Fluent Essays

(Please be very detailed with this assignment) and find a great article. Public health is an evidence-based discipline. It is very important for public health professionals to recognize and rely upon primary sources to inform opinion and action. A research report is an example of a primary source, and you can tell because it will outline the materials and methods used in the study, describing how the research was done. A published primary research study is an original document that is the first account of what happened. Review articles are secondary sources. They are designed to give you an overview of the subject and often compile multiple study results from different authors, with discussion. For the purpose of this Assignment, a meta-analysis is considered secondary. Your Instructor will provide you with two articles for this Assignment. One article will be a primary research article and the other a secondary research article, both on the same biological topic. For this Assignment, you compare and contrast the features of the articles, and identify which article is primary and which article is secondary. Then, you will find another primary research article on the same biological topic and discuss why it is primary. It is recommended that you search the Walden Library for your article. Be sure to find an article that is available in full text, and not just the abstract. Your Instructor uses the Module 1 Assignment Rubric to grade this Assignment. By Day 7 of Week 1 Submit your Assignment that includes the following: To demonstrate your understanding of primary versus secondary sources, describe the specific features of the two articles provided by your Instructor. Compare and contrast these features-what is similar and what is different between these resources and how do these features support that the resource is primary or secondary? Clearly identify which article is primary and which article is secondary based on these features. . Locate a full text primary research article on the same biological topic and provide the reference in APA format. Support that this article is primary by analyzing and explaining the features that indicate it is a primary source. Provide a concise reflection on how being able to distinguish primary versus secondary articles will help you as a public health professional.3/1/2021 Rubric Detail – Blackboard Learn https://class.waldenu.edu/webapps/bbgs-deep-links-BBLEARN/app/course/rubric?course_id=_16811594_1&rubric_id=_2237513_1 1/4 Rubric Detail Select Grid View or List View to change the rubrics layout.   Does Not Meet Expectations Meets Expectations Very Good Outstanding Name: PUBH_6128_Module1_Assignment1_Rubric Description: PUBH 6128D Module 1 Assignment 1 Rubric Criteria: Adherence to Assignment Expectations (see course for details) EXIT Grid View List View 3/1/2021 Rubric Detail – Blackboard Learn https://class.waldenu.edu/webapps/bbgs-deep-links-BBLEARN/app/course/rubric?course_id=_16811594_1&rubric_id=_2237513_1 2/4   Does Not Meet Expectations Meets Expectations Very Good Outstanding Demonstration of understanding of primary vs. secondary resources by correctly identifying and describing the speci�c features of the two articles provided by your Instructor, comparing and contrasting what is similar and di�erent between these resources and explaining how these features support that the resource is primary or secondary 0 (0\%) - 7 (17.5\%) Missing, unoriginal, or did not adequately demonstrate understanding of primary vs. secondary sources by correctly identifying and describing the speci�c features of the two articles provided by your Instructor, comparing and contrasting the resources and explaining how these features support that the resource is primary or secondary 8 (20\%) - 8 (20\%) Adequately demonstrate understanding of primary vs. secondary sources by correctly identifying and describing the speci�c features of the two articles provided by your Instructor, comparing and contrasting the resources and explaining how these features support that the resource is primary or secondary, but with infrequent and minor issues 9 (22.5\%) - 9 (22.5\%) Generally thorough and well organized and supported demonstration of understanding of primary vs. secondary sources by correctly identifying and describing the speci�c features of the two articles provided by your Instructor, comparing and contrasting the resources and explaining how these features support that the resource is primary or secondary, with minimal concerns 10 (25\%) - 10 (25\%) Fully developed and supported, insightful, and scholarly demonstration of understanding of primary vs. secondary sources by correctly identifying and describing the speci�c features of the two articles provided by your Instructor, comparing and contrasting the resources and explaining how these features support that the resource is primary or secondary 3/1/2021 Rubric Detail – Blackboard Learn https://class.waldenu.edu/webapps/bbgs-deep-links-BBLEARN/app/course/rubric?course_id=_16811594_1&rubric_id=_2237513_1 3/4   Does Not Meet Expectations Meets Expectations Very Good Outstanding Identi�cation of a full text primary research article on the same biological topic and supporting that this article is primary by analyzing and explaining the features tInternational Immunopharmacology 93 (2021) 107407 Available online 22 January 2021 1567-5769/© 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Serum cytokine levels of COVID-19 patients after 7 days of treatment with Favipiravir or Kaletra Esmaeil Mortaz a, b, Ali Bassir c, Neda Dalil Roofchayee b, Neda K. Dezfuli b, Hamidreza Jamaati d, Payam Tabarsi a, Afshin Moniri a, Mitra Rezaei a, Payam Mehrian d, Mohammad Varahram d, Majid Marjani a, *, Sharon Mumby e, Ian M. Adcock e, f a Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran b Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran c Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA d Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran e National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London and the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK f Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords: COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Cytokines storm Flow cytometry A B S T R A C T Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has infected 86,4 M patients and resulted in 1,86 M deaths worldwide. Severe COVID-19 patients have elevated blood levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, IL-8 and inter- feron (IFN)γ. Objective: To investigate the effect of antiviral treatment serum cytokines in severe COVID-19 patients. Methods: Blood was obtained from 29 patients (aged 32–79 yr) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 upon admission and 7 days after antiviral (Favipiravir or Lopinavir/Ritonavir) treatment. Patients also received standard supportive treatment in this retrospective observational study. Chest computed tomography (CT) scans were evaluated to investigate lung manifestations of COVID-19. Serum was also obtained and cytokines levels were evaluated. 19 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were studied. Results: Anti-viral therapy significantly reduced CT scan scores and the elevated serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). In contrast, serum levels of IL-6, IL-8 and IFNγ were elevated at baseline in COVID-19 subjects compared to healthy subjects with IL-6 (p = 0.006) and IL-8 (p = 0.011) levels being further elevated after antiviral therapy. IL-1β (p = 0.01) and TNFα (p = 0.069) levels were also enhanced after treatment but baseline levels were similar to those of healthy controls. These changes occurred irrespective of whether patients wereLife Sciences 267 (2021) 118923 Available online 23 December 2020 0024-3205/© 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Review article Targeting inflammatory cytokine storm to fight against COVID-19 associated severe complications Rishabh Hirawat, Mohd Aslam Saifi, Chandraiah Godugu * Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords: COVID-19 SARS-COV-2 Acute respiratory distress syndrome Cytokine storm Interleukins TNF-α KV1.3 A B S T R A C T Such testing and trying time probably never seen before in the human history. The novel coronavirus disease abbreviated as COVID-19 is the ongoing health crisis which entered into human life in late December 2019. The ease of transmission between humans and the undetectability in early stage makes COVID-19 frightening and unprecedented. The disease is characterised by pneumonia progressing to breathing difficulty, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ failure. Clinical studies suggest excessive release of inflammatory mediators leads to cytokine storm, a phenomenon which appears to be potentially life-threatening in COVID-19. Across the globe, when the world authorities are grappling to contain the virus, our review provides a glimpse on structure, pathophysiology of the virus and further sheds light on various clinical complications associated with the disease in order to open up/raise new horizons to explore various possible theoretical targets for COVID-19. The review also portrays a question and debates: Can targeting cytokine storm can be a feasible approach to combat COVID-19? 1. Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acquired respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an ongoing global health crisis. The first case of COVID-19 was announced in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in late December 2019 [1] and since then it has shaken the whole world. As of 9th December2020, almost 68 million people have been confirmed to be infected, and around 1.6 million people have already succumbed to this deadly viral disease. The previ- ous virus attacks such as SARS CoV infection of 2003 killed fewer than 800 people [2], whereas middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection of 2012 killed less than 700 people [3]. However, previous virus attacks appear mild as compared to what the world has witnessed so far this year due to high transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2. World Health Organization (WHO) brought the outbreak to global attention and declared it pandemic on March 11, 2020 (https://www. euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-co vid-19/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov). Coronavirus (CoV) is a member of family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales. It is an enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus. Genotypically and serologicall