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Hi, please do the best work.Course: Business ResearchSubject: Business Research MethodsWord limit: 3000 wordsAll other details have been written in the attachment. I have also attached my class notes for reference.Thank youAssessment Information Subject Code: BUS 604 Subject Name: Business Research Methods Assessment Title: Assessment 2 – Essay on research paradigm Weighting: 35 \% Length: 3000 words Due Date: Submission due Week 4 – Sunday at 11.59 pm COURSE: Master of Business (Research) Unit: Business Research Methods Unit Code: BUS604 Type of Assessment: Assessment 2 – Report on research paradigm Unit Learning Outcomes addressed: (a) Demonstrate a critical appreciation of the major steps involved in conducting research. (b) Demonstrate an extended understanding of various business research designs and methods and be able to evaluate and explain their strengths and weaknesses in research designs for particular projects. (c) Demonstrate a critical appreciation of ethical issues in research and an advanced understanding of appropriate procedures and protocols applicable to these issues. (d) Critically review and evaluate research literature. (e) Design research for a particular project, explaining the limitations, advantages, and technical and ethical implications of the techniques employed. (f) Select, justify and design questions suitable for a survey instrument and be able to analyse survey data in relation to a particular research question. (g) Prepare a formal research proposal investigating an innovative and/or unresolved research question. Criteria for Assessment:  Knowledge and Understanding  Content and exploration of theories and ideas  Analysis, synthesis and critical engagement  Technical skills and referencing Assessment Task: Using particular research methodologies raises many philosophical questions for researchers about the nature of reality, how knowledge is constructed, the role of value in research and how research should be conducted. Identify relevant research philosophies or paradigms and investigate their epistemology, ontology, axiology and their implications for methodology (research design, data collection, etc.) selection. Your essay must focus on contentious and problematic issues, therefore they must contain a well-argued case with an appropriate structure and obey academic conventions regarding referencing, etc. Although you may use any scholarly sources, the following are list of readings you can use to support your arguments. Creswell, J.W and Creswell, J.D. (2018). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, SAGE, Thousand Oaks Bell, E., Bryman, A., & Harley, B. (2018). Business research methods. Oxford university press. Burrell, G., & Morgan, G. (2017). Sociological paradigms and organisational analysis: Elements of the sociology of corporate life. Routledge. Hammersley, M., & Gomm, R. (1997). Bias in social research. Sociological Research Online, 2(1), 1-13. Neuman, W (2017) Social research Methods: QualWeek 2 Understanding research philosophies and approaches Lecture Overview Research Paradigm Philosophical assumptions Research approaches Research Paradigm An over-arching term relating to the development of knowledge and the nature of that knowledge’ (Saunders et al, 2009) “A basic set of beliefs that guide action” (Guba, 1990, p. 17) Research Paradigm When implementing worldviews in your research, you must addresses the following: Identify and state clearly the philosophical worldview for your the study Define the basic ideas of that worldview Demonstrate how the worldview shape your approach to research Research Paradigm -Understanding philosophical assumptions Ontology: it relates to the nature of reality and its characteristics Epistemology: how knowledge is constructed and justified Axiology: the role of values in research Methodology: the process involved in research/ how research should be conducted Research paradigms Positivism/ Postpositivists Realism Interpretivism Pragmatism These paradigms have their positions on the philosophical assumptions Saunders et al. (2009,p.119) Comparison of four research philosophies in management research Assumptions Positivism Realism Interpretivism Pragmatism Ontology: the researcher’s view of the nature of reality or being External, objective and independent of social actors Is objective. Exists independently of human thoughts and beliefs or knowledge of their existence interpreted through social conditioning Socially constructed, subjective, may change, multiple External, multiple, view chosen to best enable answering of research question Epistemology: the researcher’s view regarding what constitutes acceptable knowledge Only observable phenomena can provide credible data, facts. Focus on causality and law like generalisations, reducing phenomena to simplest elements Observable phenomena provide credible data, facts. Insufficient data means inaccuracies in sensations (direct realism). phenomena create sensations which are open to misinterpretation Subjective meanings and social phenomena. Focus upon the details of situation, a reality behind these details, subjective meanings motivating actions Either or both observable phenomena and subjective meanings can provide acceptable knowledge dependent upon the research question. Saunders et al. (2009,p.119) Comparison of four research philosophies in management research Assumptions Positivism Realism Interpretivism Pragmatism Axiology: the researcher’s view of the role of values in research Research is undertaken in a value-free way. the researcher is independent of the data and maintains an objective stance Research is value laden; the researcher is biased by world views, cultural experiences and upbringing. Research is value Bound. the researcher is part of what is being researched Values play a large role in interpreting results. the researcher adopting both objecWeek 3 Research Design Lecture Overview Research designs and strategies Strengths and weaknesses of different research designs Research designs Qualitative: for investigating and understanding the meaning individuals or a group of people ascribe to a social or human problem Quantitative: for examining and testing objective theories by assessing the relationship among variables. Mixed methods: involves the collection of both quantitative and qualitative data, integration of the two forms of data, and using distinct designs that may involve philosophical assumptions and theoretical frameworks Creswell and Creswell (2018) Research designs -Qualitative Research Strengths Data is based on participants’ own meaning Provides individual case information Data is collected in a naturalistic setting Can describe a phenomena in rich detail Weaknesses Knowledge generated may not generalize to other settings or people Data analysis is often time consuming The results are usually influenced by the researcher’s personal biases Research designs – Quantitative Research Strengths Can be used when large quantities of data need to be collected. The result is usually numerical (quantifiable) and hence considered more “objective”. The data is considered quantifiable and usually generalizable to a larger population The research results are relatively independent of the researcher Weaknesses Knowledge produced may be too general and abstract The researcher’s theory used may not reflect the local constituencies’ understandings Research designs –Mixed methods Research Strengths can give a better understanding of the problem and yield more complete evidence Can provide stronger evidence for conclusions through convergence and corroboration of findings Researcher can generate and test a theory Weaknesses More time consuming researcher may not be skilled in both qualitative and quantitative methods and may have to call on the expertise of someone else More expensive Alternative research strategies under each research design Quantitative Qualitative Mixed Methods Experimental designs Narrative research Convergent Nonexperimental designs, such as surveys Phenomenology Explanatory sequential Grounded theory Exploratory sequential Ethnographies Transformative, embedded, or multiphase Case study Research designs Each of the research designs have different strategies Qualitative Research strategies Case study: the researcher develops an in-depth analysis of a case Ethnography: researcher studies the shared patterns of behaviors of a shared cultural group in a natural setting. Narrative: the researcher studies the live experiences of individuals Phenomenology : explores the lived experiences of a group of people about a phenomenon as described by participants Grounded theory: the researcher derives a general, abstract theory of a process, action, or interaction groWeek 4 Qualitative research designs: Narrative research and phenomenology Lecture overview Definition of Narrative and phenomenological Research Defining features of Narrative and phenomenological Research Differences between Narrative and phenomenological Research Definition of Narrative Research Czarniawska (2004): “narrative is understood as a spoken or written text giving an account of an event/action or series of events/actions, chronologically connected” (p. 17). Narrative research explores the lived and told stories of individuals. Example, studying the lived experience of successful business men like Bill Gates, and Jack Ma Creswell and Poth (2018) Defining features of Narrative research Narrative researchers gather stories from individuals about individuals’ lived and told experiences Narrative stories tell of individual experiences, and they may shed light on the identities of individuals Narrative stories occur within specific places or context Creswell and Poth (2018) Defining features of Narrative Research Narrative researchers gather data through qualitative data collection methods such diary/journaling, interviews, and documents Implementing narrative research strategy Collect stories from a single individual, for example a Nepali immigrant worker in Sydney State how you gathered stories and built relationship with this individual Focus on the experiences of this one individual. For example, how colleagues, friends and workplace practices shape the identity of the Nepali immigrant worker Implementing narrative research strategy Discuss the physical and social context of the study (example, the workplace) Gather data overtime through observations, interviews, field notes, and attendance at events Analyse the data and report the findings. Your analysis must address the question “what happened” Definition of phenomenological Research Phenomenological research: explores the shared experience of a group of people regarding a phenomenon. It reduces individual experiences with a phenomenon to a description of the universal essence(van Manen, 1990). Example, exploring the experience of skydivers Definition of phenomenological Research It explores phenomenon such as “professional growth”, caring relationship, attachment Defining features of phenomenological research Participants are individuals who have experienced the phenomenon Data is collected through interviews Data analysis is down through a systematic procedure that moves from the narrow unit of analysis Implementing a phenomenological research Identify and describe the phenomenon. Example, workplace bullying experience of victims Collect data with a group of workplace bullying victims Mention the philosophical ideas behind phenomenology Talk about how you shelved your own (bullying) experience (bracketing) Analyse systematically, identify significant staWeek 1 Introduction, and understanding business and leadership research process Lecture Overview Introduction to BUS604 Unit Schedule Overview of unit assessments How to be successful in this unit Business and Leadership Research Process Criteria of Good Research Introduction to BUS604 What do you learn in BUS 604? Research paradigms/worldviews Qualitive, quantitative and mixed methods designs and strategies Applying for ethical clearance Matching Research Questions and methods How do you learn them? Attending and Participating actively in lectures and tutorials Reading relevant journal articles and textbooks Group discussion in the class/ online Individual assessments Where do we do them? Blended (Face-to-face and online) What tools do you need ? WiFi/ reliable internet Zoom Unit Schedule Week Lecture Topic 1 Introduction, and understanding the business and leadership research process Assessment 1 Starts 2 Understanding research philosophies and approaches 3 Research Design 4 Qualitative research designs: Narrative research and phenomenology Assessment 2 Due 5 Qualitative research designs: Ethnography and Grounded theory 6 Qualitative research designs: Case study 7 Quantitative design: survey 8 Quantitative design: experiment 9 Mixed method research 10 Ethical Considerations in Research 11 Research Ethics Proposal 12 Selecting a research design and strategy Assessment 1 Due 13 Assessment 3 Due Learning Outcomes On successful completion of this unit, the student should be able to: This unit supports the achievement of Graduate Attributes: (a) Demonstrate a critical appreciation of the major steps involved in conducting research. 1 (Deep Knowledge), 2 (Critical Analysis) and 7 (Technical Competence). (b) Demonstrate an extended understanding of various business research designs and methods, and be able to evaluate and explain their strengths and weaknesses in research designs for particular projects. 1 (Deep Knowledge), 2 (Critical Analysis), 4 (Effective Communication), 6 (Self Direction) and 7 (Technical Competence). (c) Demonstrate a critical appreciation of ethical issues in research and an advanced understanding of appropriate procedures and protocols applicable to these issues. 1 (Deep Knowledge), 2 (Critical Analysis), 4 (Effective Communication), 5 (Christian Ethics) and 7 (Technical Competence). (d) Critically review and evaluate research literature. 1 (Deep Knowledge), 2 (Critical Analysis), 6 (Self Direction), 7 (Technical Competence) and 8 (Responsible Innovation). (e) Design research for a particular project, explaining the limitations, advantages, and technical and ethical implications of the techniques employed. 1 (Deep Knowledge), 2 (Critical Analysis), 4 (Effective Communication), 5 (Christian Ethics), 6 (Self Direction), 7 (Technical Competence) and 8 (Responsible Innovation). (f) Select, justify and design questions su