Fluent Essays

Please read the instructions carefully.  Use the 3-course resources that I attached, and 3 external resources that I attached two of them, and find a 3rd one to use in the paper.  Please cite them using APA style and dont forget to build a free website and add the research to it.  The link in the project instruction file.Rubric for the 2050 Final Project The 2050 Project Paper Prompt: Choose an urban environmental issue and research it: The issue must be urban and environmental. Narrow your focus to one issue (e.g. ‘water scarcity in Cairo’ (not ‘global warming’). How is this urban environmental issue impacting the city and the city’s residents physically, economically, politically, and socially? Based on our course materials and your own research discuss how the urban environmental issue can be mitigated (fixed or reduced), what would be the implementation process, and what is your desired outcome for the city and its residents? Based on your brilliant solution(s) to an urban environmental issue discuss your implementation process and strategy and explain how your city will look like and how it will function for all of its residents. The Academic Standard 1000-1200 words, 12pt font, New Times Roman, double spaced. Use at least 3 resources from this course and 3 resources from outside of the course. Make sure to include a bibliography/work cited page, using APA or MLA citation style, and with in-text citations. This paper is where you will bring what you learned in this course by applying a framework to an urban environmental issue. Citation Recourse https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/resources.html Citation Recourse https://guides.library.pdx.edu/cite Framework(s): o Environmental Justice o Access/The Commons o Urban Metabolism/Human Flows o Climate Change o Sustainability & Resilience o Agriculture/Food Systems Introduce the reader to your urban environmental issue. Write a cohesive narrative on how your topic is an urban environmental issue and how it impacts the city, its residents/communities, and the environmental health of our planet. The following questions are to help you think through and guide your project. The answers to most of these questions should be answered, in some form, in your final paper. Also included in this list are terms and concepts that should be identified, described, and discussed in your project. These questions and identifiers are not exhaustive, and they do not have to be answered any particular order. Things to identify, define, and discuss • Identify the urban environmental issue you will be discussing and describe why and how it is an urban environmental issue. • Identify and explain your framework and how it will help the reader understand the urban environmental issue you will be discussing. • Identify the city and country. If you are taking a closer look, also identify the specific neighborhood. • Identify the residents and/or communities who are impacted by the urban environmental issue and explain how and why. Questions to help you think through and guide your project • Why and how is this urban environmental issue taking place? • What are the municipal policies, practices, and processes that created this urban environme11/16/2020 The Role of Highways in American Poverty - The Atlantic https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/03/role-of-highways-in-american-poverty/474282/ 1/5 Sunday tra�ic from New York City to the Jersey Shore in 1941  (LIBRARY OF CONGRESS ) Editor’s Note: is article is adapted from remarks delivered by the author on March 16 at the University of Arkansas’s Clinton School of Public Service, in Little Rock. Little Rock is a fascinating city. With its river and renovated warehouses and bustling River Market district, it reminds me a little bit of Pittsburgh, where I lived a decade ago when I was starting my journalism career. At that time, Pittsburgh was still the butt of many jokes, though determined city planners were starting to drive the transformation that’s made it so popular. Today, there’s a growing population downtown and tech companies are locating in the city once known for steel. It’s a funny thing about cities: ey’re all unique, but they sometimes experience busts and booms in the same way. Just look at all the cities across the country that are experiencing a craft-beer renaissance and have condos in renovated warehouses downtown. Perhaps that’s why policymakers in the 1940s and 1950s thought of cities as human bodies, bodies that had sicknesses and required cures. Bodies that got sick from the same diseases and would improve from the same medicine. MORE FROM OUR PARTNERS e postwar years were a time of unprecedented prosperity, when Americans were buying refrigerators and televisions and homes, and wanted to leave the crowded heart of city centers for space to put all their new belongings. e rise of the automobile helped them do this. In 1940, 60 percent of Americans owned cars. In 1960, 80 percent did. Today, 95 percent of Americans own cars. is increase of people heading to the suburbs in their cars caused something else new: lots and lots of traffic. And to city planners, this was making communities unhealthy. By the 1950s, highways were being recommended as “the greatest single element in the cure of city ills,” according to Joseph DiMento, an Irvine professor who has studied highway construction during that era. To keep cities healthy, planners said, regions BUSINESS e Role of Highways in American Poverty ey seemed like such a good idea in the 1950s. A L A N A S E M U E L S M A R C H 1 8 , 2 0 1 6 What Motivates Companies to Do Good—Altruism, or Guilt?• e False Promise of Last Years Wage Gains• e Folly of State-Level Tax Cuts• https://www.theatlantic.com/category/next-economy http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1392502 https://www.theatlantic.com/business/ https://www.theatlantic.com/author/alana-semuels/ https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/03/what-motivates-companies-to-do-good/473511/ https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/03/analyzing-2015s-wage-gains/473226/ https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/03/statlable at ScienceDirect Environmental Pollution 159 (2011) 1965e1973 Contents lists avai Environmental Pollution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/envpol Review The study of urban metabolism and its applications to urban planning and design C. Kennedy a,*, S. Pincetl b, P. Bunje b a Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada b Institute of the Environment, UCLA, CA, United States a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 12 October 2010 Accepted 15 October 2010 Keywords: Cities Energy Materials Waste Urban planning Urban design Greenhouse gas emissions Sustainability indicators * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] 0269-7491/$ e see front matter � 2010 Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2010.10.022 a b s t r a c t Following formative work in the 1970s, disappearance in the 1980s, and reemergence in the 1990s, a chronological review shows that the past decade has witnessed increasing interest in the study of urban metabolism. The review finds that there are two related, non-conflicting, schools of urban metabolism: one following Odum describes metabolism in terms of energy equivalents; while the second more broadly expresses a city’s flows of water, materials and nutrients in terms of mass fluxes. Four example applications of urban metabolism studies are discussed: urban sustainability indicators; inputs to urban greenhouse gas emissions calculation; mathematical models of urban metabolism for policy analysis; and as a basis for sustainable urban design. Future directions include fuller integration of social, health and economic indicators into the urban metabolism framework, while tackling the great sustainability challenge of reconstructing cities. � 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction The concept of the urban metabolism, conceived by Wolman (1965), is fundamental to developing sustainable cities and communities. Urban metabolism may be defined as “the sum total of the technical and socio-economic processes that occur in cities, resulting in growth, production of energy, and elimination of waste” (Kennedy et al., 2007). In practice, the study of an urban metabo- lism involves ‘big picture’ quantification of the inputs, outputs and storage of energy, water, nutrients, materials and wastes for an urban region. While research on urban metabolism has waxed and waned over the past 45 years, in the last decade it has accelerated. Moreover, as this review will show, practical applications of urban metabolism are emerging. The notion of urban metabolism is loosely based on an analogy with the metabolism of organisms, although in other respects parallels can also be made between cities and ecosystems. Cities are similar to organisms in that they consume resources from their surroundings and excrete wastes. “Cities transform raw materials, fuel, and water into the built environment, human biomass and waste” (Decker et al., 2000). Of course, cities are more compleUrban Planning (ISSN: 2183–7635) 2019, Volume 4, Issue 1, Pages 106–112 DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i1.1988 Editorial City of Flows: The Need for Design-Led Research to Urban Metabolism Rob Roggema 1,2 1 Office for Adaptive Planning and Design, Cittaideale, 6707 LC Wageningen, The Netherlands; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Knowledge Centre NoorderRuimte, Hanze University Groningen, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands Submitted: 22 January 2019 | Published: 21 February 2019 Abstract The design of cities has long ignored the flows that shape the city. Water has been the most visible one, but energy and materials were invisible and/or taken for granted. A little over 50 years ago, Abel Wolman was the first to illuminate the role of water flows in the urban fabric. It has long been a search for quantitative data while the flows were mostly seen as separated entities. The fact they invisibly formed the way the city appears has been neglected for many years. In this the- matic issue the “city of flows” is seen as a design task. It aims to bring to the fore the role flows can play to be consciously used to make spatial decisions in how and where certain uses and infrastructure is located. Efficient and sustainable. Keywords energy; food; food-energy-water nexus; nexus thinking; urban flows; urban metabolism; urban planning; water Issue This editorial is part of the issue “The City of Flows: Urban Planning of Environmental Flows”, edited by Rob Roggema (Cittaideale, The Netherlands/Hanze University Groningen, The Netherlands). © 2019 by the author; licensee Cogitatio (Lisbon, Portugal). This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribu- tion 4.0 International License (CC BY). 1. Introduction: Brief History of Urban Metabolism When we think about flows in the city the term urban metabolism is often used. Like our body, the city is seen as an organism which requires resources to function, and the way these resources are used to serve all different functions of the city, and to which waste flows this leads, determines the metabolism of the body, and translated to urban flows, the urban metabolism. The first to point at the role that a flow, in this case the flow of water, plays in the urban fabric was Abel Wolman. He calculated the size of the water flows that flew through the city and dis- cussed how this flow could be managed more efficiently and more sustainable (Wolman, 1965). Some decades later the discussion about pollution of the urban environ- ment led to the need to understand the urban pollutants better and their influence on the flows of the city. Air could be polluted and could pollute soils and water, pol- luted water could pollute food systems and have a pro- found impact on human health. It was therefore essen- tial to develop understanding about how these flows in the city behaved, how big they were and how they influ- enced the quality of life, and how they produced waste streams in the form of pollution. An important insight was oExternal resources: 1- https://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=jest.2009.120.132 2- https://www.worldresearchlibrary.org/up_proc/pdf/1058-15083262781-13.pdf 3- Get a third resource about urban metabolism in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia