Fluent Essays

Study the powerpointzs below and Med Maths questions for a Short timed quiz with 25 questions.  Directives will come from student after committment. Must have a chatting  app for ease of communicatioDrugs for the Treatment of Respiratory Disorders N180 Pharmacology 1 Objectives 1. Discuss the nurse’s role regarding the nonpharmacologic control of pulmonary disorders through patient teaching. 2. Describe the nurse’s role in the pharmacological treatment of pulmonary disorders. 3. Categorize drugs used in the treatment of pulmonary disorders based on their classification and mechanism of action. 4. Discuss the mechanisms of administration for pharmacological management of pulmonary disorders. 2 The Respiratory System 3 Anatomy of the Respiratory System Upper Respiratory Tract Nares, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx Air enters through the upper airway, these structures help trap particulate matter and pathogens so that they do not make it to the lower airway. Lower Respiratory Tract Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli Gas exchange occurs here. Ventilation/Perfusion Ventilation is the process of air movement (inspiration and expiration) Perfusion is the blood flow to the alveolar capillary bed where gas exchange takes place. 4 Upper Respiratory Disorders Colds and Allergic Rhinitis The common cold and allergic rhinitis are common disorders of the nasopharyngeal tract. Allergic rhinitis is often called hay fever and is caused by pollen or a foreign substance. Symptoms of the common cold include rhinorrhea (watery nasal discharge), congestion, cough, and increased mucous. Bacterial infections may cause nasal discharge to become tenacious, mucoid, and yellow/green. Drug therapy involves antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. 5 Non-Pharmacologic Management of Upper Respiratory Disorders Avoid known triggers. Drink lots of fluid Rest Practice Breathing Exercises Neti Pots Hard candy for cough 6 Pharmacologic Management of Respiratory Disorders Preventer vs. Reliever Treatment goal is relieve symptoms and prevent reoccurrence. This may take multiple medications. Prevention drugs include H1 receptor antagonists, intranasal corticosteroids, and mast cell stabilizers and are targeted at preventing symptoms from occurring. Reliever drugs include H1 receptor antagonists, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics and are targeted at relieving unpleasant symptoms. 7 Antihistamines Prototypes: diphenhydramine, cetirizine 1st generation agent: diphenhydramine, 2nd generation agent: cetirizine MOA: block H1 receptors resulting in the blockage of histamine release during allergic reactions. Therapeutic Use: Mild allergic reactions, motion sickness, insomnia, often combined with decongestants (both a preventer and reliever) Complications: sedation (common, will taper off), anticholinergic effects (dry mouth, constipation), GI upset (N/V, constipation), urinary retention, tachycardia, blurred vision, paradoxical excitation in children 8 Antihistamines Prototypes: diphenhydramine, cetirizine Contraindications/Precautions: asthma, cardiac disease, seMEDICATION MATH PRACTICE WEEK 5 Objectives: · Weight-Based Dosages Required Reading: · McCuistion Chapter 11 Practice Problems 1. Order: gentamicin 2.5mg/kg every 8 hours Weight: 33 lbs Supply: gentamicin 20mg/2mL How many mg would you give per dose? _____ How many mL would you give per day? _____ 2. Order: fluorouracil 12mg/kg/day IV Weight: 176 lbs Supply: fluorouracil 500mg/10mL How many mL would you give per day? _____ 3. Order: cefaclor suspension 20mg/kg/day in three divided doses Weight: 66 lbs Supply: cefaclor suspension 125mg/5mL How many mL would you give per dose? _____ 4. Order: acyclovir 12 mg/kg/dose Weight: 115 lbs Supply: acyclovir 100mg/2mL How many mL would you give per dose? _____ 5. Order: enoxaparin 2mg/kg daily Weight: 155 lbs Supply: enoxaparin 40mg/0.4mL How many mL would you give? _____ 1) 37.5mg/dose, 11.25mL/day 2) 19.2 mL 3) 8 mL 4) 12.5 mL 5) 1.4 mLRespiratory Drugs ATI/ PBS Crime movie Upper Respiratory Tract Nares, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx help trap particulate matter and pathogens Lower Respiratory Tract Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli Gas exchange occurs here. Ventilation/Perfusion Ventilation is the process of air movement (inspiration and expiration) Perfusion is the blood flow to the alveolar capillary bed where gas exchange takes place. Upper airways diseases Which do you know? Allergic rhinitis Common cold Bacterial infection (sinus infection) clear  mucoid color Drug therapy involves antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Non-Pharmacologic (drug free) Management of Upper Respiratory Disorders Avoid known triggers. Drink lots of fluid Rest Practice Breathing Exercises Neti Pots Hard candy for cough Pharmacologic treatment of Respiratory Disorders PREVENTERS H1 receptor antagonists* Intranasal corticosteroids RELIEVERS (Treat symptoms) H1 receptor antagonists* Decongestants Mast cell stabilizers Antitussives Expectorants Mucolytics Antihistamine Prototypes: 1st generation agent: diphenhydramine, 2nd generation agent: cetirizine MOA: block H1 receptors resulting in the blockage of histamine release during allergic reactions. Therapeutic Use: Mild allergic reactions, motion sickness, insomnia, often combined with decongestants (both a preventer and reliever) Complications: #1 SE: Sedation (common) #2 SE: Anticholinergic effects (dry mouth, constipation, urine retention, tachycardia, blurred vision) #3 SE: GI upset (less common) Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and cetirizine (Zyrtec) Diphenhydramine unique concerns: Paradoxical excitation in children. More drowsiness in older adults. Antihistamines: diphenhydramine, cetirizine Drug side effects Nursing Considerations Dry upper/lower airway Contraindicated in Asthma Can cause seizures Contraindicated in Seizure disorders Anti-cholinergic effects: Urine retention Pupil dilation Constipation Tachycardia Dry mouth Contraindicated in: Urinary retention, BPH, Open angle glaucoma Teach to increase fiber/ fluid Cardiac disease Teach to sip water/ sugarless hard candy Sedation Increased CNS depression with alcohol, opioids, benzodiazepines Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) combinations Nursing Process: Antihistamines Assessment: History of asthma, cardiac disease, BPH constipation, seizures, Nursing Diagnosis/Problem: Ineffective airway clearance, discomfort, Goals: Relief of allergic symptoms Interventions/Education: Patient will have decreased nasal congestion, mucosal secretions, and cough Evaluation: give diphenhydramine with food at bedtime, avoid driving and CNS depressants, monitor children and elderly adults for complications Swelling (steroids decrease swelling) Sepsis (risk of infection) Sugar (increase blood sugar) Slowly taper off Week 5 Prototypes Beta2-adrenergic agonists – albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin), salmeterol (Serevent) Inhaled anticholinergics – ipratropium (Atrovent, Atrovent HFA) Methylxanthines – theophylline (Theo-24, Theolair, Theochron) Leukotriene modifiers – montelukast (Singulair) Oral glucocorticoid – prednisone (Deltasone) Inhaled glucocorticoid– beclomethasone dipropionate (QVAR) Mast cell stabilizers – cromolyn (Intal) Intranasal glucocorticoid – mometasone (Nasonex) Sedating antihistamines – diphenhydramine (Benadryl) Non-sedating antihistamines – cetirizine (Zyrtec) Sympathomimetic Decongestants – pseudophedrine (Sudafed), oxymetazoline (Afrin) Antitussive (non-opioid) – dextromethorphan Antitussive (opioid)-codeine Expectorants – guaifenesin Mucolytics – acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)