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Module 12 - Final Research Report: UPLOAD PAPER HERE!  PLEASE REFER TO RUBRIC POSTED ON CANVAS.Running Head: CYBER SECURITY LITERATURE REVIEW 1 CYBER SECURITY LITERATURE REVIEW 5 Cyber Security Literature Review Student Name Institution Affiliation Introduction Cyber security has been defined as the process through which there should be the protection of global connected electronic data and equipment against any criminal and unauthorized personnel from assessing the information. This is because there has been a lot of technology which when one uses he can be in a position to access all the information in the organization and they can manipulate the organization in the way they want. After all, they already have much information regarding the organization. Cyber security in recent times has been an issue and it has caused so many impacts to those who are using online platforms. This is because in recent times there has been a lot of technological advancement and this has been applied in so many sectors of the economy. To some extent, it has brought positive impacts and to another extent, there are negative impacts that have been caused by technological advancement for instance cyber threats and cybercrimes, (Gunduz, 2020) Cyber security requires very integrated measures which are to make sure that those third-party people do not have a hand in assessing information. It is therefore supposed to be an integrated process so that people can make sure that they are curbing any security and cybercrimes. This is because only one single behavior cannot make things secure but instead, multiple behaviors can be integrated and for that purpose as well. This is because cyber security is influenced by many factors and these factors play a very critical role in influencing the user on what he is supposed to put into consideration so that everything can be sorted out, (Li, et al, 2019). Many things can be done to ensure that there are no cyber threats in the organization for instance having a very strong password which makes seeing any information for the organization to be hard because of this. With a strong password at least one is very sure that every information that they have stored on the internet cannot be accessed unless a person has access to the password. Passwords must be given to only one person who will be held accountable in case there is anything bad that might happen and the hackers may get their way to the company’s organization whereby they can manipulate the information which they have, (Sun, et al, 2018). It is vital if the organizations are going to install anti-virus programs and firewalls. This is to make sure that confidential information has been improved. However, even though these can help in ensuring data confidentiality there are as well some threats that come along with the process. Many organizations, therefore, have come up with ways which they are going to improve on the infrastructure so that there will be the protection of information which is both in computers and other systems and this to a great exRunning Head: DATA COLLECTION DISCUSSION FORUM 2 DATA COLLECTION DISCUSSION FORUM 2 Name Course Tutor Institution Date The Most Effective Data Collection Method The most effective method to be used in the proposed research is the electronic questionnaires. This is one of the most effective, fast and easy to use for the respondents. The questions to be answered by the respondent are usually provided in the software system which need to be answered. At the moment, there are no necessary processes required because one can just email the invitation which contain the research surveys to be carried out (Abgaz et al., 2018). Some of the advantages that come with electronic questionnaires include: they are convenient in that the respondent can answer the questionnaire at their convenient time and place. As a result of this, it is easy to many comprehensive participants and also gain access to a wide group of individuals. This cannot be met with other channels that require the physical presence of the respondent. Other advantages include the automatic processing of answers provided by respondents; can reach a global population thus not limited to the geographical location; token can be enclosed in the questionnaires to motivate respondents into answering the questions provided (Giordano et al., 2018). Responding to Lexi It is true that the most commonly used method of data collection are questionnaires. This is due to the fact that they ensure privacy and the electronically based questionnaires can be accessed at one’s convenience. The questionnaires involve a wide range of community members. More candidates are able to gain access of what the researcher is trying to do. Most of the questionnaires submitted on the social media platforms are assumed to be spasm and thus the response provided does not represent the targeted population for the research. Making use of the electronic questionnaires on the millennials is the best tool for the best response and quality data. Most of the millennials will be willing to participate in most of the activities online. Focusing on a socialite makes the whole electronic questionnaire enjoyable. Engaging in research with millennials is enjoyable and educative especially on the millennial generation. Responding to Tom Questionnaires is one of the equipment that is used by most of the researchers. The research conducted by Tom according to my own point of view was the best. The electrically based questionnaires are of great significance when compared with the physical paper questionnaires (Mazefsky et al., 2018). More time will be required to answer and sometimes bound to biasness and prejudice. The mail questionnaires are traditional methods of collecting data which do not work at the moment. There is need for more advanced ways of data collection to avoid unnecessary inconvRunning head; CYBERSECURITY 1 CYBERSECURITY 6 Cybersecurity Student Name Institution Affiliation Cybersecurity Article 1 Retrieved From: Humayun, M., Niazi, M., Jhanjhi, N. et al. Cyber Security Threats and Vulnerabilities: A Systematic Mapping Study. Arab J Sci Eng 45, 3171–3189 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-019-04319-2 The research article primary objective is to identify and analyze the common cybersecurity vulnerabilities and after learning the flaws is where prevention and mitigation strategies are implemented. The researcher was targeting to compare different research conducted on the cyber crimes that occurs and compare their mitigation and prevention strategies and what emerged best is malware, denial-of-service attack and phishing. The research question of focus is ‘what are the possible vulnerabilities that affect cyber applications’? The method used to collect the data is systematic mapping that played role in collecting and analyzing secondary information. The data was analyzed through statistical approach. According to the findings and conclusion the confidence level is 0.95. Article 2 Retrieved From: Salloum S.A., Alshurideh M., Elnagar A., Shaalan K. (2020) Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques for Cybersecurity: A Review. In: Hassanien AE., Azar A., Gaber T., Oliva D., Tolba F. (eds) Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Computer Vision (AICV2020). AICV 2020. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1153. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44289-7_5 The research focuses on understanding the performance of machine learning in offering cybersecurity to systems, networks and databases. The variables that are there in the research is the comparison between deep learning and machine learning. The research question targeted ‘what are the cyber threats targeting the network systems identified by deep learning and machine learning’? Observation is the data collection technique o check how the intrusion occurs. The data is analyzed statistically after collecting the observed and recorded data to understand the level of intrusion in place to develop strategies to prevent and mitigate attacks. The confidence limit for the research based on the findings and conclusion is 0.90. Article 3 Retrieved From: Zhuang, P., Zamir, T., & Liang, H. (2021). Blockchain for Cybersecurity in Smart Grid: A Comprehensive Survey. IEEE Transactions On Industrial Informatics, 17(1), 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2020.2998479 The article is about provision of helpful about the benefits of blockchain technology as an approach to solve cybersecurity challenges in future. The variable of the study is the Running Head: CYBER-SECURITY IN THE ENERGY SECTOR 1 CYBER-SECURITY IN THE ENERGY SECTOR 7 Topic Institution Affiliation Student Name Date Cyber-security in the Energy Sector Introduction The introduction section of my research paper will be divided into two main areas: research problem Identification and literature review on research phenomenon. Research problem identification The section will identify the phenomenon under study and why it a problem. Research Problem Identification As technology advances and so does cyber-crime. As of the moment most industries rely on information technology to offer good services and in a fast manner. The fact that most industries rely on information technology systems in their daily operations implies that the industries are at risk of cyber-attacks (Karchefsky & Rao, 2017). Cyber-criminals have picked on that an attack on infrastructure that provides social amenities is more profitable for them than attacks on businesses. This is not only because an attack on social infrastructure might lead to a financial and reputational loss but it might lead to a societal collapse. There are two industries that have a massive societal impact if affected by cyber-crime. The two industries are the utility industry and the energy industry. This study focuses on the energy sector. The primary goal of this study is to identify measures that can be put in place to improve cyber security in the energy sector. The energy sector contributes a lot to the way people live; make their income and how the economy survives. An attack on an energy provider or distributor can easily collapse an economy and consequentially a country if there is no effective backup. It is of utmost importance that cyber-security is present and enforced in the energy sector more so considering the most likely impact of a security breach in the sector. Stakes in the energy sector are high as cyber-security is entangled with environmental concerns and public safety as well. A successfully cyber-attack on an energy provider or distributor has the potential to hinder business efficiency and jeopardize the safety and the well-being of the public. Cyber-security specialists understand that no matter how good security is, it does not mean an organization or institution is safe from attacks; all organizations regardless of their size and security protocols are vulnerable and are at risk of defeat. It is advisable that organizations, institutions more so in the energy sector have proper cyber-security protocols backed up with security principles in place to prevent a cyber-attack Literature review Looks at supporting articles that explain the research phenomenon or that provide solutions to the phenomenon Literature review on cyber-security practices in the energy sector Two articles were reviewed for the primary purpose of providing insight into cyber-security pRunning head; CYBER SECURITY CYBER SECURITY 2 Cyber security Student Name Institution Affiliation Cyber security In addition to the communication etiquette, the online conversation require additional suggestions especially cybersecurity that would play an important role in communication. Online communication faces challenges of cyber crime where communication system can be hacked and information accessed by unauthorized party resulting to the violation to the privacy and confidentiality of information. Cyber crimes have rise with the increase on the use of online communication platforms and the intention of the criminals was to access restricted that is beneficial to them and also to hold some people into ransom by threatening to share their confidential information. The commonly used online communication platforms include social media and the email. The cyber criminals target communication in organization where they send fake email links to the company email account where unsuspecting employees are likely to click them introducing the malicious and fraudulent phishing attack that exposes the details of the email violating privacy of the clients and employees. (Palmer, 2020). Cybersecurity should be an issue of concern where the users of the online platform either schools, organizations and individuals should be trained on the best approach to tackle the security issue to make sure communication is not interrupted by cyber attacks contributed by mistakes made by individual users. References Palmer, D. (2020). What is phishing? Everything you need to know to protect yourself from scam emails and more | ZDNet. ZDNet. Retrieved 3 February 2021, from https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-phishing-how-to-protect-yourself-from-scam-emails-and-more/.Running Head: RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES Research Questions and Hypotheses Name Institution Research questions and hypotheses Research topic: Cyber security Cyber security is the protection of computer networks, devices, data, and programs against unauthorized access or damage. The advancement of technology has brought about many challenges in cyber security and organizations ought to have effective strategies to protect their data (El Mrabet et al, 2018). Since cyber security is a broad topic, the specific topic in this case will be: the impact of cyber attacks and the role of data governance in cyber security. Research questions 1. What are the impacts of cyber attacks to the operations of an organization? 2. What is the role data governance in ensuring the cyber security of an organization? Research hypotheses H01: Cyber attacks interfere with and cripple the operations of an organization. HA1: Cyber attacks do not interfere with and cripple the operations of an organization. H02: Data governance has a positive role in ensuring the cyber security of an organization. HA2: Data governance does not have a positive role in ensuring the cyber security of an organization. References El Mrabet, Z., Kaabouch, N., El Ghazi, H., & El Ghazi, H. (2018). Cyber-security in smart grid: Survey and challenges. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 67, 469-482. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045790617313423Running Head: LITERATURE REVIEW 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 Title Student’s name Instructor Course Date LITERATURE REVIEW Why are literature reviews important when doing a scholarly or business-related research project? According to this article, “A literature review gives the summary of a subject field supporting the identification of specific research questions” (Rowley, & Slack, 2004). Therefore, this is a written summary of articles and other documents that help in describing both the past and the current state of information thus making it easier to identify some of the areas that require further research. A Literature review helps to support the identification of the research topic, the questions, and the hypothesis in a study. Similarly, one will get insights regarding policies, legal frameworks and technological advances in the area of study. It is not possible to research without having a good literature review related to the intended area of study. This is because one may end up not achieving anything useful in the area of study. Another importance of literature review is that it helps the researcher to understand the current state of the intended area of study. This prevents duplication of what other researchers had earlier done. A researcher will look at another area of the intended research study instead of doing what others have already done. Similarly, a researcher gets useful ideas on how to develop the appropriate research topic, research questions, research objectives, and the hypothesis more so, for the research model. The researcher will also be able to develop an understanding of the theoretical concepts and terminologies used in this area of study. Lastly, scholarly and research journals consist of a review of recent works in the area of study. These reviews normally consist of important bibliographies that may be a very helpful source of reference to other work in this area of study. This, therefore, is an illustration that this is an imperative step in the research process that must be done critically and with greater expectations as the success of the research study greatly depends on it. Talk about the various ways one can find sources that relate to ones research question, and which sources you have found to be the most useful? There are various ways that one can get sources that relate to the research question. Some of these ways include: Library catalogs: these tools list the materials that are held by a library indicating where each item is located and a brief description of the items (Rowley, & Slack, 2004). Therefore, one will be able to easily locate materials that a library holds that will help in the area of study by looking at Running Head: LITERATURE REVIEW ON CYBER SECURITY 5 LITERATURE REVIEW ON CYBER SECURITY Literature Review on Cyber security Student Name Institution Affiliation RQ1 Can cyber policy help in the improvement and reclaiming privacy from both government and private sectors and at the same time they are maintaining enforcement of laws and they will be having intelligence on how they are going to be prosecuting cybercriminals?  Hypothesis The research paper introduces the hypothesis; H1            H0: there is a possibility of making the internet more secure by protecting users and data from cyber-attacks.             H1: there is no possibility of protecting internet users from attacks due to the nature of the internet. H 2            H0: clear policies on cyber security can help big corporations to be prepared on how they can deal with cyber-attacks in case it happens, this is through inputs from government and corporations regarding the prosecution of cybercriminals.  Anti-Phishing Group Report (2012), states that when computer technology was being advanced, there was malware that was created to ensure that vulnerabilities of cybersecurity have been curbed. However nowadays malware in most cases it is utilized in the thieving of businesses this is especially corporations with much finances so that some people will be benefiting, (Wells, 2014). It is therefore very necessary for there to be considerations on the hardware devices which will be resistant to tampering. And these devices will be utilized to prevent any criminal from assessing some places and therefore corporations will be very safe from cybersecurity. There is also another device that has been used in guarding the data and is cryptography this ensures that there is a transmission between users and the data which has been encrypted and with this it is only the recipients who are intended to get such data are in a position to access it. Nevertheless, when people are working towards data security in recent years there has been a program that only allows the utilization of Advanced Harsh standard and through these standards, criminals cannot get a chance to tamper with either data or users themselves, (Sommestad, Ekstedt, and Holm, 2013). The contemporary world can be said to be connected and in most cases, it makes some rights on privacy be lost. It is therefore important that the government and other corporations that are given the mandate to do so should be there to make sure that these rights of a corporation have been safeguarded. Since many governments can be in a position to access all information regarding all people and corporations they should as well look for ways which in the same depth they can be in a position to ensure that privacy rights are being protected, (Susan, Kiki, and Brian, 2013).   Elmaghraby and Losavio (2014), stated that many governments are more confident about how they are capable of protecting data from their citizens without the governmenRunning head: PURPOSES OF RESEARCH 1 PURPOSES OF RESEARCH 3 Thoughts on the Video and Lesson: Purposes of Research Student’s Name Date Thoughts on the Video and Lesson: Purposes of Research The video is quite informative. As much as it has a broad title, Purposes of research, the video does much more than explain the purposes of research. The speaker explains the different types of research and their purposes. For example, the speaker mentions that basic research simply explains a phenomenon, whereas applied research details how a phenomenon affects a specific demographic (Center for Research Quality, 2015). The video is quite helpful more so when one is deciding the kind of research or study that they want to take part in. The speaker mentions five different types of research and how they work. The five research mentioned are basic, applied, summative, formative, and action research. Other than mentioning the purpose and the types of research, the speaker shares the interrelation of the five purposes of research. Through the chemical dependency example that the speaker mentions, one can see how basic research can develop into formative research and also how action research comes about. I was particularly intrigued by that action research is a study that is intended to provide a solution for an immediate and pressing issue which is quite different from what I thought it was. Individuals starting on research must watch the video to understand what research is and how it happens. Response to Tom Hello Tom, just like you, I agree that the video is quite informative. It offers a lot of information on the purpose of research and the different types of research. I am happy that you have identified the video to be a useful tool when starting your research. I would also recommend the video to all newbies in research. References Center for Research Quality, (2015). Purposes of Research. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SsTaU4wnAtIRunning head: WRITING RESEARCH PROPOSALS 1 Thought on writing a Research Proposal Student Name Date Thought on writing a Research Proposal As I start my journey on writing a research proposal, I feel excited about two main things. I am excited about researching a phenomenon. I am excited to know how things work, what factors influence them and how variables can be regulated to get different results. For example, I am excited about knowing how cyber technology is revolutionizing the world. I am also interested in knowing the variables that influence cyber technology. The second thing that excites me about writing a research proposal is that I get to identify a solution to a phenomenon. Through research, one can change societies based on their research findings and recommendations. Lastly, I am excited about contributing to a knowledge gap. Various topics are not adequately researched. Through a properly documented research proposal, a researcher can get permission to study a topic and by so doing they get to contribute to the knowledge on the topic. Other than excitement, I am also worried. I feel that I am challenged with identifying effective research designs. I do not know how to identify data collection methods and also data analysis methods. Considering, that data collection and analysis are critical in any research, I feel that I need to get more informed in research designs to effectively come up with a research proposal and also carry out good research. As far as writing a research proposal, I am unsure of how to write good ethical standards documentation for research. Researchers must be ethical at all times when conducting research studies. They must respect the confidentiality of participants and they must also not influence research. I am unsure of how to make sure that a research study is bias-free and that it completely reflects the truth depending on the phenomenon or topic under study. Response to Tom Hello Tom, just like you, I am generally excited about writing a research proposal. I believe research proposals and research, in general, offers one an opportunity to influence life by adding knowledge. I noted that you feel challenged about identifying a research topic. I assure you that in due time, the topic identification will be the easiest to do. I believe research requires one to be passionate about causing change. References Niemczyk, E. K. (2018). Developing globally competent researchers: An international perspective. South African Journal of Higher Education, 32(4), 171-185. Running head: WRITING RESEARCH PROPOSALS 1 Thought on writing a Research Proposal Student Name Date Running head: WRITING RESEARCH PROPOSALS 1 Thought on writing a Research Proposal Student Name DateRunning Head: RESEARCH TOPIC 2 RESEARCH TOPIC 2 Research Topic Students name Institutional affiliation Cybersecurity is an essential aspect of any organization. Due to technological advancement, there are a lot of threats that are associated with computer systems and the internet. If not all, most companies currently use computers and the internet for the various benefits they offer. Data security has also become an issue as companies and individuals focus on stealing private data for their benefit. Therefore, my research topic will focus on an organizations preparedness for cybersecurity and cyberattacks. This is because this is a current issue that is affecting most people and organizations. The other reason why I chose the topic is that it will seek to fill a knowledge gap that currently exists since most research has not focused on tackling the cybercrime issue and organizational preparedness. The following is the research topic that I wish to pursue my research. Determining the Effect Cyber Security Auditing on a Companys Systems on Its Effective Preparedness for Cyberattacks and Data Loss References Harb, J., Wilson, B. S., & Hermouet, S. (2020). of Research Topic: Structure, Isotypes, Targets, and Post-Translational Modifications of Immunoglobulins and Their Role in Infection, Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Frontiers in Immunology, 11, 1761. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/KANTAI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/fimmu-11-01761.pdf1 #FITSPIRATION: IS IT HELPING OR HURTING? #Fitspiration: Is it helping or hurting? How the increase in social media fitness influencers affects Millennials’ dispositions of their health Alexis Belezos Lasell University MGMT 702: Research Methods Dr. Raymond Obeng March 7, 2021 Abstract Social media has become an extremely prominent aspect of millennials’ lives in today’s era. Instagram, owned by Facebook, has worked its way up to be the third most popular social media platform, following Facebook and YouTube (Suciu, 2019). As the platform’s popularity has increased, Instagram ‘Influencers’ have used their page to promote their businesses or personal brands to their niche followers. This study will examine the extent of how fitness influencers have affected millennials’ dispositions of their own health and will identify what extent of female millennials are influenced. This mixed study will focus on data from quantitative survey research and qualitative interviews and focus groups. The data will then be collected and analyzed to help determine whether fitness influencers are helping or hurting female millennials’ mental health body image. Fitness influencers often use their platforms to sell workout packages, meal plans, or promote health products like protein powder or workout equipment, so this study will also be helpful marketing research because it determines how likely Instagrammers in the fitness community are apt to purchase based off influence. Chapter 1: Introduction Statement of the Problem Constant exposure to highlight reels of influencer’s lives is causing female millennials to think differently about their own lives. In 2019, Instagram was said to be the social media platform with the highest user growth, rising 20\% from April 2018 to June 2019. This growth is said to be connected to the fact that Instagram is a photography and video-based platform, and visuals are processed 60,000x faster in the brain than text (Suciu, 2019). Instagram has an active 1 billion users and the highest percentage of users fall within the millennial generation at 33\%, and 59\% of overall Instagram users are female (Tankovska, 2021). Instagram influencer user accounts like photographers, make-up artists, travelers, models, and even pet dog pages have taken over users’ feeds, but the Fitness Instagram community is one of the largest and most engaged niche communities. This influencer community consists of models, personal trainers, body builders or just plain old gym rats who love to challenge their bodies. Millennials live in a world of constant hypoconnectivity and comparison and this could potentially affect the way they see their own lives and look at their own bodies. This study will define what a social media influencer is and will use the Social Comparison Theory to examine what kind of affect fitness influencers have on millennials dispositions of their own bodies and health routines. Significance of the Stud