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Reflection and Discussion Forum Week 7Assigned Readings:Chapter 15. Foundations of Organization StructureChapter 16. Organizational CultureChapter 17. Organizational Change and Stress ManagementInitial Postings: Read and reflect on the assigned readings for the week. Then post what you thought was the most important concept(s), method(s), term(s), and/or any other thing that you felt was worthy of your understanding in each assigned textbook chapter.Your initial post should be based upon the assigned reading for the week, so the textbook should be a source listed in your reference section and cited within the body of the text. Other sources are not required but feel free to use them if they aid in your discussion.Also, provide a graduate-level response to each of the following questions: One of the main ways that culture is created and maintained within an organization is for the founder to only hire and keep employees who think and feel the same as he/she does. Discuss both the pros and cons of this idea and offer an opinion as to why this system can be effective?  [Your post must be substantive and demonstrate insight gained from the course material. Postings must be in the students own words - do not provide quotes!] [Your initial post should be at least 450+ words and in APA format (including Times New Roman with font size 12 and double spaced). Post the actual body of your paper in the discussion thread then attach a Word version of the paper for APA review]    Research Project - Group Submission Attached Files:  Reserach Project .docx Reserach Project .docx - Alternative Formats (17.9 KB)  Evaluation Rubric .docx Evaluation Rubric .docx - Alternative Formats (19.6 KB) CourseBADM532 – Organizational Behavior Purpose of AssignmentThe purpose of this project is to give your team an opportunity to apply what has been learned about organizational behavior (through course lectures, readings, research, and discussions) and expand research skills to analyze the problems of an organization. Since organizational work involves working and communicating with others, you are asked to participate in a group project. You will be randomly assigned to work in groups. The aim of the group project is two-fold: 1) the project allows you to research and explore organizational behavior concepts in depth and 2) the project allows you to evaluate a current concept within organizational behavior within multiple organizations using the OB concepts we have learned and the analytical skills you have developed in the course. Your team will select a current concept in OB and identify at least four organizations in which this concept is applied to, research and present on. What to DoGroups should: Identify three (3) organizations known to successfully apply the chosen organizational behavior concept to their organizational structure.  *At least one of these organizations should come from Forbes 100 Best Places to Work list for this year. Identify one (1) organization known to unsuccessfully apply the chosen organizational behavior concept to their organizational structure. Be prepared to discuss how this organizational concept is applied in your own workplace – or could be applied. *While the main focus of your research should focus on the OB concept chosen, you may incorporate other OB concepts/theories that strengthen your research. Be sure to aim for depth rather than breadth regarding the use of additional OB concepts. Any additional concepts should NOT change the focus of your research but strengthen.  Don’t forget to include: Description of the OB concept. The history and theories behind the use of this concept, as well as any negative opinions or theories against the concept. What benefits do you see with the use of this OB concept? Identify three (3) organizational known to successfully apply the chosen organizational behavior concept to their organizational structure. *At least one of these organizations should come from Forbes 100 Best Places to Work list for this year. Please provide a description of the organizations chosen, their background, and how/why this OB concept was applied. Be sure to include examples of concept applied within each organization (answers may vary based on the organization) How has this concept impacted the organizations? (answers may vary based on the organization) Describe how the organizations are viewed as leaders in their industry because of the use of the OB concepts? (answers may vary based on the organization) Identify one (1) organization known to unsuccessfully apply the chosen organizational behavior concept to their organizational structure. Please provide a description of the organizations chosen, their background, and how/why this OB concept was applied and unsuccessful. Compare and contrast the organizations’ use of the OB concept. Deliverables Written Component: Prepare a report to address all aspects of the assignment.  This report should be no less than 10 pages and no more than 15 pages of content. Imaged (graphs, charts, & images should not count towards your 15 pages of content – Title page and Reference does not count towards your 15 pages of content.  You must have at least 10 references (5 must be scholarly peer-reviewed articles). All outside sources should be referenced and properly cited in-text and on your reference page.   In addition to the 15 pages of content, you will want a title page and references.  This report MUST be in proper APA format.Essentials of Organizational Behavior Fifteenth Edition Chapter 15 Foundations of Organization Structure Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1 Learning Objectives 15.1 Identify seven elements of an organization’s structure. 15.2 Identify the characteristics of the simple structure, bureaucracy, and the matrix structure. 15.3 Identify the characteristics of the virtual structure, the team structure, and the circular structure. 15.4 Describe the effects of downsizing on organizational structures and employees. 15.5 Contrast the reasons for mechanistic and organic structural models. 15.6 Analyze the behavioral implications of different organizational designs. Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. What Is Organization Structure? Learning Objective 15.1 Organizational Structure: defines how job tasks are formally divided, grouped, and coordinated Key elements: Work specialization Departmentalization Chain of command Span of control Centralization and decentralization Formalization Boundary spanning Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Organizational structure depicts how job tasks are formally divided, grouped, and coordinated. The key elements of organizational structure include work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, span of control, centralization and decentralization, formalization, and boundary spanning. 3 Key Design Questions and Answers for Designing the Proper Organizational Structure (Exhibit 15-1) Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. This exhibit presents each element as an answer to an important structural question. The details are as follows: Question 1: To what degree are activities subdivided into separate jobs? Answer: Work specialization. Question 2: On what basis will jobs be grouped together? Answer: Departmentalization. Question 3: To whom do individuals and groups report? Answer: Chain of command. Question 4: How many individuals can a manager efficiently and effectively direct? Answer: Span of control. Question 5: Where does decision-making authority lie? Answer: Centralization and decentralization Question 7: To what degree will there be rules and regulations to direct employees and managers? Answer: Formalization. Question 8: Do individuals from different areas need to regularly interact? Answer: Boundary spanning. 4 Work Specialization Work specialization: describes the degree to which activities in the organization are subdivided into separate jobs Also known as division of labor Benefits Greater efficiency and lower costs Costs Human costs when carried too far Job enlargement as a solution Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. A key part of organizational structure is understanding the degree to which tasks are divEssentials of Organizational Behavior Fifteenth Edition Chapter 16 Organizational Culture Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1 Learning Objectives 16.1 Describe the common characteristics of organizational culture. 16.2 Show how culture is transmitted to employees. 16.3 Identify the factors that create and sustain an organization’s culture. 16.4 Compare the functional and dysfunctional effects of organizational culture on people and the organization. 16.5 Describe the similarities and differences in creating an ethical culture, a positive culture, and a spiritual culture. 16.6 Show how national culture can affect the way organizational culture is interpreted in another country. Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Organizational Culture Learning Objective 16.1 Organizational culture: a system of shared meaning held by members that distinguishes the organization from other organizations Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Organizational culture is an important concept in studying how organizations behave. Culture is defined as a common perception held by the members of the organization or a sense of shared meaning. This system is characterized by values, beliefs, and underlying assumptions that serve several purposes. 3 The Effect of Culture on Organizational Outcomes (Exhibit 16-2) Culture Employee Attitudes & Performance Innovation High Quality Products/Services & Operational Efficiency Customer Satisfaction & Market Share Profitability & Revenue Growth Clan +* +* 0 +* - Adhocracy +* + +* - 0 Market 0 + +* +* 0 Hierarchy +* - +* 0 +* Note: + corresponds with a positive effect on the outcome, - corresponds with a negative effect on the outcome, 0 corresponds with a zero, or null, effect on the outcome, * suggests the culture is strongly related to the outcome. Sources: Based on findings from C. A. Hartnell, A. Y. Ou, A. J. Kinicki, D. Choi, and E. P. Karam, “A meta-analytic test of organizational culture’s association with elements of an organization’s system and its relative predictive validity on organizational outcomes,” Journal of Applied Psychology 104, no. 6 (2019): 832–850. Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. One of the most common frameworks describes organizational cultures as possessing several competing values. The Clan is a culture based on human affiliation. Employees value attachment, collaboration, trust, and support. The Adhocracy is a culture based on change. Employees value growth, variety, attention to detail, stimulation, and autonomy. The Market is a culture based on achievement. Employees value communication, competence, and competition. And the Hierarchy is a culture based on stability. Employees value communication, formalization, and routine. AnEssentials of Organizational Behavior Fifteenth Edition Chapter 17 Organizational Change and Stress Management Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1 Learning Objectives (1 of 2) 17.1 Contrast the forces for change and planned change. 17.2 Describe ways to overcome resistance to change. 17.3 Compare the four main approaches to managing organizational change. 17.4 Demonstrate three ways of facilitating change. Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Learning Objectives (2 of 2) 17.5 Identify the potential environmental, organizational, and personal sources of stress at work as well as the role of individual and cultural differences. 17.6 Identify the physiological, psychological, and behavioral symptoms of stress at work. 17.7 Describe individual and organizational approaches to managing stress at work. Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Forces for Change Learning Objective 17.1 Changing nature of the workforce Technology Economic shocks Competition Social trends World politics Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. There are many forces that stimulate change, including the changing nature of the workforce, technology, economic shocks, competition, social trends, and world politics. All these things can drive change in a workplace. The changing nature of the workforce is evident across industries. Technology is continually changing jobs and organizations. Economic shocks have a huge impact on organizations, leading to job loss, the death of organizations, and a long road to recovery. Competition precipitates change. Social trends do not remain static. Organizations must therefore continually adjust product and marketing strategies to be sensitive to changing social trends. And world politics also affect changes in organizations. 4 Reactionary versus Planned Change Change: making things different Planned change: change activities that are intentional and goal oriented Change agents: people who act as catalysts and assume the responsibility for managing change activities Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. In this chapter, we address change as an intentional, goal-oriented activity. Change is making things different from the way they were. Change activities that are intentional and goal oriented are planned changes. And change agents are people who act as catalysts and assume the responsibility for managing change activities. 5 Resistance to Change Learning Objective 17.2 People tend to resist change, even in the face of evidence of its benefits Can be positive if it leads to open discussion and debate Remember, not all change is good Change agents need to carefully think through the implications Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Research Project Course BADM532 – Organizational Behavior Purpose of Assignment The purpose of this project is to give your team an opportunity to apply what has been learned about organizational behavior (through course lectures, readings, research, and discussions) and expand research skills to analyze the problems of an organization. Since organizational work involves working and communicating with others, you are asked to participate in a group project. You will be randomly assigned to work in groups. The aim of the group project is two-fold: 1) the project allows you to research and explore organizational behavior concepts in depth and 2) the project allows you to evaluate a current concept within organizational behavior within multiple organizations using the OB concepts we have learned and the analytical skills you have developed in the course. Your team will select a current concept in OB and identify at least four organizations in which this concept is applied to, research and present on. What to Do Groups should: 1. Identify three (3) organizations known to successfully apply the chosen organizational behavior concept to their organizational structure. *At least one of these organizations should come from Forbes 100 Best Places to Work list for this year. 2. Identify one (1) organization known to un successfully apply the chosen organizational behavior concept to their organizational structure. 3. Be prepared to discuss how this organizational concept is applied in your own workplace – or could be applied.   *While the main focus of your research should focus on the OB concept chosen, you may incorporate other OB concepts/theories that strengthen your research. Be sure to aim for depth rather than breadth regarding the use of additional OB concepts. Any additional concepts should NOT change the focus of your research but strengthen. Don’t forget to include: 1. Description of the OB concept. The history and theories behind the use of this concept, as well as any negative opinions or theories against the concept. 2. What benefits do you see with the use of this OB concept? 4. Identify three (3) organizational known to successfully apply the chosen organizational behavior concept to their organizational structure. *At least one of these organizations should come from Forbes 100 Best Places to Work list for this year. Please provide a description of the organizations chosen, their background, and how/why this OB concept was applied. Be sure to include examples of concept applied within each organization (answers may vary based on the organization) 3. How has this concept impacted the organizations? (answers may vary based on the organization) 4. Describe how the organizations are viewed as leaders in their industry because of the use of the OB concepts? (answers may vary based on the organization) 5. Identify one (1) organization known to un successfully apply the chosen organizat