, method of recruitment
Comment on the number of sites and participants
Sample size depends on the design being used (e.g., narrative, 1or 2, phenomenology 3-10, ground theory 20-30)
Saturation – fresh data no longer sparks new insights or reveals new properties
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Collection Procedures
Indicates the type/s of data to be collected
(see Table 9.3)
Qualitative observations
Qualitative interviews
Qualitative documents
Qualitative audio-visual materials
many studies collect multiple forms of data, and
spend a considerable time in the natural setting gathering information
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Participant observation
Researcher roles
Saunders et al. (2016). Research methods for business students, 7th Ed.
*
Data Collection Procedures
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Collection Procedures
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Collection Procedures
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Collection Procedures
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Collection Procedures
Be specific about types
Include data collection types beyond typical observations and interviews
These unusual forms create reader interest and can capture useful information:
gathering sounds or tastes,
using cherished items to elicit comments during an interview .
(see Table 9.3)
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Collection Procedures
*
Data Collection Procedures
*
Data Recording Procedures
Observational protocol – record information while observing
Record descriptive notes
physical setting, accounts of particular events, or activities
Reflexive notes
researcher’s personal thoughts: speculation, feelings
Demographic information
time, place, and date of the field setting where the observation takes place
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Recording Procedures
Interview protocol for asking questions and recording answers
Take a note, audio-/video-taping
Information about interview, introduction, opening question, content question, probes, closing instructions
Perhaps 5 to 10 questions
Prepare in advance
Memorize questions
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Analysis Procedures
Segment and take apart the data and put back together
Simultaneous Procedure: data analysis will proceed hand-in-hand with data collection and the write-up of findings
Winnowing the data because it is dense
Aggregate into five to seven themes
Use a computer software program – coding
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Analysis Procedures
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Analysis Procedures
Step 1 – Organize and prepare the data for analysis
e.g., Transcribing interviews
Step 2 – Read or look at all the data
gain a general sense of the data
Step 3 – Start coding all of the data
Coding – organize data by bracketing chunks
Labeling with a term (code), often based on language of participants
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Analysis Procedures
Step 4 – Generate a description and themes
description: detailed rendering of information about people, places, or events in a setting
generating 5-7 themes or
Step 5 – Represent the description and themes
Narrative discussion, figures, tables, quotes
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Analysis Procedures
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Thematic analysis
Coding your data: used to categorise data with similar meanings (references to actions, behaviours, beliefs, conditions, events, ideas, interactions, outcomes, policies, relationships, strategies)
*
Template analysis
You will need to become familiar with the data. The initial transcript or transcripts will be code
You reflect on the coding you have undertaken and begin to develop an initial coding template.
E.g. Initial Coding Template about advertising Campaign
*
Template analysis
changing the scope of a code.
E.g. Alteration as the process of data collection and analysis progressing
*
Data Analysis Procedures
Categories of codes
Expected codes
Code on topics that readers would expect to find
Surprising codes
Code on findings that are surprising and could not be anticipated before the study began.
Codes of unusual or conceptual interest
Code unusual ideas
Predetermined codes
on the basis of the emerging information collected from participants,
Coding visual images
Visual images may be coded
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Analysis Procedures
Further data analysis by types of approach
More general procedures
Analysis embedded within specific qualitative designs
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Interpretation
Interpretation in qualitative research:
Summarize overall findings, compare the findings to literature
Use a theoretical lens
Convey personal, research-based, and action meanings
Suggest limitations and future research
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Validity and Reliability
Qualitative validity
Determine whether findings are accurate from standpoint of researcher, participant, or readers
Use multiple validity procedures
Triangulate
Member checking
Rich, thick description
Clarify bias
Negative information
External auditor
Peer debriefing
Prolonged time in the field
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Validity and Reliability
Qualitative reliability
Researcher uses an approach that is consistent across different analysts and projects
Check transcripts for mistakes
Ensure no drift in definition of codes
Communication among coders
Cross-check codes by different researchers
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Validity and Reliability
Qualitative generalization
Used in limited way in qualitative research
Focus on the particularity, not generalizability
Case study results may generalize to broader theory
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Writing the Qualitative Report
Plan for the narrative
Developing description and themes
Considering how sections will be presented
Convey the following:
Use quotes
Dialogue that reflects culture
Varied narrative form
Use the first person
Use metaphors and analogies
Narrative reflects strategies
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Summary
Components of writing a qualitative methods section
Characteristics of qualitative research
Data collection
Data analysis
Expected outcomes
Strategies to validate
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Chapter 10
Mixed Methods Procedures
*
Components of Mixed Methods Procedures
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Components of Mixed Methods Procedures
Describe mixed methods research:
Because it is still somewhat unknown in the social and human sciences as a distinct research approach
a. Begin by defining mixed methods
Collection of both qualitative and quantitative data
Rigorous methods (collection, analysis and interpretation)
Integration of the two forms of data
Procedures incorporated into a distinct methods design
Often informed by philosophy or theory
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Components of Mixed Methods Procedures
Describe mixed methods research:
b. Terminologies
Many different terms are used for this approach; recent writings tend to use the term mixed methods
c. Background of mixed methods
reviewing the history of this approach to research
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Components of Mixed Methods Procedures
Describe mixed methods research:
d. Reasons for choosing mixed methods
Comparing perspectives
Explaining quantitative results with qualitative
Developing contextual measurement instruments
Augmenting experiments by incorporating the perspectives of individuals
Developing cases
Understanding changes needed for marginalized group
Evaluating processes and outcomes
*
Types of Mixed Methods Designs
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Types of Mixed Methods Designs
Convergent mixed methods design
(Figure 10.1)
i. Description of the design
Collects both quantitative and qualitative data,
Analyzes them separately,
Compares the results to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Types of Mixed Methods Designs
Convergent mixed methods design (Figure 10.1)
ii. Data collection
Use the same or parallel variables, constructs, or concepts
iii. Data analysis and integration
Analyze qualitative database
Analyze quantitative database
Integrate the two
Joint display – merge forms of data in a single visual display
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Convergent mixed methods design:
iv. Interpretation
Discussion section compares results and notes convergence or divergence
v. Validity
Quantitative validity (e.g., construct)
Qualitative validity (e.g., triangulation)
Mixed methods validity (e.g., unequal sample sizes)
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Types of Mixed Methods Designs
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
B. Explanatory sequential mixed methods design:
i. Description of the design
Involves a two-phase project
Collection of quantitative data in the first phase
Uses results to plan the second, qualitative phase
Qualitative data help in explain in more detail the initial quantitative results
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Types of Mixed Methods Designs
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Explanatory sequential mixed methods design:
ii. Data collection
Two distinct phases
Rigorous quantitative sampling and purposeful qualitative
iii. Data analysis and integration
Connecting quantitative results to qualitative data collection
Quantitative results inform sampling and qualitative questions to ask
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Types of Mixed Methods Designs
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Explanatory sequential mixed methods design:
iv. Interpretation
First phase quantitative results
Second phase qualitative results
How the qualitative findings help to explain the quantitative results
v. Validity
Of the scores from the quantitative measures and qualitative findings
Mixed methods (e.g., options for following up on quantitative results)
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Types of Mixed Methods Designs
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
C. Exploratory sequential mixed methods design:
i. Description of the design
Start with a qualitative phase
Build to a feature to be tested (e.g., survey instrument)
Followed by a quantitative phase that tests the feature
ii. Data collection
Initial qualitative data collection
Test of quantitative feature
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Types of Mixed Methods Designs
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Exploratory sequential mixed methods design:
iii. Data analysis and integration
Use the findings from the initial exploratory database to build into a feature
Qualitative findings inform design of quantitative phase (e.g., instrument, variables)
iv. Interpretation
First report the qualitative finding
Development of feature
Quantitative test results
Determine if qualitative themes can be generalized
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Types of Mixed Methods Designs
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
v. Validity
Validity of the qualitative data and the quantitative scores
Mixed methods issues (e.g., developing a good instrument)
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Types of Mixed Methods Designs
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Factors Important in Choosing a Mixed Methods Design
Choice based on:
Outcomes expected
Integrating data together
Timing in mixed methods data collection – concurrent or sequential
Emphasis placed on each database – equal or unequal
Design most suited for a field
Single researcher or team
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Factors Important in Choosing a Mixed Methods Design
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Examples of Mixed Methods Procedures
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Examples of Mixed Methods Procedures
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Examples of Mixed Methods Procedures
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Summary
Define mixed methods and core characteristics
Mention historical evolution
Discuss chosen mixed methods design and challenges
Draw a diagram of procedures
Convey elements based on your design
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
CATEGORIES
Economics
Nursing
Applied Sciences
Psychology
Science
Management
Computer Science
Human Resource Management
Accounting
Information Systems
English
Anatomy
Operations Management
Sociology
Literature
Education
Business & Finance
Marketing
Engineering
Statistics
Biology
Political Science
Reading
History
Financial markets
Philosophy
Mathematics
Law
Criminal
Architecture and Design
Government
Social Science
World history
Chemistry
Humanities
Business Finance
Writing
Programming
Telecommunications Engineering
Geography
Physics
Spanish
ach
e. Embedded Entrepreneurship
f. Three Social Entrepreneurship Models
g. Social-Founder Identity
h. Micros-enterprise Development
Outcomes
Subset 2. Indigenous Entrepreneurship Approaches (Outside of Canada)
a. Indigenous Australian Entrepreneurs Exami
Calculus
(people influence of
others) processes that you perceived occurs in this specific Institution Select one of the forms of stratification highlighted (focus on inter the intersectionalities
of these three) to reflect and analyze the potential ways these (
American history
Pharmacology
Ancient history
. Also
Numerical analysis
Environmental science
Electrical Engineering
Precalculus
Physiology
Civil Engineering
Electronic Engineering
ness Horizons
Algebra
Geology
Physical chemistry
nt
When considering both O
lassrooms
Civil
Probability
ions
Identify a specific consumer product that you or your family have used for quite some time. This might be a branded smartphone (if you have used several versions over the years)
or the court to consider in its deliberations. Locard’s exchange principle argues that during the commission of a crime
Chemical Engineering
Ecology
aragraphs (meaning 25 sentences or more). Your assignment may be more than 5 paragraphs but not less.
INSTRUCTIONS:
To access the FNU Online Library for journals and articles you can go the FNU library link here:
https://www.fnu.edu/library/
In order to
n that draws upon the theoretical reading to explain and contextualize the design choices. Be sure to directly quote or paraphrase the reading
ce to the vaccine. Your campaign must educate and inform the audience on the benefits but also create for safe and open dialogue. A key metric of your campaign will be the direct increase in numbers.
Key outcomes: The approach that you take must be clear
Mechanical Engineering
Organic chemistry
Geometry
nment
Topic
You will need to pick one topic for your project (5 pts)
Literature search
You will need to perform a literature search for your topic
Geophysics
you been involved with a company doing a redesign of business processes
Communication on Customer Relations. Discuss how two-way communication on social media channels impacts businesses both positively and negatively. Provide any personal examples from your experience
od pressure and hypertension via a community-wide intervention that targets the problem across the lifespan (i.e. includes all ages).
Develop a community-wide intervention to reduce elevated blood pressure and hypertension in the State of Alabama that in
in body of the report
Conclusions
References (8 References Minimum)
*** Words count = 2000 words.
*** In-Text Citations and References using Harvard style.
*** In Task section I’ve chose (Economic issues in overseas contracting)"
Electromagnetism
w or quality improvement; it was just all part of good nursing care. The goal for quality improvement is to monitor patient outcomes using statistics for comparison to standards of care for different diseases
e a 1 to 2 slide Microsoft PowerPoint presentation on the different models of case management. Include speaker notes... .....Describe three different models of case management.
visual representations of information. They can include numbers
SSAY
ame workbook for all 3 milestones. You do not need to download a new copy for Milestones 2 or 3. When you submit Milestone 3
pages):
Provide a description of an existing intervention in Canada
making the appropriate buying decisions in an ethical and professional manner.
Topic: Purchasing and Technology
You read about blockchain ledger technology. Now do some additional research out on the Internet and share your URL with the rest of the class
be aware of which features their competitors are opting to include so the product development teams can design similar or enhanced features to attract more of the market. The more unique
low (The Top Health Industry Trends to Watch in 2015) to assist you with this discussion.
https://youtu.be/fRym_jyuBc0
Next year the $2.8 trillion U.S. healthcare industry will finally begin to look and feel more like the rest of the business wo
evidence-based primary care curriculum. Throughout your nurse practitioner program
Vignette
Understanding Gender Fluidity
Providing Inclusive Quality Care
Affirming Clinical Encounters
Conclusion
References
Nurse Practitioner Knowledge
Mechanics
and word limit is unit as a guide only.
The assessment may be re-attempted on two further occasions (maximum three attempts in total). All assessments must be resubmitted 3 days within receiving your unsatisfactory grade. You must clearly indicate “Re-su
Trigonometry
Article writing
Other
5. June 29
After the components sending to the manufacturing house
1. In 1972 the Furman v. Georgia case resulted in a decision that would put action into motion. Furman was originally sentenced to death because of a murder he committed in Georgia but the court debated whether or not this was a violation of his 8th amend
One of the first conflicts that would need to be investigated would be whether the human service professional followed the responsibility to client ethical standard. While developing a relationship with client it is important to clarify that if danger or
Ethical behavior is a critical topic in the workplace because the impact of it can make or break a business
No matter which type of health care organization
With a direct sale
During the pandemic
Computers are being used to monitor the spread of outbreaks in different areas of the world and with this record
3. Furman v. Georgia is a U.S Supreme Court case that resolves around the Eighth Amendments ban on cruel and unsual punishment in death penalty cases. The Furman v. Georgia case was based on Furman being convicted of murder in Georgia. Furman was caught i
One major ethical conflict that may arise in my investigation is the Responsibility to Client in both Standard 3 and Standard 4 of the Ethical Standards for Human Service Professionals (2015). Making sure we do not disclose information without consent ev
4. Identify two examples of real world problems that you have observed in your personal
Summary & Evaluation: Reference & 188. Academic Search Ultimate
Ethics
We can mention at least one example of how the violation of ethical standards can be prevented. Many organizations promote ethical self-regulation by creating moral codes to help direct their business activities
*DDB is used for the first three years
For example
The inbound logistics for William Instrument refer to purchase components from various electronic firms. During the purchase process William need to consider the quality and price of the components. In this case
4. A U.S. Supreme Court case known as Furman v. Georgia (1972) is a landmark case that involved Eighth Amendment’s ban of unusual and cruel punishment in death penalty cases (Furman v. Georgia (1972)
With covid coming into place
In my opinion
with
Not necessarily all home buyers are the same! When you choose to work with we buy ugly houses Baltimore & nationwide USA
The ability to view ourselves from an unbiased perspective allows us to critically assess our personal strengths and weaknesses. This is an important step in the process of finding the right resources for our personal learning style. Ego and pride can be
· By Day 1 of this week
While you must form your answers to the questions below from our assigned reading material
CliftonLarsonAllen LLP (2013)
5 The family dynamic is awkward at first since the most outgoing and straight forward person in the family in Linda
Urien
The most important benefit of my statistical analysis would be the accuracy with which I interpret the data. The greatest obstacle
From a similar but larger point of view
4 In order to get the entire family to come back for another session I would suggest coming in on a day the restaurant is not open
When seeking to identify a patient’s health condition
After viewing the you tube videos on prayer
Your paper must be at least two pages in length (not counting the title and reference pages)
The word assimilate is negative to me. I believe everyone should learn about a country that they are going to live in. It doesnt mean that they have to believe that everything in America is better than where they came from. It means that they care enough
Data collection
Single Subject Chris is a social worker in a geriatric case management program located in a midsize Northeastern town. She has an MSW and is part of a team of case managers that likes to continuously improve on its practice. The team is currently using an
I would start off with Linda on repeating her options for the child and going over what she is feeling with each option. I would want to find out what she is afraid of. I would avoid asking her any “why” questions because I want her to be in the here an
Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of using an Internet site as means of collecting data for psychological research (Comp 2.1) 25.0\% Summarization of the advantages and disadvantages of using an Internet site as means of collecting data for psych
Identify the type of research used in a chosen study
Compose a 1
Optics
effect relationship becomes more difficult—as the researcher cannot enact total control of another person even in an experimental environment. Social workers serve clients in highly complex real-world environments. Clients often implement recommended inte
I think knowing more about you will allow you to be able to choose the right resources
Be 4 pages in length
soft MB-920 dumps review and documentation and high-quality listing pdf MB-920 braindumps also recommended and approved by Microsoft experts. The practical test
g
One thing you will need to do in college is learn how to find and use references. References support your ideas. College-level work must be supported by research. You are expected to do that for this paper. You will research
Elaborate on any potential confounds or ethical concerns while participating in the psychological study 20.0\% Elaboration on any potential confounds or ethical concerns while participating in the psychological study is missing. Elaboration on any potenti
3 The first thing I would do in the family’s first session is develop a genogram of the family to get an idea of all the individuals who play a major role in Linda’s life. After establishing where each member is in relation to the family
A Health in All Policies approach
Note: The requirements outlined below correspond to the grading criteria in the scoring guide. At a minimum
Chen
Read Connecting Communities and Complexity: A Case Study in Creating the Conditions for Transformational Change
Read Reflections on Cultural Humility
Read A Basic Guide to ABCD Community Organizing
Use the bolded black section and sub-section titles below to organize your paper. For each section
Losinski forwarded the article on a priority basis to Mary Scott
Losinksi wanted details on use of the ED at CGH. He asked the administrative resident