Fluent Essays

I need a lab report written with the sources and information I provide.Experiment 1: Descriptive Title of Lab Report BSC 110L Section H001 September 31, 2019 TA: Jane Doe ABSTRACT This section is usually written last and summarizes the entire lab report. The general formula for writing the abstract is as follows: First sentence = Summary of the introduction Second sentence = Summary of the hypothesis and methods Third sentence = Summary of the results and if the hypothesis was supported or not. Fourth sentence = Summary of the discussion. Fifth sentence = Summary of the conclusion (that is in the discussion). Be sure to include your hypothesis, statement of purpose, materials and methods, results, and major conclusions. Total, this section should be between 100 and 200 words. INTRODUCTION The introduction and discussion should be the longest sections in your lab report. In this section you will spend a minimum of three paragraphs describing the science behind the experiment, state a hypothesis and explain your expectations and purpose behind doing the experiment. Remember that the introduction is where you put all of the information so that the reader will be able to understand the experiment, results and discussion. You should give enough background in this section that a person would reasonably come to the same hypothesis as to yours. There should be a lot of in-text citations in this section, which means you will be summarizing an idea from a primary source, paraphrasing the content and then giving credit through the in text citation. If you need help paraphrasing, use the guide in your lab manual on page 119 – 120. To have an awesome introduction be sure to provide accurate background information using relevant vocabulary. From that relevant information, create a clear and well written hypothesis. Provide predictions and expectations of the experiment, and provide justification based on background your introduction provides. Discuss how the background information you provide ties into the purpose and hypothesis of the lab report. Use recent information, no older than a decade as science moves fast and some articles before 2009 may be out of date now. As an extra note, when you include an organism in your introduction you should first mention the common name, species name, and then refer to it as the G. specific epithet name if in the same paragraph or within a sentence. The caveats to this are that you cannot start a sentence with an abbreviation (i.e. cannot start a sentence with G. species). When you mention the species in a new paragraph you need to restate the genus. I’ve included an example in grey below: The Atlantic cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus, and the Brazilian cownose ray, R. brasiliensis, have overlapping morphological features that have resulted in their misidentification in the field. Rhinoptera rays have been documented in the western Atlantic ranging from… MATERIALS AND METHODS This should be short and sweet, but given with enough detail that the experiment coulNAME_____________________________________ DATE_____________________________ TA:__________________________ Student ID____________________ CHECK the following before you submit your assignment to your TA: The lab report is submitted via Turnitin on Canvas, the TA will not accept a hard copy or late work (no exceptions). The ENTIRE rubric is printed with your name and student ID The Turnitin.com submission confirmation sheet is stapled to the lab report. All required components, as listed on the rubric, are included in the lab report. Zero points will be awarded in the category of a missing component. 5 Exceeds Standard 4 Meets Standard 3 Nearly Meets Standard 2 Below Standard 1 Little Progress Toward Standard 0 Total Abstract ** Possible 10 points · Stand-alone accurate synopsis of lab report · Includes: hypothesis, purpose statement, materials/methods, results and major conclusions · Paragraph form · 100-200 words Does not include 1 of the following: · Paragraph form · 100-200 words · Missing hypothesis, purpose statement, materials/methods, results and/or major conclusions · Stand-alone accurate synopsis of lab report Does not include 2 of the following: · Paragraph form · 100-200 words · Missing hypothesis, purpose statement, materials/methods, results and/or major conclusions · Stand-alone accurate synopsis of lab report Does not include 3 of the following: · Paragraph form · 100-200 words · Missing hypothesis, purpose statement, materials/methods, results and/or major conclusions · Stand-alone accurate synopsis of lab report Does not include 4 or more of the following: · Paragraph form · 100-200 words · Stand-alone accurate synopsis of lab report · hypothesis, purpose statement, materials/methods, results and/or major conclusions · Stand-alone accurate synopsis of lab report Introduction (Does the background material relate to the topic of the investigation?) **Possible 25 Points · Provided accurate and sufficient background information from primary sources to support your hypothesis; relates to the topic being investigated; relevant and up to date · A clear hypothesis and an informed prediction · Justified the prediction with prior knowledge · A clear purpose statement · Explained the purpose statement · Recent background information (before 2007) · Connected the purpose to the background information from primary sources · Discussion of content as it relates to the topic (how the background material relates to the topic of the investigation) Does not include 1 of the following: · Provided accurate and sufficient background information from primary sources to support your hypothesis; relates to the topic being investigated; relevant and up to date · A clear hypothesis and an informed prediction · Justified the prediction with prior knRESEARCH ARTICLE Effect of pH on Cleavage of Glycogen by Vaginal Enzymes Greg T. Spear1*, Mary McKenna1, Alan L. Landay1, Hadijat Makinde1, Bruce Hamaker2, Audrey L. French3, Byung-Hoo Lee4 1 Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America, 2 Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America, 3 CORE Center of Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America, 4 Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea * [email protected] Abstract Glycogen expressed by the lower genital tract epithelium is believed to support Lactobacil- lus growth in vivo, although most genital isolates of Lactobacillus are not able to use glyco- gen as an energy source in vitro. We recently reported that α-amylase is present in the genital fluid of women and that it breaks down glycogen into small carbohydrates that sup- port growth of lactobacilli. Since the pH of the lower genital tract can be very low, we deter- mined how low pH affects glycogen processing by α-amylase. α-amylase in saliva degraded glycogen similarly at pH 6 and 7, but activity was reduced by 52\% at pH 4. The glycogen degrading activity in nine genital samples from seven women showed a similar profile with an average reduction of more than 50\% at pH 4. However, two samples col- lected from one woman at different times had a strikingly different pH profile with increased glycogen degradation at pH 4, 5 and 6 compared to pH 7. This second pH profile did not cor- relate with levels of human α-acid glucosidase or human intestinal maltase glucoamylase. High-performance anion-exchange chromatography showed that mostly maltose was pro- duced from glycogen by samples with the second pH profile in contrast to genital α-amylase that yielded maltose, maltotriose and maltotetraose. These studies show that at low pH, α- amylase activity is reduced to low but detectable levels, which we speculate helps maintain Lactobacillus growth at a limited but sustained rate. Additionally, some women have a geni- tal enzyme distinct from α-amylase with higher activity at low pH. Further studies are needed to determine the identity and distribution of this second enzyme, and whether its presence influences the makeup of genital microbiota. Introduction The lower genital tract microbiota of many women is dominated by bacteria of the genus Lac- tobacillus. In those women, production of lactic acid by Lactobacillus acidifies the vaginal PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0132646 July 14, 2015 1 / 10 a11111 OPEN ACCESS Citation: Spear GT, McKenna M, Landay AL, Makinde H, Hamaker B, French AL, et al. (2015) Effect of pH on Cleavage of Glycogen by Vaginal Enzymes. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0132646. doi:10.1371/ Effects of pH, temperature, enzyme-to-substrate ratio and reaction time on the antigenicity of casein hydrolysates prepared by papain Xiaoyu Liu, Yongkang Luo* and Zheng Li Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China (Received 29 March 2011; final version received 28 June 2011) The effects of pH, temperature, enzyme-to-substrate ratio and reaction time on the antigenicity of casein hydrolysates were investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimise the reaction conditions. Enzy- matic hydrolysis with papain could reduce the antigenicity of a-casein and b-casein effectively and the reduction of antigenicity could be controlled by regulation of the reaction conditions. The model for optimal reaction conditions of a lower antigenicity of a-casein and b-casein was established. Under the range of conditions studied, enzyme-to-substrate ratio had the most significant effects on the antigenicity of a-casein and b-casein. The anti-a-casein IgG binding inhibition and anti-b-casein binding inhibition were both significantly negatively related with the degree of hydrolysis (DH). Keywords: cow’s milk allergy; a-casein; b-casein; hydrolysis; papain; ELISA; antigen; enzyme 1. Introduction Food allergy has become a major public health concern around the world. Cow’s milk is thought to be one of the most common food allergies (Fritsche, 2003). A number of studies has presented that cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA) has an incidence of 2�6\% for infants or young children (Hill & Hosking, 1996, 1997; Hosking, Heine, & Hill, 2000), causing serious consequences for the infants’ health. Therefore, it is very necessary to reduce or eliminate the milk allergens. All milk proteins appear to be potential allergens, even those present in only trace amounts. However, the main allergens in cow’s milk protein seem to be casein, a-LA and b-LG (Wal, 1998). Up to now, great attentions have been paid on how to reduce the allergenicity of whey protein, technological approaches involve heat processing (Bu, Luo, Zheng, & Zheng, 2009; Kleber & Hinrichs, 2007), enzymatic hydrolysis (Wróblewska, Jedrychowski, Hajós, & Szabó, 2008; Zheng, Shen, Bu, & Luo, 2008), fermentation (Bu, Luo, Zhang, & Chen, 2010), Maillard reaction (Bu, Lu, Zheng, & Luo, 2009; Bu, Luo, Lu, & Zhang, 2010) and high pressure (Kleber, Maier, & Hinrichs, 2007). Combined application of high pressure and hydrolysis is also used (Chicón, López-Fandiño, Alonso, & Belloque, 2008). Enzymatic hydrolysis with selected proteases is by far the most efficient process. Several investigators have evaluated the immunogenicity and allergenicity of enzymatically hydrolysed casein. *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] Food and Agricultural Immunology Vol. 23, No. 1, March 2012, 69�82 ISSN 0954-0105 print/ISSN 1465-3443 online # 2012 Taylor & Francis http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09The globin family is comprised of small porphyrin� containing proteins that can reversibly bind O2 via an iron (Fe 2+ ) ion of the heme prosthetic group [1]. Hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin (Mb) are two members of the globin family and function in storage and transportation of oxy� gen in different tissues [2, 3]. However, in some mollusks and arthropods, Hb is replaced by hemocyanin [4, 5], which plays important roles in transporting oxygen via copper ions [6], homeostatic and physiological processes such as molting [7], hormone transport [8], osmoregula� tion, and protein storage [9]. It has been reported that increasing ambient temperature can lead to decreased oxygen affinity of hemocyanin and a change in coopera� tivity of the pigment [10], and low temperature signifi� cantly downregulates hemocyanin content [11]. Besides the well�known Hb and Mb, the other two globins, cytoglobin (Cygb) and neuroglobin (Ngb), have also been identified in a wide range of species [12] and possess the typical globin fold of eight helixes and a heme prosthetic group whose physiological importance is pri� marily related to its ability to reversibly bind molecular oxygen [13]. Ngb is mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of neurons (brain and retina) and some endocrine tissues [14]. Several potential functions of Ngb have been report� ed, such as the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NO, as well as the role of oxygen sensor and transporter [15, 16]. Cygb is found in heart, lung, liver, and stomach [17�19] and shows oxygen�binding charac� teristics like those of Mb [16], suggesting that Cygb facil� ISSN 0006�2979, Biochemistry (Moscow), 2017, Vol. 82, No. 7, pp. 844�851. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2017. Published in Russian in Biokhimiya, 2017, Vol. 82, No. 7, pp. 1097�1106. 844 Abbreviations: Cygb, cytoglobin; Hb, hemoglobin; LDH, lac� tate dehydrogenase; Mb, myoglobin; Ngb, neuroglobin; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SDH, succinate dehydrogenase. * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Effect of Low Temperature on Globin Expression, Respiratory Metabolic Enzyme Activities, and Gill Structure of Litopenaeus vannamei Meng Wu1, Nan Chen1, Chun�Xiao Huang1, Yan He1, Yong�Zhen Zhao2, Xiao�Han Chen3, Xiu�Li Chen3*, and Huan�Ling Wang1,2* 1Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, College of Fishery, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, 430070 Wuhan, PR China; E�mail: [email protected] 2Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, 430070 Wuhan, PR China 3Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, 530021 Nanning, PR China; E�mail: [email protected] Received January 22, 2017 Revision received March 20, 2017 Abstract—Low temperature frequently influences growth, development, and even survival of aquatic animals. In the pres� ent study, physiological and molecular responses to low temperature in