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Write the mini Review article on Effects of admixture and gene flow migration and the lack of population structure on the allele frequencies and genotypic distribution in the Arab Gulf countries keywords should include (Allele frequencies, Admixture, Population Genetics; Gene flow; Gulf countries; Saudi Arabia) - Words are not less than 500 words. - Accepted plagiarism (<15\%). - References section should be added in Alphabets by use endnote or Mendeley h  keywords should include (Allele frequencies, Admixture, Population Genetics; Gene flow; Gulf countries; Saudi Arabia) - Words are not less than 500 words. - Accepted plagiarism (<15\%). - References section should be added in Alphabets by use endnote or Mendeley  i upload some articles maybe help  you can use any articles related to my subjectgcsp-2014-054.pdf O P E N A C C E S S Review article Arab gene geography: From population diversities to personalized medical genomics Ghazi O. Tadmouri 1 , Konduru S. Sastry 2 , Lotfi Chouchane 2, * ABSTRACT Genetic disorders are not equally distributed over the geography of the Arab region. While a number of disorders have a wide geographical presence encompassing 10 or more Arab countries, almost half of these disorders occur in a single Arab country or population. Nearly, one-third of the genetic disorders in Arabs result from congenital malformations and chromosomal abnormalities, which are also responsible for a significant proportion of neonatal and perinatal deaths in Arab populations. Strikingly, about two-thirds of these diseases in Arab patients follow an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. High fertility rates together with increased consanguineous marriages, generally noticed in Arab populations, tend to increase the rates of genetic and congenital abnormalities. Many of the nearly 500 genes studied in Arab people revealed striking spectra of heterogeneity with many novel and rare mutations causing large arrays of clinical outcomes. In this review we provided an overview of Arab gene geography, and various genetic abnormalities in Arab populations, including disorders of blood, metabolic, circulatory and neoplasm, and also discussed their associated molecules or genes responsible for the cause of these disorders. Although studying Arab-specific genetic disorders resulted in a high value knowledge base, approximately 35\% of genetic diseases in Arabs do not have a defined molecular etiology. This is a clear indication that comprehensive research is required in this area to understand the molecular pathologies causing diseases in Arab populations. Keywords: Arab populations, neolithic, population genetics, gene geography, genetic disorders, neoplasms Cite this article as: Tadmouri GO, Sastry KS, Chouchane L. Arab gene geography: From population diversities to personalized medical genomics, Global Cardiology Science and Practice 2014:54 http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/gcsp.2014.54 http://dx.doi.org/ 10.5339/gcsp.2014.54 Submitted: 1 September 2014 Accepted: 11 December 2014 ª 2014 Tadmouri, Sastry & Chouchane, licensee Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Journals. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 Faculty of Public Health, Jinan University, Tripoli, Lebanon 2 Laboratory of Genetic Medicine and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar *Email: [email protected] A DEFINITION OF ‘ARAB POPULATIONS’ The term “Arabs” indicates a panethnicity of peoples of various ancestral origins, religious backgrounds, and historic identities. It is possible to define the geographical areCity and cosmology: genetics, health, and urban living in Dubai Aaron Parkhurst Department of Anthropology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom ARTICLE HISTORY Received 28 September 2017 Accepted 9 October 2017 ABSTRACT In light of increasingly high rates of diabetes, heart disease, and obesity among citizens of the Arabian Gulf, popular health discourse in the region has emphasised the emergent Arab genome as the primary etiological basis of major health conditions. However, after many years of public dissemination of genomic knowledge in the region, and widespread acceptance of this knowledge among Gulf Arab citizens, the rates of chronic illness continue to increase. This paper briefly explores the clash between indigenous Islamic knowledge systems and biomedical knowledge systems imported into the United Arab Emirates. It presents vignettes collected from interviews and participant observation in Dubai as part of nearly four years of ethnographic research, completed as part of the author’s doctoral work on ‘Anxiety and Identity in Southeast Arabia’. Rather than radically informing health seeking behaviours among many UAE citizens, the emphasis on the ‘Arab Genome’ has instead reconfirmed the authority of Bedouin cosmological understandings of disease, reshaping the language that people use to engage with their bodies and their health. Local cosmology remains a powerful discursive element that often operates in contention, in sometimes powerfully subtle ways, with novel health initiative regimes. For many people in the region, genomic information, as it is often discussed and propagated in the UAE, shares an intimate relationship with ideas of fate and national identity, and sometimes serves to mitigate the increasingly uncertain terms of engagement that people share between the body, their health, and rapidly changing urban landscapes. KEYWORDS Genetics; medical anthropology; chronic illness; fate; urban anthropology Introduction The underlying premise of this article extends from a simple, but profound anthropologi- cal critique in the practice of biomedicine in different societies. That is, when policy plan- ners and health professionals try to think through ideas of behaviour change that accompany much of the discourse on obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and global health in general, they need to take into account people’s perceptions or ideas of their ability to cre- ate bodily change for themselves in general. Medical anthropology has long emphasised the role of cultural landscapes and idiosyncrasies in producing powerful regimes of both CONTACT Aaron Parkhurst [email protected] © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group ANTHROPOLOGY & MEDICINE, 2018 VOL. 25, NO. 1, 68–84 https://doi.org/10.1080/13648470.2017.1398815 http://crossmarksupport.crossref.org/?doi=10.1080/13648470.2017.1398815&domain=pdf http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0762-0929 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0762-0929 mailto:[em1Department of Animal Biology-Anthropology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. 2Department of Biological Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan. 3Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan, and Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia. 4Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. *Correspondence to: Pedro Moral, Biodiversity Research Institute, Department of Animal Biology-Anthropology, University of Barcelona, Avenida Diagonal no. 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. E-mail: [email protected] KEY WORDS: alu insertion polymorphisms, jordan, bedouins, population genetics. Human Biology, Spring 2014, v. 86, no. 2, pp. 131–138. Copyright © 2014 Wayne State University Press, Detroit, Michigan 48201 Human Diversity in Jordan: Polymorphic Alu Insertions in General Jordanian and Bedouin Groups Daniela Zanetti,1 May Sadiq,2 Robert Carreras-Torres,1 Omar Khabour,3 Almuthanna Alkaraki,2 Esther Esteban,1 Marc Via,4 and Pedro Moral 1* abstract Jordan, located in the Levant region, is an area crucial for the investigation of human migration between Africa and Eurasia. However, the genetic history of Jordanians has yet to be clarified, including the origin of the Bedouins today resident in Jordan. Here, we provide new genetic data on autosomal independent markers in two Jordanian population samples (Bedouins and the general population) to begin to examine the genetic diversity inside this country and to provide new information about the genetic position of these populations in the context of the Mediterranean and Middle East area. The markers analyzed were 18 Alu polymorphic insertions characterized by their identity by descent, known ancestral state (lack of insertion), and apparent selective neutrality. The results indicate significant genetic diffferences between Bedouins and general Jordanians (p = 0.038). Whereas Bedouins show a close genetic proximity to North Africans, general Jordanians appear genetically more similar to other Middle East populations. In general, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that Bedouins had an important role in the peopling of Jordan and constitute the original substrate of the current population. However, migration into Jordan in recent years likely has contributed to the diversity among current Jordanian population groups. The State of Jordan emerged in 1946 as the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan when Britain and France divided the Middle East after World War II. Since 1948 it has offficially been known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Jor- dan is a predominantly Arab nation, whose capital and largest city is Amman. It is located on the East Bank of the Jordan River and the Dead Sea and borders Palestine and Israel states to the west, Syria to the north, Saudi Arabia to the south and east, and Iraq to the northeast. Because of its Gene 592 (2016) 239–243 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Gene journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gene Review The Arab genome: Health and wealth Hatem Zayed College of Health and Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Department, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar E-mail address: [email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2016.07.007 0378-1119/© 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V. a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 21 June 2016 Accepted 3 July 2016 Available online 5 July 2016 The 22 Arab nations have a unique genetic structure, which reflects both conserved and diverse gene pools due to the prevalent endogamous and consanguineous marriage culture and the long history of admixture among dif- ferent ethnic subcultures descended from the Asian, European, and African continents. Human genome sequenc- ing has enabled large-scale genomic studies of different populations and has become a powerful tool for studying disease predictions and diagnosis. Despite the importance of the Arab genome for better understanding the dy- namics of the human genome, discovering rare genetic variations, and studying early human migration out of Africa, it is poorly represented in human genome databases, such as HapMap and the 1000 Genomes Project. In this review, I demonstrate the significance of sequencing the Arab genome and setting an Arab genome reference(s) for better understanding the molecular pathogenesis of genetic diseases, discovering novel/rare var- iants, and identifying a meaningful genotype-phenotype correlation for complex diseases. © 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V. Keywords: Arab countries Human genome sequencing Whole exome sequencing Consanguinity Endogamous marriage Novel genes Novel variants Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 2. The Arab world. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 2.1. Inbred Arab communities and rare variants discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 3. The Arab genome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 3.1. Discovery of novel disease-causing genes and the Arab genome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 3.2. Arab efforts in genome sequencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 3.3. The Arab genome and the “Out of Africa” theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 3.4. Benefits of sequencing the Arab genome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .