Fluent Essays

Summary paper APA Format 4 to 5 pages long Instructions and Article attached!!!!BRIEF REPORT Mind Over Milkshakes: Mindsets, Not Just Nutrients, Determine Ghrelin Response Alia J. Crum Yale University William R. Corbin Arizona State University Kelly D. Brownell and Peter Salovey Yale University Objective: To test whether physiological satiation as measured by the gut peptide ghrelin may vary depending on the mindset in which one approaches consumption of food. Methods: On 2 separate occasions, participants (n � 46) consumed a 380-calorie milkshake under the pretense that it was either a 620-calorie “indulgent” shake or a 140-calorie “sensible” shake. Ghrelin was measured via intravenous blood samples at 3 time points: baseline (20 min), anticipatory (60 min), and postconsumption (90 min). During the first interval (between 20 and 60 min) participants were asked to view and rate the (misleading) label of the shake. During the second interval (between 60 and 90 min) participants were asked to drink and rate the milkshake. Results: The mindset of indulgence produced a dramatically steeper decline in ghrelin after consuming the shake, whereas the mindset of sensibility produced a relatively flat ghrelin response. Participants’ satiety was consistent with what they believed they were consuming rather than the actual nutritional value of what they consumed. Conclusions: The effect of food consumption on ghrelin may be psychologically mediated, and mindset meaningfully affects physiological responses to food. Keywords: mindset, nutrition, ghrelin, hunger, product labeling Although often ignored, one’s mindset (thoughts, beliefs, and expectations) is a key component in various domains of health. The mere expectation to heal even in the absence of active phar- maceutical or chemical substances enhances the effect of medica- tion (e.g., Brody, 1980; Price, Finniss, Benedetti, 2008); one’s interpretation of events despite their objective characteristics de- termines the impact of stress and illness on the body (e.g., Cohen & Williamson, 1991; Park, 2006); and identifying housework as a good source of exercise can elicit corresponding physiological benefits without any changes in actual activity (Crum & Langer, 2007). Evidence continues to point to the idea that one’s state of mind influences the body, and we cannot easily separate the interdependence of mind and body (Langer, 2009). Studies of food expectancies suggest an important role for a per- son’s mindset in determining taste and preference. For instance, people like the taste of Coke better when it is consumed from a brand-name cup (McClure et al., 2004); strawberry yogurt and cheese spreads are enjoyed less if they are labeled “low-fat” (Wardle & Solomons, 1994); adding vinegar to beer under the labeling “special ingredient” can actually improve taste ratings (provided the consumer is unaware that the “special ingredient” is vinegar; Lee, Frederick, & Ariely, 2006); and manipulating the perceived cost of wine to be more expensive (but not the wine itself) can result in SONA ALTERNATIVE SUMMARY PAPER INSTRUCTIONS 1 SONA ALTERNATIVE SUMMARY PAPER INSTRUCTIONS 1 SONA ALTERNATIVE ASSIGNMENT (10 points possible) Carla Abad Florida International University Article Summary Paper (10 possible points) This assignment is an alternative to participating in a research study. You must complete this assignment if you are unbale or choose not to participate in research. For this assignment, you must choose an article to summarize from the articles that are provided on Canvas. What is a summary paper? This paper will require you to read and summarize the major elements of an empirical research paper. I suggest also looking at the example papers, which will give you a nice visual image of APA style that you can mimic in your own paper. Instructions Please follow the instructions and guidelines below. If you are unclear about any of this information, please ask.   This summary paper will include the following things:   1. Title page: 1 page (0.5 points) · Use APA style to present the appropriate information: · A header must be included and formatted APA style · The header should include a short title of your creation (no more than 50 characters) that is in ALL CAPS. This header is left-justified (flush left on the page). The header should be a shorter version of the title of the paper. · There must be a page number on the title page that is right justified. It is included in the header · Your paper title appears on the title page. This is usually 12 words or less, and the first letter of each word is capitalized. It should be descriptive of the paper and it should be bolded. · Your name will appear on the title page, make sure to leave an extra space between your title and name · Your institution will appear on the title page as well · For all papers, make sure to double-space EVERYTHING and use Times New Roman font. This includes everything from the title page through the references. · This is standard APA format. ALL of your future papers will include a similar title page. 2. Summary of the Article: 1 ½ page minimum, 3 pages maximum (8 points) An article summary should briefly summarize, in your own words, the article research question and how it was addressed in the article. Below are some things to include in your summary. · The summary itself will include the following: (Note – if the article involved more than one experiment, you can either choose to focus on one of the studies specifically or summarize the general design for all of the studies. If you choose to summarize only one of the studies in the article, please state so in the summary). · Description of the overall purpose of the study (this can be as little as one sentence, and no more than 2 sentences) · Type of study · Was it experimental or correlational? How do you know? · Variables: · What were the independent and dependent variables? Be specific with these. Define the terms independent and dependent variabl