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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Karen Dunbar Kareiva Ivy Tech Community College © Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images Chapter 6 Part A Bones and Skeletal Tissue 1 Why This Matters Understanding bone anatomy and the process of bone remodeling allows you to work effectively with patients with bone diseases such as osteoporosis © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6.1 Skeletal Cartilages The human skeleton initially consists of just cartilage, which is replaced by bone, except in areas requiring flexibility © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Basic Structure, Types, and Locations Skeletal cartilage: made of highly resilient, molded cartilage tissue that consists primarily of water Contains no blood vessels or nerves Perichondrium: layer of dense connective tissue surrounding cartilage like a girdle Helps cartilage resist outward expansion Contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage Cartilage is made up of chondrocytes, cells encased in small cavities (lacunae) within jelly-like extracellular matrix © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Basic Structure, Types, and Locations (cont.) Three types of cartilage: Hyaline cartilage Provides support, flexibility, and resilience Most abundant type; contains collagen fibers only Articular (joints), costal (ribs), respiratory (larynx), nasal cartilage (nose tip) Elastic cartilage Similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers External ear and epiglottis Fibrocartilage Thick collagen fibers: has great tensile strength Menisci of knee; vertebral discs © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Epiglottis Larynx Cartilage in external ear Cartilages in nose Trachea Cartilage in intervertebral disc Respiratory tube cartilages in neck and thorax Pubic symphysis Meniscus (padlike cartilage in knee joint) Cartilages Articular cartilage of a joint Articular cartilage of a joint Costal cartilage Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Lung Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Bones of skeleton Hyaline cartilages Elastic cartilages Fibrocartilages Figure 6.1 The bones and cartilages of the human skeleton. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Epiglottis Larynx Cartilage in external ear Cartilages in nose Trachea Cartilage in intervertebral disc Respiratory tube cartilages in neck and thorax Pubic symphysis Meniscus (padlike cartilage in knee joint) Cartilages Articular cartilage of a joint Articular cartilage of a joint Costal cartilage Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Lung Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Bones of skeleton Hyaline cartilages Elastic cartilages Fibrocartilages Figure 6.1 The bones and cartilages of the human skeleton. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.8i Connective tissues. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Cartilage: fibrocartilage Description: Matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate. Function: Tensile strength allows it to absorb cA and P I Chapter 6 Bones and skeletal tissues 1. Skeletal cartilages- a. functions- b. anatomy-perichondrium- chondrocytes- lacunae- extracellular matrix- 2. Types of cartilages- a. hyaline- e.g. b. elastic- e.g. c. fibrocartilage- e.g. 3. Growth of cartilage- a. appositional growth- b. interstitial growth- 3. Bones-206 bones a. functions- b. 2 divisions of the skeleton- 1) axial skeleton- 2) appendicular skeleton- 4. shape of bones- a. long bones- e.g. 2) short bones- e.g. 3) flat bones- e.g. 4) irregular bones- e.g. 5. Gross anatomy of bones- a. textures- 1) compact bone- 2) spongy bone- b. structure of short, irregular and flat bones- c. structure of a long bone- 1) diaphysis- 2) epiphysis- epiphyseal line- epiphyseal plate- 3) membranes- periosteum- outer layer- inner layer- cells of inner layer- perforation fibers- endosteum- nutrient artery and vein, nerves- nutrient foramen- d. bone marrow- red marrow- yellow marrow- locations- e. bone markings- 1) projections- 2) surfaces- 3) depressions and openings- 6. Microscopic anatomy of bone-5 cell types- a. osteogenic cells- b. osteoblasts- c. osteocytes- d. bone lining cells- e. osteoclasts- f. compact bone- 1) osteon- 2) lamellae- 3) central or Haversian canal- 4) perforation or Volkmann’s canal- 5) lacunae- 6) canaliculi- 7) interstitial lamellae- 8) circumferential lamellae- g. spongy bone-no osteons 1) trabeculae- 2) lamellae- 3) canaliculi- 7. Mineral composition of bone- a. organic components- 1) cells- 2) osteoid- sacrificial bonds- b. inorganic components- 1) hydroxyapatites- 8. Formation of bone- a. endochondral ossification- b. intramembranous ossification- c. postnatal bone growth- d. hormone regulation of bone growth- 1) growth hormone- 2) thyroid hormone- 3) sex hormones- 9. Bone remodeling- a. bone reabsorption- b. bone deposition- c. control of remodeling- 1) hormones- 2) mechanical stress- 10. Bone repair- a. fracture classification- 1) position of bone- displaced- non-displaced- 2) completeness of break- complete- incomplete- 3) penetration of skin- open- closed- 4) other classification-depends on location or external appearance or nature of break- comminuted- spiral- depressed- compression- epiphyseal- greenstick- b. fracture repair- reduction- repair occurs in 4 steps- 1) hematoma forms- 2) fibrocartilaginous callus forms- 3) bony callus forms- 4) bone remodeling- 2© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Karen Dunbar Kareiva Ivy Tech Community College © Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images Chapter 6 Part B Bones and Skeletal Tissue 6.5 Bone Development Ossification (osteogenesis) is the process of bone tissue formation Formation of bony skeleton begins in month 2 of development Postnatal bone growth occurs until early adulthood Bone remodeling and repair are lifelong © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Formation of the Bony Skeleton Up to about week 8, fibrous membranes and hyaline cartilage of fetal skeleton are replaced with bone tissue Endochondral ossification Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage Bones are called cartilage (endochondral) bones Form most of skeleton Intramembranous ossification Bone develops from fibrous membrane Bones are called membrane bones © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Formation of the Bony Skeleton (cont.) Endochondral ossification Forms essentially all bones inferior to base of skull, except clavicles Begins late in month 2 of development Uses previously formed hyaline cartilage models Requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification Begins at primary ossification center in center of shaft Blood vessels infiltrate perichondrium, converting it to periosteum Mesenchymal cells specialize into osteoblasts © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Formation of the Bony Skeleton (cont.) Five main steps in the process of ossification: Bone collar forms around diaphysis of cartilage model Central cartilage in diaphysis calcifies, then develops cavities Periosteal bud invades cavities, leading to formation of spongy bone Bud is made up of blood vessels, nerves, red marrow, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Formation of the Bony Skeleton (cont.) Five main steps in the process of ossification (cont.): Diaphysis elongates, and medullary cavity forms Secondary ossification centers appear in epiphyses Epiphyses ossify Hyaline cartilage remains only in epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.8 Endochondral ossification in a long bone. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Week 9 Hyaline cartilage Primary ossification center Bone collar 1 Bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model. 1 Slide 2 Figure 6.8 Endochondral ossification in a long bone. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Week 9 Area of deteriorating cartilage matrix Hyaline cartilage Primary ossification center Bone collar 1 Bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model. Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities. 1 2 Slide 3 Figure 6.8 Endochondral ossification in a long bone. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Month 3 Week 9 Area of deteriorating cartilage matrix Hyaline cartilage Spongy bone formation Blood vessel of periosteal bud Primary ossification center Bone collar 1 Bone collar forms arounA and P I Chapter 8 Joints 1. Definition-articulation or joint- 2. Function of joints- 3. Structural classification of joints- a. fibrous joints- 3 types- 1) sutures- e.g. 2) syndesmoses- e.g. 3) gomphoses e.g. b. cartilaginous joints- 2 types- 1) synchondroses- e.g. 2) symphyses- e.g. c. synovial joints- 6 features- 1) articular capsule- 2) joint cavity- 3) articular capsule- 4) synovial fluid- 5) ligaments- 6) nerves and blood vessels- features in some synovial joints- articular discs- bursa- tendon sheaths- e.g. 4. Movement of synovial joints- origin- insertion- a. gliding movements- e.g. b. angular movements- 1) flexion- e.g. 2) extension- e.g. hyperextension- 3) abduction- e.g. 4) adduction- e.g. 5) circumduction- e.g. c. rotation- e.g. d. special movements- supination- pronation- e.g. 2) dorsiflexion- plantar flexion- e.g. 3) inversion- eversion- e.g. 4) protraction- retraction- e.g. 5) elevation- depression- e.g. 6) opposition- e.g. 5. Types of synovial joints- 6 types a. plane joint- e.g. b. hinge joint- e.g. c. pivot joint- e.g. d. condylar joint- e.g. e. saddle joint- e.g. f. ball and socket joint- e.g. 2© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Karen Dunbar Kareiva Ivy Tech Community College © Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images Chapter 8 Part A Joints Why This Matters Understanding the nature of joints will help you treat patients with injuries such as ankle sprains © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 8.1 Classification of Joints Joints, also called articulations: sites where two or more bones meet Functions of joints: give skeleton mobility and hold skeleton together Two classifications: Structural: three types based on what material binds the joints and whether a cavity is present Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 8.1 Classification of Joints Functional classifications: three types based on movement joint allows Synarthroses: immovable joints Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints Diarthroses: freely movable joints Structural classifications are more clear cut, so these will be used here © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 8.2 Fibrous Joints Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue No joint cavity Most are immovable Depends on length of connective tissue fibers Three types of fibrous joints Sutures Syndesmoses Gomphoses © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Sutures Rigid, interlocking joints of skull Allow for growth during youth Contain short connective tissue fibers that allow for expansion In middle age, sutures ossify and fuse Immovable joints join skull into one unit that protects brain Closed, immovable sutures referred to as synostoses © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.1a Fibrous joints. Suture Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. Found only in the skull. Suture line Fibrous connective tissue © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Syndesmoses Bones connected by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue Fiber length varies, so movement varies Short fibers offer little to no movement Example: inferior tibiofibular joint Longer fibers offer a larger amount of movement Example: interosseous membrane connecting radius and ulna © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.1b Fibrous joints. Syndesmosis Joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures. Fibula Tibia Ligament © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Gomphoses Peg-in-socket joints Only examples are the teeth in alveolar sockets Fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament Holds tooth in socket © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.1c Fibrous joints. Gomphosis “Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket. Socket of alveolar process Root of tooth Periodontal ligament © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 8.3 Cartilaginous Joints Bones united by cartilage Like fibrous joints, have no joint cavity Not highly movable Two types Synchondroses Symphyses © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Synchondroses Bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones Almost all are