Fluent Essays

Examine delinquency for both Sociological(General strain theory) and Psychological (Social learning theory) Look under Info1,2,3 for more regarding the question.K A T E L E W I N S S C H O O L O F L A W M U R D O C H U N I V E R S I T Y The love boat – or not? crimes at sea History of passenger ships  Traditionally a utilitarian means of transport.  1840s - Founder of P&O credited with being the first to invite passengers to take a ‘Mediterranean cruise’ holiday.  1970s saw dedicated ‘cruise ships’ being built  US the most lucrative market but China predicted to be second largest by 2017. Nick Robins The Cruise Ship – a very British institution (the History Press, 2008) The cruise industry in the 21st century:  22 million passengers in 2014 (up 68\% in a decade)  Economic impact of US$117 billion annually worldwide (891,000 full time jobs)  33 new ships to be delivered by 2020 (source: CLIA )  Australians cruising at record pace – up 20\% to 1M in 2014: SIXFOLD INCREASE in a decade.  But Australia no stats on Crimes at sea…. How does society set and enforce rules about crime? On land…. X sexually assaults Y in Perth. both Australian residents. What law applies? A, a citizen of Ireland, bashes B, a citizen of England, in a street in Perth. What law applies? Z, an Australian citizen, commits sexual acts on a child in Thailand. Who can prosecute? Why might we want the ability to prosecute for crimes that happen outside our territory? Why do you think other countries might be less than happy about this? And what is the result of different countries all having the right to prosecute? Crime on board a cruise ship  Crime on board a ship is rare, but it does happen.  Examples:  R v Dudley & Stephens (1884) 14 QBD 273  Merchant ships  Cruise ships: sexual assault, child abuse, murder. Man overboard?  What ‘territory’ does the ship occupy?  In port  In territorial sea  On the high seas….. Crimes on board a ship at sea – practical & legal difficulties  Practical problem:  Need to investigate and collect evidence.  Eg Diana Brimble  Legal problem – which country can prosecute?  Must have laws in place to justify a right to prosecute the accused for crime committed outside Australia  Involves a complex web of international law concerning transnational crime and regulation of ships generally Brimble Inquiry US: Cruise Vessel Security & Safety Act (2010) ‘Kerry Act’. National Protocols for Reporting Crimes at Sea Troubled waters: Inquiry into the arrangements surrounding crimes committed at sea  Report released with recommendations: July 2013  Release of Government response: Nov 2014 H T T P : / / W W W . S M H . C O M . A U / N A T I O N A L / C R I M E S - A T - S E A - T H E - D A R K - S I D E - O F - C R U I S E - S H I P S - 2 0 1 3 0 8 1 6 - 2 S 2 6 3 . H T M L Thank you!CSI through the ages Bob Mead, 2019 DNA Profiling • Its impact on the investigation of crime • A perspective on the Pre (before 1980) and Post DNA Era in Crime Scene Investigation • Snowball the cat Objectives 1. Breadth objective • To recognise the need to avoid tunnel vision in problem solving • To recognise the need to consider all alternative explanations • To recognise the value in involving other disciplines and subdisciplines in problem solving to achieve this: Step outside the box! • The Good, • The Bad, • The Ugly. Objectives 2. Discipline-specific objectives • To gain an appreciation of how DNA profiling has changed the nature of crime scene investigations over the last 30 years • To be aware that DNA and other scientific evidence can influence jurors disproportionately due to a CSI effect • To be aware of investigator bias in the gathering of scientific evidence, such as DNA, which can affect outcomes • To be aware that DNA evidence can generate tunnel vision in investigations, which can lead to miscarriages of justice The Good 1. The Saturday night strangler • The remarkable resolution of a 30 year old case due to advances in forensic science, molecular biology, genetics, psychology and computer technology • Advances in psychological profiling • Advances in DNA technologies • The use of familial (family-related) DNA similarities • Availability of automated data bases • A broad multidisciplinary approach to solving a cold case The story • The original investigation • In 1973 the bodies of two 16-year-old girls were found dumped in South Wales. The friends had been raped and strangled on their way home from a disco. Less than a year later, the police trail had gone cold. It was not until a breakthrough in DNA profiling some 30 years after the murders that detectives at last had a chance of finding the killer The story • 35,000 index cards • Queer person • Rumours • Psycopath • Psychics • Pregnant women • Suspicious acts • 10,500 nominal suspects • 11,000 car questionnaires • 4,000 statements from Austin owners • 10,000 Misc. statements Operation Magnum • The re-investigation of the crime • January 2000 • 27 years after the killings Psychological Profiling (an interdisciplinary approach) • White • Aged 20s – mid 30s • History of minor property crime • Known to police as a juvenile • History of assaults • Animal cruelty • Unskilled • Absent father • Troubled marriage • Solo sports interests Joseph Kappen • Dead category • “we were looking for a father and getting to him through his son” • Familial DNA (DNA profiles from relatives) • Paul Kappen … a car thief The Good 2. 1910 Dr Hawley Harvey Crippen • 100 years later they found, that the filleted remains recovered from under the coal cellar at 39 Hilldrop Cr. Were not related to Cora Crippen • In fact Dr. Foran found by analysing the DNA on Spilbury’s slide that the remains were those of a male! • CrA History of Computer Hacking (Naughty, Naughty Computer) Dr Michael Wilson BRD205 Crime Through the Ages Lecture Outline 1. Computers, Hacking, and Cybersecurity 2. Cracking the Data Encryption Standard 3. A History of Computer Hacking and the Internet (1950s-2010s) 4. Case Studies: Learning from History? What is a Computer? (1) • Computer – an electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary form, according to instructions given to it in a variable program • Binary Logic/ Boolean Algebra • Binary Digits/ Bits (0 = FALSE; 1 = TRUE) • Logic Gates/ Operations (NOT, AND, OR) • Transistors – electrically controlled switches • 2 Electrodes (Input; Output) • 1 Semiconductor • Bits and Bytes (e.g., 01001101) • Byte = 8 Bits (256 possible states) • Kilobyte = 1024 bytes/ 8000 bits • Megabyte = 1,024 Kilobytes/ 1,048,576 bytes/ 8,000,000 bits Colossal Mark 2 Computer (1944) First Electronic/ Programmable Computer I am able to record this lecture by using a computer with an Intel Core i7 Processor, which has ~1,750,000,000 transistors performing millions of instructions (bits of data) per second… What is a Computer? (2) • Central Processing Unit – electronic circuitry that executes instructions (from a computer program) • Control Unit – a unit that tells the ALU/ Memory how to respond to the instructions that have been sent to the processor. • Arithmetic Logic Units (ALUs) – Computational circuits (logic gates) that perform arithmetic and logic instructions (translates inputs to outputs) • e.g. Add/ subtract values • e.g. Activate another transistor if 2 other transistors (e.g. ‘AND’) are active • RAM/ Computer Memory – Storage for the outputs of ALUs that use ‘registers’ constituted by ‘latch’ circuits • Computer Programs – a series of instructions for translating inputs into outputs to allow humans to perform tasks (e.g. Microsoft Office allows us to write documents). An ‘AND’ logic gate with 2 inputs and 1 output A RAM stick can store large values by placing registers within circuit matrices What is Computer Hacking? • “[T]he unauthorised access and subsequent use of other people’s computer systems” (Taylor, 1999, xi) • “A hack involves the modification or alteration of computer hardware or software to enable technology to be used in a new way, whether for legitimate or illegitimate purposes” (Holt et al., 2015, p. 35) • Not necessarily illegal behaviour • Similar to engineering, involves creativity/ craftiness (i.e., is a science & art) (Holt et al., 2015) A Crash Course in Cybersecurity • Cybersecurity – the state of computer systems being free from cyber threats • Attacks – Malicious actions by adversaries targeting a device/ network • Weaknesses – Weaknesses are generic types of mistakes that occur frequently in code (i.e. bugs) • Vulnerability – The concrete realisation of a weakness • Zero Day – A vulnerability that is unknown to a user/ administCrimes Against Humanity Anahita Movassagh Riegler What we will cover • What is international criminal law • What are the core crimes in international criminal law • What are crimes against humanity? Discussion • What is a crime? • What is criminal law? • Could it still be immoral if it is legal? • How is criminal law different to civil law, and how are criminal matters different to civil matters? • What is international law? Definitions • Crime: Behaviours (acts or omissions or intention to act) which have been classified by the State as criminal • Criminal law: mainly deals with ‘prohibitions addressed to individuals’ which if violated would be punished by the State Robert Cryer, Hakan Friman, Darryl Robinson and Elizabeth Wilmshurst, An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure (Cambridge University Press, 3rd edition, 2008),P.1 Definitions • Civil law- plaintiff and defendant- damages or an order  International Law: Is a branch of law that ‘governs the rights and responsibilities of States’ Robert Cryer, Hakan Friman, Darryl Robinson and Elizabeth Wilmshurst, An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure (Cambridge University Press, 3rd edition, 2008),P.1. • International law+ criminal law=? International Criminal law • ICL is a set of international rules which prohibits – ‘certain categories of conduct’; and – Makes ‘those people who engage in such conducts criminally liable’ Cassese, A., et al. (Eds.). (2013). Cassese’s International Criminal Law (3rd ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. P3 – allows or obligates States to punish such conducts – Regulates proceedings of such crimes before the international criminal courts- victims rights 6 International Crimes • International Crimes – War crimes – Crimes against humanity, and – Genocide – Torture and Aggression • War Crimes: ‘Serious violation’ of customary or treaty rules which belong to the body of IHL (the laws and customs of war) of armed conflict; – People not taking part in armed conflict – Places – Means – Specially protected people – Using protected signs – Children under 15 7 Crime against humanity- History • Always been an international crime • Victims are ‘all’ of the human race • Origin of crimes against humanity – 1915- Armenians and the Ottoman empire • Crimes against Christianity and civilization – Other attempts 8 Crimes Against Humanity – WWII and crimes against German civilians by Nazi’s – 1945 and persecution for political or racial purposes not prohibited- London agreement: to bring to trial those guilty of crimes against humanity • Nexus with crimes against peace, war crimes • Included any acts against human dignity, even if in accordance to national law 9 Crimes Against Humanity • 1. ‘odious offences’- attack on human dignity/grave humiliation, dMedia and Crime Dr. Kate Fitch, 2019 Learning Objectives • To introduce media and communication disciplinary perspectives • To identify link between celebrity and crime • To discuss ‘celebrity’ as a news driver and key feature of contemporary culture • To introduce ideas around celebrity, social mobility, gender and transgression • To consider public relations and media perspectives on the production and consumption of celebrity and crime What is Celebrity? • ‘a person whose name, image, lifestyle, and opinions carry cultural and economic worth and who are first and foremost idealised media constructions’ (Redmond, 2014:5) • Commodities ‘produced, trade and marketed by the media and publicity industries’ (Turner, 2004:9) • ‘brand names as well as cultural icons or identities: they operate as marketing tools as well as sites where the agency of the audience is clearly evident’ (Turner, Bonner & Marshall, 2000:13) Celebrity Industries • ‘the smiling professions’ (Hartley, 1992) • The occupations involved in the production of celebrity: entertainment, image management, media, communication, publicity, public relations, coaching, endorsement, legal and investment industries • Celebrity does not exist without promotional activity: brand identity, market research, promotions, product tie-ins and endorsement, press releases, articles, speeches, scripts, press agentry, issues and crisis management, event planning, publications (Redmond, 2014) Celebrity and the internet • Celebrity is concerned with social mobility and embraces a neoliberal discourse of meritocracy • Celebrity is a celebration of individualism and informs how people present themselves online • Microcelebrity: people who become famous on social media through their ability to attract attention e.g. rather than showing democratic principles of the internet, ‘Instafamous’ tend to be ‘conventionally good looking and work in cool industries’ (Marwick, 2015:139) Celebrated criminality • ‘Celebrity [as exiting, pleasurable entertainment] is a central governance from within the cultural industry and illustrates the increasingly subtle and pervasive control measures characteristic of Foucauldian governmentality’ (Penfold-Mounce, 2009:51) • Criminal celebrity: where criminals become celebrities e.g. Kray twins • Rogue celebrities: where celebrities become associated with transgression, crime and deviance e.g. Lindsay Lohan Celebrity and criminality • Both celebrity and the criminal play a role in the governing regime of social behaviour, in that both are concerned with transgression • The public relations-media complex that dominates the global media market shapes public opinion and demands ‘celebrity’ content as much as news values demand sensationalism • Gender: female criminals transgress both criminal and moral laws and public fascination with the ‘deviance’ ensures these stories are particularly lucrative for news media Social Media & Fear of Crime BRD205: Crime through the Ages Learning Objectives: Be able to discuss… The behavioural pattern changes associated with social media Relationship between actual crime and fear of crime Gender differences in fear of crime Micro-level analysis: Crime and Disorder Model News Media • News Value Theory • Proximity • Continuity • Influence • Personalisation • Reach • Unexpectedness • Damage/negative consequences, and • Controversy • Mean World Hypothesis • Frequency “ • 80\% of social media news consumers clicked on links to news stories • 58\% ‘liked’ news stories • 49\% shared or reposted news events • 37\% commented on news stories • 36\% posted news stories themselves • 31\% discussed issues in the news • 19\% posted photos of videos of news events Social Media Consumption • Anxiety • Social Withdrawal • Fear of Crime Social Media and Hate Crime • Brenton Tarrant faces: • 51 charges of murder, • 40 charges of attempted murder, and • 1 charge under the Terrorism Suppression Act Fanning the Flames of Hate • Anti-*insert religion* • Anti-*insert race* • Anti-*insert political affiliation* Anything Good to Say? References Deibert, R.J. (2019). The road to digital unfreedom: Three painful truths about social media, Journal of Democracy, 30(1), 25-39. Intravia, J., Wolff, K.T., Paez, R., & Gibbs, B.R. (2017). Investigating the relationship between social media consumption and fear of crime: A partial analysis of mostly young adults, Computers in Human Behaviour, 77, 158-168. Kelly, A., & Finlayson, A. (2015). Can Facebook save neighbourhood watch? The Police Journal, 88(1), 65-77. Müller, K., & Schwarz, C. (2018). Fanning the flames of hate: Social media and hate crime, available online: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3082972.Fear of Crime BRD205: Crime through the Ages Learning Objectives: Be able to discuss… Social importance of ‘fear of crime’ Relationship between actual crime and fear of crime Gender differences in fear of crime Micro-level analysis: Crime and Disorder Model “ This fear leads many people to give up activities they would normally undertake particularly when it may involve going out on the streets or into parks and other public places at night”. Presidential Commission, 1967, p.94 Measuring fear of crime • Perceived risk of victimisation • Fear of victimisation • Fear of impact of victimisation Research Findings Measure Result Fear of Crime HFG were significantly more fearful Perceived Crime HFG perceived significantly higher crime levels Experience HFG were significantly more likely to have experienced crime Perceived Vulnerability HFG perceived themselves as being significantly more vulnerable Gender and Fear of Crime • Perceived greater impact • Higher levels of vigilance & sensitivity Micro-level Analysis: Crime & Disorder Model • Local level • Perceptual differences Cultivation Theory • Substitution hypothesis: stronger influence in absence of personal experience • Resonance hypothesis: stronger influence in presence of personal experience • Affinity hypothesis: stronger influence when resembling victims • Vulnerability hypothesis: stronger influence for those who feel vulnerable References Callanan, V., & Rosenberger, J.S. (2015). Media, gender, and fear of crime, Criminal Justice Review, 40(3), 322-339. Kim, A., & Kang, H. (2018). An analysis of fear of crime using multimodal measurement, Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 41, 186-197. Snedker, K.A. (2015). Neighborhood conditions and fear of crime: A reconsideration of sex differences, Crime & Delinquency, 61(1), 45-70. Zhao, J.S., Lawton, B., & Longmire, D. (2015). An examination of the micro-level crime-fear of crime link, Crime & Delinquency, 61(1), 19-44.BRD205: Crime through the ages Week 1 Introduction Disciplinarity & Interdisciplinarity The problem of deviance can only be solved by an interdiscipline response to deviance In its modern form Criminology has had over one hundred years to assume a truly interdisciplinary nature, yet the dominant approach remains discipline-based.” Binder, 1988 “ The general rejection by sociologists of contributions from other fields seems based not only on normal disciplinary chauvinism, but also on a strongly held normative view that social conditions are more responsible for crime than innate individual differences.” Binder, 1988 “ What disciplines are interested in deviance? Sociology Psychology Law Political science Economics Medicine Genetics Nutrition Anthropology History While I was still a graduate student [with sociology as the major field], I asked myself how it was possible to have three giants such as Sutherland [sociology], Hall [law], and Skinner [psychology] within 100 yards of each other [at Indiana University] without any significant mutual interaction. They might as well have been on different planets, so far as graduate education in criminology was concerned at Indiana.” Jeffery, 1978 “ All theoretical perspectives in most areas of study, emerge and develop within particular contexts: Social Economic Political This results in particular assumption, understandings and agendas Classical Criminology The rational perspective The Enlightenment Assumptions: Individuals were essentially selfish, self-seeking and rational Individuals sought to maximise their pleasure, while minimising their pain I am apt to suspect the Negroes, and in general all the other species of men… to be naturally inferior to the whites.” Hume “ The vast amount of Enlightenment literature refers to ‘men’ Which equates to White Males who owned property Member of the radical group known as the “Academy of Fists” Fellow members Pietro and Alessandro Verri (brothers) encouraged Beccaria to write an essay on penology Pietro wrote a history of torture, Alessandro was a prison official Beccaria knew nothing of Penology, but he was heavily influenced by what he saw as arbitrary and unjust punishments, and a lack of judicial process Cesare Beccaria (1738 – 1794) Arbitrary punishment… Three categories of offences: minor offences, clergyable felonies, and non-clergyable felonies By the 18th century the definition of clergy had been broadened to include anyone who could read Lack of due process… After the charge was read, each prisoner was asked to plead to the charge – guilty or not guilty A defendant who refused to plead was subjected to the ordeal of peine forte et dure Beccaria’s radical ideas Called for; Introduction of public trials End of torture End of capital punishment The intent of punishment is not to torment a sensible being, nor to undo a cr