Fluent Essays

Please Read Carefully! This week you have explored three different approaches to t tests. By this point, you know that each test has assumptions about the data and type of research questions it can answer. For this Assignment, you will be provided with three scenarios. As you read the scenarios, be sure and think about aligning the appropriate t test with the question. Consider whether the data are independent samples and if two samples are being compared.  To prepare for this Assignment: Review the Learning Resources and the media programs related to t tests. For additional support, review the Skill Builder: Research Design and Statistical Design and the Skill Builder: Hypothesis Testing for Independent Samples t-test, which you can find by navigating back to your Blackboard Course Home Page. From there, locate the Skill Builder link in the left navigation pane. Also, review the t test scenarios found in this week’s Learning Resources and consider the three different approaches of t tests: Independent sample t test Paired sample t test One sample t test  Based on each of the three research scenarios provided, open the High School Longitudinal Study dataset or the Afrobarometer dataset from this week’s Learning Resources using SPSS software, then choose and run the appropriate t test. Once you perform your t test analyses, review Chapter 11 of the Wagner text to understand how to copy and paste your output into your Word document.   For this Assignment: Write a 2 to 3-paragraph analysis of your t test results for each research scenario and include the SPSS syntax and output.  If you are using the Afrobarometer Dataset, report the mean of Q1 (Age). If you are using the HS Long Survey Dataset, report the mean of X1SES. Do not forget to evaluate if the t test assumptions are met, justify the selection of type of t test, and report the effect size. Based on your results, provide an explanation of what the implications of social change might be. Use proper APA format, citations, and referencing for your analysis, research questions, and output.   Frankfort-Nachmias, C., Leon-Guerrero, A., & Davis, G. (2020). Social statistics for a diverse society (9th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Chapter 8, “Testing Hypothesis” (pp. 243-279)  Wagner, III, W. E. (2020). Using IBM® SPSS® statistics for research methods and social science statistics (7th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Chapter 6, “Testing Hypotheses Using Means and Cross-Tabulation” (previously read in Week 5) Chapter 11, “Editing Output” (previously read in Week 2, 3, and 4) https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/rsch8210© 2016 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 1 of 1 Week 6 Scenarios 1. As an international development researcher, you would like to know African Citizen’s perceptions about current levels of democracy. Your working hypothesis is that a series of reforms have increased African views of the level of democracy today. You do not have a good research design to compare attitudes before and after the reforms, but know that leaders and development experts would like to see a value of 6, on the scale of 1–10. Using the data from the 2015 Afrobarometer, determine whether perceptions about current levels of democracy statistically differ from a value of 6. Please provide: a 1–2 APA style paragraph statement that furnishes an answer to this question, note the relevant statistics, comment on meaningfulness and include your relevant SPSS output. 2. As an international development researcher, you have already tested whether perceptions about the current levels of democracy differ from a value of 6. Given recent social change movements in North Africa, you now want to determine whether there is a statistical difference in these perceptions between North Africa and Southern Africa. Using the data from the 2015 Afrobarometer, please provide: a 1–2 APA style paragraph statement that furnishes an answer to this question, note the relevant statistics, comment on meaningfulness, and include your relevant SPSS output. 3. As an educational researcher, would like to know whether high school student’s perceptions about mathematical utility changed between their freshman and senior year. Each respondent is asked the same series of questions about the utility of mathematics in their future during their freshman and senior year. These questions are combined to form one variable of mathematical utility; higher values indicate higher levels of mathematical utility. Using the High School Longitudinal Survey, please provide: a 1–2 APA style paragraph statement that furnishes an answer to this question, note the relevant statistics, comment on meaningfulness, and include your relevant SPSS output.The t Test for Related Samples ©2019 Laureate Education, Inc. 1 The t Test for Related Samples Program Transcript MATT JONES: As its name implies, the independent samples t-test has the assumption of the independence of observations. But thats not always the case. Sometimes we take multiple observations of the same unit of analysis, such as a person, over time. In this case, well use a paired sample t-test, sometimes referred to as the dependent sample t-test. Lets go to SPSS to see how we do this. To perform the paired sample t-test in SPSS, we once again go to Analyze, Compare Means, and down to the Paired Sample T-test. SPSS doesnt require much information here; only the pair of variables of which we would like to test. We have a simulated data set here for statistical anxiety of students. Students were provided with an instrument that measures their anxiety around statistical topics on a number of different constructs-- teachers, interpretation, asking for help, worth, and self-conceptualization. They were given the test at the beginning of the class and at the conclusion of a class. Hence, why in the value labels we see pre-test and post-test. As a teacher, I might have some interest in determining whether students felt more comfortable with me or had lowering anxiety over time. This is perfect for a paired sample t- test. To perform this paired sample t-test, well go to Analyze, Compare Means, the Paired Sample T-test. SPSS doesnt ask for much information; only the pair of variables of which I would like to test. In this case, teacher pre-test and teacher post-test. So this is a classic before and after. The first piece of output I obtain from the paired sample t-test are some descriptive statistics, specifically around the pairwise comparison Im looking at, which is the teacher subscale pre-test and post-test. I see that there is mean on the pre-test of 17.32 and on the post-test, an 18.44. So it appears, at least from a descriptive sense, that there is a higher mean on the post-test than the pre-test. On the instrument, higher scores on an item or the subscale indicate higher levels of anxiety for that specific attitude. Except for this specific subscale, fear of statistics teachers, where higher scores actually indicate lower levels of anxiety. So if post scores are higher than pre scores, that means on average, students feel lower levels of anxiety and more positive attitude about their statistics teacher. I can see here, at least from a descriptive sense, that that appears to be the case. But from the sample, I am performing a test of statistical significance. Next to the mean, Im provided with the sample size 25-- 25 observations pre-test and 25 observations post-test, all the same person-- the standard deviation for the pre-test and the post-test, and the standard error of the mean. The t Test for Related Samples ©2019 Laureate Education, Inc. 2 Next, lets go dowCompare Two Means file:///C/Users/bryants/Pictures/Camera\%20Roll/Compare\%20Two\%20Means.html[3/29/2021 10:42:54 AM] Name of Response Variable: Type of Plot: Type of Inference: Confidence Interval Confidence Level (in \%): Interval, Lower or Upper Bound? Options: More Info on Dataset  Plot of Data  Plot of Interval Enter Data: From Textbook Dataset: Text & Graph Group 1 Label: Group 2 Label: Group 1 Data: Group 2 Data: Boxplot Dotplot Histogram 90 10095 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 90 10095 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 Interval Lower Upper Show t-score for Margin of Error Assume Equal Standard Deviations Confidence Interval: Population Parameter Lower Bound Upper Bound Confidence Level Difference μ - μ 0.0334 1.3752 95\% Descriptive Statistics: Group Sample Size Mean Std. Dev. Text & Graph 30 6.83 1.18 Text Only 31 6.13 1.43 Estimate of Difference of Means: Point Estimate Standard Error Margin of Error 0.7043 0.3351 ± 0.6709 1 2 Compare Two Population Means Confidence Interval & Significance Test Two Dependent Samples https://istats.shinyapps.io/2sample_mean/_w_6c76eab9/# https://istats.shinyapps.io/2sample_mean/_w_6c76eab9/session/3c6a0879e6ea22651596d13a9fd7d1c8/download/save1_1?w=6c76eab9 https://istats.shinyapps.io/2sample_mean/_w_6c76eab9/session/3c6a0879e6ea22651596d13a9fd7d1c8/download/save1_1?w=6c76eab9 https://istats.shinyapps.io/2sample_mean/_w_6c76eab9/session/3c6a0879e6ea22651596d13a9fd7d1c8/download/save1_1?w=6c76eab9 https://istats.shinyapps.io/2sample_mean/_w_6c76eab9/session/3c6a0879e6ea22651596d13a9fd7d1c8/download/save1_1?w=6c76eab9 https://istats.shinyapps.io/2sample_mean/_w_6c76eab9/session/3c6a0879e6ea22651596d13a9fd7d1c8/download/save2?w=6c76eab9 https://istats.shinyapps.io/2sample_mean/_w_6c76eab9/session/3c6a0879e6ea22651596d13a9fd7d1c8/download/save2?w=6c76eab9 https://istats.shinyapps.io/2sample_mean/_w_6c76eab9/session/3c6a0879e6ea22651596d13a9fd7d1c8/download/save2?w=6c76eab9 https://istats.shinyapps.io/2sample_mean/_w_6c76eab9/session/3c6a0879e6ea22651596d13a9fd7d1c8/download/save2?w=6c76eab9 http://www.artofstat.com/ http://www.artofstat.com/ http://www.artofstat.com/ https://istats.shinyapps.io/2sample_mean/_w_6c76eab9/#tab-4352-1 https://istats.shinyapps.io/2sample_mean/_w_6c76eab9/#tab-4352-1 https://istats.shinyapps.io/2sample_mean/_w_6c76eab9/#tab-4352-2 Local Disk Compare Two Means JlJTIwVHdvJTIwTWVhbnMuaHRtbAA=: form1: input3: Response select1: [int] input5: 95 select1_(1): [textb] select1_(1)_(2): [textgraph] input3_(1): Group 1 input3_(1)_(2): Group 2 textarea3: textarea3_(1):6A 6110 Week 6 Assignment How To Complete the Assignment Identify a quantitative  research article from a  peer-reviewed  journal Identify the research as: experimental, quasi-experimental, causal comparative, correlational, or pretest–posttest Write the reference list entry for the article followed by a three-paragraph annotation that includes: A summary that: Identifies (name/writes) the key elements of a quantitative study: -topic -research methodology -theoretical basis or the research -conclusions from the research -appropriateness of the sample size -study limitations -generalizability of the research An  analysis that: Identifies the research question Critiques and explains the article as an original contribution to the body of knowledge Names, critiques and explains the theoretical framework as adequate and/or appropriate. For more go here: https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/theoreticalframework#:~:text=The\%20theoretical\%20framework\%20is\%20the,Abend\%2C\%20Gabriel. Note: a theoretical framework introduces and describes the theory that explains why the research problem under study exists. Name that theory in your post. If the article does not identify a theoretical framework write a statement to that effect.