Fluent Essays

I have to write on the article “The a Common Heritage” it has to consist of 3 paragraphs and 250 word. I also have to write on the”UNCLOS” article that’ll consist of 100 words. I will prove a screenshot of the question for the articles below. and the links for the reading.http://wealthofthecommons.org/essay/common-heritage-mankind-bold-doctrine-kept-within-strict-boundaries eb547b6c_c5de_4409_84e5_31d36ec6e370.jpeg .pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview 7 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea CONTENTS Page PREAMBLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 PART I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Article 1. PART II. Use of terms and scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 TERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONE . . . . . . . . 23 SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 2. Legal status of the territorial sea, of the air space over the territorial sea and of its bed and subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION 2. LIMITS OF THE TERRITORIAL SEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 3. Breadth of the territorial sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 4. Outer limit of the territorial sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 5. Normal baseline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 6. Reefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 7. Straight baselines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 8. Internal waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 9. Mouths of rivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 10. Bays ........ Article 11. Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 12. Roadsteads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 13. Low-tide elevations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 14. Combination of methods for determining baselines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 15. Delimitation of the territorial sea between States with opposite or adjacent coasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 16. Charts and lists of geographical coordinates . . . . . . SECTION 3. INNOCENT PASSAGE IN THE TERRITORIAL SEA . . . . . SUBSECTION A. RULES APPLICABLE TO ALL SHIPS . . . . . . . . . Article 17. Right of innocent passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 18. Meaning of passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 19. Meaning of innocent passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 20. Submarines and other underwater vehicles . . . . . . . Article 21. Laws and regulations of the coastal State relating to innocent passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 22. Sea lanes and traffic separation schemes in the territorial sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 23. Foreign nuclear-powered ships and ships carrying nuclear or other inherently 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 8 dangerous or noxious substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Article 24. Duties of the coastal State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Article 25. Rights of protection of the coastal State . . . . . . . . . 29 Article 26. Charges which may be levied upon foreign ships . . 29 SUBSECTION B. RULES APPLICABLE TO MERCHANT SHIPS AND GOVERNMENT SHIPS O P E R A T E D F O R COMMERCIAL PURPOSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Article 27. Criminal jurisdiction on board a foreign ship . . . . . 30 Article 28. Civil jurisdiction in relation to foreign ships . . . . . . 30 SUBSECTION C. RULES APPLICABLE TO WARSHIPS AND OTHER GOVERNMENT SHIPS OPERATED FOR NON-COMMERCIAL PURPOSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Article 29. Definition of warships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Article 30. Non-compliance by warships with the laws and regulations of the coastal State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Article 31. Responsibility of the flag State for damage caused by a warship o r o ther government ship operated for non-commercial purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Article 32. Immunities of warships and other government ships o p e r a t e d f o r non-commercial purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 SECTION 4. CONTIGUOUS ZONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Article 33. Contiguous zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 PART III. STRAITS USED FOR INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 34. Legal status of waters forming straits used for international navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 35. Scope of this Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 36. High seas routes or routes through exclusive economic zones through straits used for international navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION 2. TRANSIT PASSAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 37. Scope of this section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 38. Right of transit passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 39. Duties of ships and aircraft during transit passage . . Article 40. Research and survey activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 41. Sea lanes and traffic separation schemes in straits 32 32 32 32 33 33 33 33 34 9 used for international navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 42. Laws and regulations of States bordering straits relating to transit passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 43. Navigational and safety aids and other improvements and the prevention, reduction and control of pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 44. Duties of States bordering straits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION 3. INNOCENT PASSAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 45. Innocent passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART IV. 35 35 35 36 36 ARCHIPELAGIC STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Article 46. Article 47. Article 48. Article 49. Article 50. Article 51. Article 52. Article 53. Article 54. PART V. 34 Use of terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Archipelagic baselines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measurement of the breadth of the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legal status of archipelagic waters, of the air space over archipelagic waters and of their bed and subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delimitation of internal waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Existin g agreements, traditional fishing rights and existing submarine cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Right of innocent passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Right of archipelagic sea lanes passage . . . . . . . . . . Duties of ships and aircraft during their passage, research and survey activities, duties of the archipelagic State and laws and regulations of the archipelagic State relating to archipelagic sea lanes passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 36 37 37 37 38 38 38 39 EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Article 55. Article 56. Article 57. Specific legal regime of the exclusive economic zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Rights, jurisdiction and duties of the coastal State in the exclusive economic zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Breadth of the exclusive economic zone . . . . . . . . . 40 10 Article 58. Article 59. Article 60. Article 61. Article 62. Article 63. Article 64. Article 65. Article 66. Article 67. Article 68. Article 69. Article 70. Article 71. Article 72. Article 73. Article 74. Article 75. PART VI. Rights and duties of other States in the exclusive economic zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basis for the resolution of conflicts regarding the attribution of rights and jurisdiction in the exclusive economic zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Artificial islands, installations and structures in the exclusive economic zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conservation of the living resources . . . . . . . . . . . . Utilization of the living resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stocks occurring within the exclusive economic zones of two or more coastal States or both within the exclusive economic zone and in an area beyond and adjacent to it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highly migratory species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marine mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anadromous stocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Catadromous species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sedentary species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Right of land-locked States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Right of geographically disadvantaged States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-applicability of articles 69 and 70 . . . . . . . . . . Restrictions on transfer of rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enforcement of laws and regulations of the coastal State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delimitation of the exclusive economic zone between States with opposite or adjacent coasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Charts and lists of geographical coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 41 41 42 43 44 44 44 45 45 46 46 47 48 48 48 49 49 CONTINENTAL SHELF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Article 76. Article 77. Article 78. Article 79. Definition of the continental shelf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf. 51 Legal statu s of th e superjacent waters and air space and the rights and freedoms of other States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Submarine cables and pipelines on the continental shelf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 11 Article 80. Article 81. Article 82. Article 83. Article 84. Article 85. Artificial islands, installations and structures on the continental shelf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drilling on the continental shelf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payments and contributions with respect to the exploitation of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delimitation of the continental shelf between States with opposite or adjacent coasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Charts and lists of geographical coordinates . . . . . . Tunnelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 52 52 52 53 53 PART VII. HIGH SEAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 86. Application of the provisions of this Part . . . . . . . . Article 87. Freedom of the high seas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 88. Reservation of the high seas for peaceful purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 89. Invalidity of claims of sovereignty over the high seas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 90. Right of navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 91. Nationality of ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 92. Status of ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 93. Ships flying the flag of the United Nations, its specialized agencies and the I n ternational At o mi c Energy Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 94. Duties of the flag State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 95. Immunity of warships on the high seas . . . . . . . . . . Article 96. Immunity of ships used only on government non-commercial service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 97. Penal jurisdiction in matters of collision or any other incident of navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 98. Duty to render assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 99. Prohibition of the transport of slaves . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 100. Duty to cooperate in the repression of piracy . . . . . Article 101. Definition of piracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 102. Piracy by a warship, go ver nment ship o r government aircraft whose crew has mutinied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 103. Definition of a pirate ship or aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 53 53 54 54 54 54 54 55 55 56 56 56 56 57 57 57 58 58 12 Article 104. Retention or loss of the nationality of a pirate ship or aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 105. Seizure of a pirate ship or aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 106. Liability for seizure without adequate grounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 107. Ships and aircraft which are entitled to seize on account of piracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 108. Illicit traffic in narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 109. Unauthorized broadcasting from the high seas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 110. Right of visit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 111. Right of hot pursuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 112. Right to lay submarine cables and pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 113. Breaking or injury of a submarine cable or pipeline ......................................... Article 114. Breaking or injury by owners of a submarine cable or pipeline of another submarine cable or pipeline ......................................... Article 115. Indemnity for loss incurred in avoiding injury to a submarine cable or pipeline ......................................... SECTION 2. CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE LIVING RESOURCES OF THE HIGH SEAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 116. Right to fish on the high seas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 117. Duty of States to adopt with respect to their nationals measures for the conservation of the living resources of the high seas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 118. Cooperation of States in the conservation and management of living resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 119. Conservation of the living resources of the high seas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 120. Marine mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART VIII. 58 58 58 58 59 59 59 60 61 61 61 61 62 62 62 62 62 63 REGIME OF ISLANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Article 121. Regime of islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 13 PART IX. ENCLOSED OR SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Article 122. Article 123. PART X. RIGHT OF ACCESS OF LAND-LOCKED STATES TO AND FROM THE SEA AND FREEDOM OF TRANSIT . . . . 64 Article 124. Article 125. Article 126. Article 127. Article 128. Article 129. Article 130. Article 131. Article 132. PART XI. Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Cooperation of States bordering enclosed or semi-enclosed seas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Use of terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Right of access to and from the sea and freedom of transit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exclusion of application of the most-favoured-nation clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customs duties, taxes and other charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Free zones and other customs facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cooperation in the construction and improvement of means of transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measures to avoid or eliminate delays or other difficulties of a technical nature in traffic in transit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equal treatment in maritime ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grant of greater transit facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 65 65 65 65 65 66 66 66 THE AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 SECTION l. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 133. Use of terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 134. Scope of this Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 135. Legal status of the superjacent waters and air space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION 2. PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE AREA . . . . . . . . . Article 136. Common heritage of mankind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 137. Legal status of the Area and its resources . . . . . . . . Article 138. General conduct of States in relation to the Area . . . Article 139. Responsibility to ensure compliance and liability for damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 140. Benefit of mankind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 141. Use of the Area exclusively for peaceful purposes . Article 142. Rights and legitimate interests of coastal States . . . Article 143. Marine scientific research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 66 66 67 67 67 67 67 67 68 68 68 69 14 Article 144. Article 145. Article 146. Article 147. Transfer of technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protection of the marine environment . . . . . . . . . . . Protection of human life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accommodation of activities in the Area and in the marine environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 148. Participation of developing States in activities in the Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 149. Archaeological and historical objects . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION 3. DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES OF THE AREA . . Article 150. Policies relating to activities in the Area . . . . . . . . . Article 151. Production policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 152. Exercise of powers and functions by the Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 153. System of exploration and exploitation . . . . . . . . . . Article 154. Periodic review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 155. The Review Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION 4. THE AUTHORITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SUBSECTION A. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 156. Establishment of the Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 157. Nature and fundamental principles of the Authority . . . . . . . . ... Purchase answer to see full attachment