Fluent Essays

HIST 318 – HISTORY OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN AMERICAN CITIES SPRING 2021 MIDTERM EXAMINATION (UNITS 1-5) DUE DATE: SATURDAY, MARCH 13, 2021 (NO EXCEPTIONS) INSTRUCTIONS (PLEASE READ CAREFULLY) 1. OPEN BOOK: This exam is “open book,” which means you are permitted to use the course PowerPoint slides for UNITS 1-5, your own class notes, the readings shared in class, and anything on the course’s Blackboard page. 2. UNACCOMPANIED: The exam must be taken completely alone. Showing it or discussing it with anyone is forbidden . You may not consult with any other person regarding the exam. You may not check your exam answers with any person. 3. NO EXTERNAL SOURCES: You may not consult any external resources. This means no internet searches , materials from other classes or books or any notes you have taken in other classes, etc. You MAY NOT use GOOGLE, BING or any other search engines for any reason. You may not use any shared Google documents. 4. PLAGIARISM: Copying and pasting answers from other students (past and present) or websites such as Wikipedia.com, History.com, Blackpast.org, Britannica.com or others will cause you to FAIL this exam. 5. TIME MANAGEMENT: Please take time to read each question carefully and avoid leaving blank answers. Giving yourself ample time to complete this exam is highly suggested. Waiting until the night before or the morning of to begin this exam in not recommended. 6. QUESTIONS: All questions regarding this exam should be directed to Dr. Dupree-Wilson at [email protected] only. 7. SUBMISSION: Your exam must be typed and submitted through the Exams Tab on Blackboard in Microsoft WORD format by Saturday, March 13, 2021 at 11:59 PM. IF THE BLACKBOARD SYSTEM IS DOWN, YOU MAY ALSO EMAIL YOUR EXAM TO DR. DUPREE-WILSON. GOOD LUCK!!! NAME: __________________________________ Part I. Short Answer. In 2-3 COMPLETE sentences, describe each of the individuals, terms or phrases listed below. You MAY NOT use GOOGLE, BING or any other search engines for any reason. (3 points each) 1. Plessy v. Ferguson – 2. The Convict Lease System – 3. The Grandfather Clause – 4. The Chicago Defender – 5. The film The Birth of a Nation – 6. Philip Anthony Payton, Jr. – 7. The Cotton Club – 8. Negrotarians – 9. The Black Chicago Renaissance – 10. “The Negro Movement” – 11. Adella Bond – 12. Chicago’s Negro Dance Group – 13. Palmer Hayden – 14. Red Summer – 15. The Greenwood Section of Tulsa, OK – 16. East St. Louis, IL Riots – 17. Archibald J. Motley, Jr. – 18. Dr. Ossain Sweet – 19.The New Orleans Riot of 1900 – 20. The Sharecropping System – 21. The Tenderloin in New York City – 22. Bedford–Stuyvesant – 23. The Second Wave of the Great Migration – 24. Belle Isle Amusement Park – 25. James Van Der Zee– Part II. Image ID. Please write the correct name of the African American figures of the Harlem Renaissance below,HISTORY OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN AMERICAN CITIES “PUSH FACTORS”: CONDITIONS IN THE SOUTH PRIOR TO MIGRATION HIST 318 THE ISSUE OF CIVIL RIGHTS BLACKS IN PUBLIC SPACES African Americans were victims of racial discrimination when they tried to use public transportations and accommodations Many “whites only” businesses began to accept black patrons after blacks began to boycott and protest against their them Proposed laws that would protect blacks from discrimination in public accommodations were blocked by most politicians THE ISSUE OF CIVIL RIGHTS THE FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT Constitutional amendment, which was ratified in 1870 This amendment gave African American men the right to vote Northern black men were the amendment’s immediate beneficiaries because before its adoption, black men could vote in only eight northern states The amendment said nothing about women or outlawing poll taxes and literacy tests DISFRANCHISEMENT EVADING THE 15th AMENDMENT Southern Democrats looked for “legal” ways to prevent black men from voting They relied on literacy tests, poll taxes and property qualifications They also used violence to deter the black vote DISFRANCHISEMENT MISSISSIPPI Changed laws to do away with the black vote Imposed poll taxes, proof of residency, etc. “Black crimes” (stealing, arson, bigamy, etc.) convicts could not vote; “White crimes” (murder, rape, etc.) could vote; SOUTH CAROLINA Followed Mississippi’s lead on preventing black voting Changed the state constitution DISFRANCHISEMENT THE GRANDFATHER CLAUSE First enacted in Louisiana in 1898 Used in multiple southern states Only men who were eligible to vote before 1867 or whose father or grandfather had been eligible to vote in 1867, would be qualified to vote This law immediately suppressed almost all black voters SEGREGATION “JIM CROW” The system of segregation that expanded in the South Restricted blacks from using certain public facilities (stores, shops, parks, trains, hotels, etc.) Some felt that segregation was better than exclusion SEGREGATION ON THE RAILROADS The first segregation laws involved passenger trains Blacks had to ride in black passenger cars, which were dirty, and smoke filled SEGREGATION PLESSY V. FERGUSON (1896) Homer Plessy, a black man who looked like a white man, was arrested after refusing to leave the “whites only” train car Plessy sued arguing that his 14th Amendment (equal protection under the law) rights had been violated; Plessy lost his case In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court legalized segregation by establishing the “separate but equal” doctrine SEGREGATION STREETCAR SEGREGATION Main mode of public transportation in most cities Streetcar segregation resulted in protests and boycotts by the black community Most blacks refused to ride segregated cars and chose to walk or take horse-drawn hacks SEGREGATION PROLIFERATES “White” and “colored” signs began to appear in public spaces (railroad stations, restHISTORY OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN AMERICAN CITIES THE GREAT MIGRATION: THE FIRST WAVE HIST 318 THE FIRST WAVE BLACKS LEAVING THE SOUTH In the late 19th century, over 90\% of America’s black population lived in the South During the first wave of the migration (from 1910 to the 1940s), the African American population increased by 40\% in northern cities as a result of mass migration Detroit, Philadelphia, Chicago, Cleveland, Baltimore, and New York City had the largest black population increases in the early part of the 20th century THE FIRST WAVE WORLD WAR I When World War I broke out in Europe in 1914, industrialized urban areas in the North, Midwest and West faced a shortage of industrial laborers With war production kicking into high gear, recruiters enticed African Americans to come the North, to the dismay of white Southerners Black newspapers like the Chicago Defender, published advertisements touting the opportunities available in the cities of the North and West, along with first-person accounts of success FROM FIELD TO FACTORY “PULL FACTORS” Blacks were “pulled” to cities by factors that attracted them Wanted job opportunities, where they could earn a wage rather than be tied to a landlord Men wanted a chance to vote without the threat of violence Many lacked funds to move north, but factory owners and businesses that sought cheap labor assisted the migration Men usually moved first then sent for their families once they settled Racism and a lack of formal education relegated black workers to lower-paying unskilled or semi-skilled occupations FROM FIELD TO FACTORY INDUSTRIAL JOBS FOR BLACK MEN Thousands of African Americans were recruited for industrial jobs More than 80\% of African American men worked menial jobs in steel mills, mines, construction, and meat packing Many gained jobs related to the expansion of the Pennsylvania Railroad In the railroad industry, they were often employed as porters or servants; in other businesses, they worked as janitors, waiters, or cooks FROM FIELD TO FACTORY JOBS FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN Black women, who faced discrimination due to both their race and gender, found work in the North as well Were employed in the garment industry, but were more often employed as maids and domestic servants Black women reshaped modern domestic work Instead of living with their employers, black domestic workers went home to their families at the end of the day In many ways, this transformation of domestic work into a day job helped redefine domestic labor in the modern era as a visible form of labor, like factory work or sales work FROM FIELD TO FACTORY HIGHER WAGES Regardless of the status of their jobs, African American men and women earned higher wages in the North than they did for the same occupations in the South Many were able to save wages to help family members who remained in the South African Americans typically found housing to be more available RACISM IN THE NORTH AND WEST TETHE HARLEM RENAISSANCE HISTORY OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN AMERICAN CITIES HIST 318 THE “NEW NEGRO MOVEMENT” THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE The Harlem Renaissance was an intellectual, social, and artistic explosion centered in Harlem, New York, spanning the 1920s Explosion of creative arts Known as the New Negro Movement” Harlem became known as the “Race Capital of the World THE “NEW NEGRO MOVEMENT” MIGRATION TO NEW YORK Racial violence in the Jim Crow South led to the mass migration of African Americans to New York City Black migrants in New York primarily came from the Carolinas, Georgia and Florida The arrival of black migrants coincided with the transition of the center of black life in the city from other boroughs to Harlem THE TENDERLOIN Roots of black artistic talent planted in Manhattan’s Tenderloin neighborhood Home to most of city’s 60,000 black residents By 1914, middle-class blacks from the area started moving to Harlem, which had been primarily white THE MARSHALL HOTEL Spot for black artists to network, mentor, and collaborate 4 THE “NEW NEGRO MOVEMENT” 4 THE “NEW NEGRO MOVEMENT” PHILIP ANTHONY PAYTON, JR. An African-American real estate entrepreneur Known as the “Father of Harlem”, due to his work renting properties to African Americans in the Harlem section of Manhattan, New York Payton founded the Philip A. Payton Jr. Company and bought and managed Harlem real estate for black tenants His rental properties led to the “blackening” of Harlem, which laid the foundation for the Harlem Renaissance BLACK WRITERS Central Harlem Renaissance figures; bodies of work contain both racial and nonracial subject matter Claude McKay Alain Locke Jean Toomer Countee Cullen McKay, Locke, Toomer and Cullen’s work became the gold standard for black literature BLACKS IN THE ARTS 6 LANGSTON HUGHES (POET) Wrote in various genres; incorporated jazz and blues rhythms Admired black vernacular culture; tackled politically charged and leftist themes HARLEM RENAISSANCE WOMEN Jessie Redmond Fauset – universal qualities among races Nella Larsen – questioned “Talented Tenth” Zora Neal Hurston – anthropologist and literary modernist BLACKS IN THE ARTS 7 THE NEGROTARIANS WHITE PEOPLE AND THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE Many whites took an interest in Harlem Nicknamed “Negrotarians” by Zora Neale Hurston Referred to Harlem as “Nigger Heaven” White supporters; financial backing Saw black culture as unsophisticated and primitive, but interesting Harlem inhabitants - exotic, curious, and uncivilized HARLEM AND THE AGE OF JAZZ THE COTTON CLUB Harlem’s most exclusive and fashionable nightspot Opened during the era of Prohibition (18th Amendment); owned by Owney Madden, a white gangster and member of the mob The club’s entertainers and waiters were black but black patrons were not permitted; white customers only Performers included Cab Calloway and Duke Ellington NATIONAL AND LIVE BROADCAST RADIO Radio introduced black talent and eTHE BLACK MIGRATION AND RACE RIOTS (1910-1945) HISTORY OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN AMERICAN CITIES HIST 318 RACIAL TENSION IN NORTHERN CITIES RACE RIOTS During the Great Migration, cities across the North were reshaped by the presence of African Americans By 1919, about 1 million African Americans had fled segregation and a lack of economic opportunities in the South for northern cities During the first wave of the migration, the black population in Chicago grew by 148\% and in Philadelphia by 500\%, creating massive anxiety among white people in northern cities that black people were taking jobs, housing, and security from them White fear of black migration led to race riots and violent attacks against blacks in northern cities RACIAL TENSION IN NORTHERN CITIES EAST ST. LOUIS, IL RIOTS (1917) Black workers were hired to replace white workers who had gone on strike Angry white mobs drove through black neighborhoods firing guns at random black citizens and burning black homes Lynched random black people (men, women and children) RACIAL TENSION IN NORTHERN CITIES PHILADELPHIA RIOTS (1918) Began on July 26, 1918, two days after an African American woman, Adella Bond, moved into her new home in a primarily white area of South Philadelphia On the evening of the July 26, a large crowd of white people gathered outside Bond’s home to force her out As tensions rose within the crowd, someone threw a rock through Bond’s window Bond responded by firing a pistol into the air to call for help from the police but she unintentionally hit and injured a member of the Irish white mob outside her home Led to four days of rioting and white violence against blacks Adella Bond RED SUMMER (1919) RED SUMMER (1919) Deadliest summer in American history 26 urban race riots in various American cities Race relations tense due to continued black migration African American migration from the South also resulted in competition with whites for jobs RED SUMMER (1919) ATTACKS ON BLACK SOLDIERS The racist attacks in 1919 were widespread, and often indiscriminate In many places, they were initiated by white servicemen and centered upon the 380,000 black veterans who had just returned from World War I Because of their military service, black veterans were seen as a particular threat to Jim Crow and racial subordination RED SUMMER (1919) WASHINGTON, D.C. RIOTS Mob violence against black individuals and businesses perpetrated by white men, in response to the rumored arrest of a black man for rape of a white woman Led to 4 days of rioting; flames fueled by main stream press White men rioted, randomly beat black people on the street, and pulled others off streetcars for attacks When police refused to intervene, the black population fought back The city closed saloons and theaters to discourage assemblies After four days of police inaction, President Woodrow Wilson mobilized the National Guard to restore order RED SUMMER (1919) CHICAGO RIOTS Most serious racialTHE GREAT MIGRATION: THE SECOND WAVE (1940-1970) HISTORY OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN AMERICAN CITIES HIST 318 THE SECOND WAVE OF THE GREAT MIGRATION THE SECOND WAVE Much like the first wave of the Great Migration, the second wave had a major impact on the lives of African Americans The second migration was much larger in scale The effects of the second migration precipitated a more enduring transformation of American life, for both blacks and whites The economy, jobs, and racial discrimination remained top factors for black migration to the North THE SECOND WAVE OF THE GREAT MIGRATION EXODUS The advent of World War II contributed to an exodus out of the South, with 1.5 million African Americans leaving during the 1940s This pattern of migration would continue at that pace for the next twenty years The result would be the increased urbanization of the African American population Fewer blacks worked in agriculture or domestic labor; occupations by which the black race had previously, and solely, been characterized THE SECOND WAVE OF THE GREAT MIGRATION THE WEST During the Second Great Migration, not only the Northeast and Midwest continued to be the destination of more than 5 million African Americans, but also the West as well Cities like Los Angeles, Oakland, Phoenix, Portland, and Seattle offered skilled jobs in the defense industry and attracted large black populations Jobs in the West also offered higher pay, which, attracted even more migrants ECONOMIC FACTORS ECONOMIC DEPRIVATION During the 1940s, many black southerners were still trapped in the predatory agricultural system of sharecropping Because of segregation, black men were placed in unskilled jobs and women were placed in domestic services The introduction of the mechanical cotton picker and other forms of farm mechanization reduced the demand for unskilled labor in southern agriculture These conditions were a powerful incentive for African American southerners to leave and go look for opportunity elsewhere THE IMPACT OF WORLD WAR II WORLD WAR II Resulted in labor shortages due to millions of people enlisting or being drafted into active military service As a result of the labor shortage, northern and western employers began recruiting southern blacks to keep up with the country’s labor demands Employers in the North and West offered competitive salaries to entice African Americans to help fill the labor shortage THE IMPACT OF WORLD WAR II THE WARTIME ECONOMY The mobilization of the American wartime economy in 1942 produced more than $100 billion in government contracts in just 6 months Created a plethora of new job opportunities in the North, the predominant area of manufacturing Industrial hubs such as New York City, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Chicago, and Detroit were attractive due to the number of jobs available to blacks During World War II, over 1 million African Americans would join the workforce THE IMPACT OF WORLD WAR II THE TRANSFORMATION