Fluent Essays

I need to analyze a federal social welfare policy approach that was implemented to address the issue of the housing choice policy.Instructions Write a five-page paper covering a federal social welfare problem policy approach on Housing Choice Voucher In addition to our course readings, you will need to review the literature on the social issues or problems you select in order to respond to some of the requirements below. Include the following in your submission: Introduction Provide an introduction that identifies and succinctly summarizes the policy. Body of Paper ● Analyze a current federal policys effectiveness with respect to the chosen issue or problem. ● Synthesize historic and current public opinion in response to the federal policy. ● Describe what is working and for whom with the current policy. ● Analyze the current policy’s impact on family structure and family life. ● Discuss the flaws in the existing policy, including some reasons why it does or does not work. Conclusion Provide a succinct conclusion that highlights the key points of your discussion. Additional Requirements ● References: Include a minimum of seven peer-reviewed journal articles. Only one can be older than five years. (Please see attached the list of peer-reviewed journal articles to be used) ● Length of paper: Approximately five pages, not including cover and references. ● Communication: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and respectful of the diversity, dignity, and integrity of others, consistent with expectations for members of the human services profession. Written communication should be free of errors that detract from the overall message. ● APA style and format: Use appropriate APA style and formatting for citations and references.The Effect of the Earned Income Tax Credit on Housing and Living Arrangements Natasha Pilkauskas1 & Katherine Michelmore2 Published online: 17 June 2019 # Population Association of America 2019 Abstract As rents have risen and wages have not kept pace, housing affordability in the United States has declined over the last 15 years, impacting the housing and living arrange- ments of low-income families. Housing subsidies improve the housing situations of low-income families, but less than one in four eligible families receive a voucher. In this article, we analyze whether one of the largest anti-poverty programs in the United States—the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)—affects the housing (eviction, home- lessness, and affordability) and living arrangements (doubling up, number of people in the household, and crowding) of low-income families. Using the Current Population Survey, the American Community Survey/decennial census, and the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we employ a parameterized difference-in-differences strategy to examine whether policy-induced expansions to the EITC affect the housing and living arrangements of single mothers. Results suggest that a $1,000 increase in the EITC improves housing by reducing housing cost burdens, but it has no effect on eviction or homelessness. Increases in the EITC also reduce doubling up (living with additional, nonnuclear family adults)—in particular, doubling up in someone else’s home—and reduce three-generation/multigenerational coresidence, suggesting that mothers have a preference to live independently. We find weak evidence for a reduction in overall household size, yet the EITC does reduce household crowding. Although the EITC is not an explicit housing policy, expansions to the EITC are generally linked with improved housing outcomes for single mothers and their children. Demography (2019) 56:1303–1326 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00791-5 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019- 00791-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Natasha Pilkauskas [email protected] Katherine Michelmore [email protected] 1 Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, 735 S. State Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA 2 Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, 426 Eggers Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA Keywords EITC . Housing . Living arrangements . Doubling up . Household instability Introduction Stable housing is crucial to the physical, emotional, and economic well-being of individ- uals and families (e.g., Bratt 2002; Leventhal and Newman 2010). Housing affordability in the United States has declined over the last few decades, impacting the housing and living arrangements of low-income families (Desmond 2016; Joint Center for Housing Studies (JCHS) 2017). Housing subsidies for low-income renters, such as housing choice vouchers, are effecAn Overview of the Section 8 Housing Programs: Housing Choice Vouchers and Project-Based Rental Assistance Updated February 7, 2014 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL32284 An Overview of the Section 8 Housing Programs Congressional Research Service Summary The Section 8 low-income housing program is really two programs authorized under Section 8 of the U.S. Housing Act of 1937, as amended: the Housing Choice Voucher program and the project- based rental assistance program. Vouchers are portable subsidies that low-income families can use to lower their rents in the private market. Vouchers are administered at the local level by quasi- governmental public housing authorities (PHAs). Project-based rental assistance is a form of rental subsidy that is attached to a unit of privately owned housing. Low-income families who move into the housing pay a reduced rent, on the basis of their incomes. The Section 8 program began in 1974, primarily as a project-based rental assistance program. However, by the mid-1980s, project-based assistance came under criticism for seeming too costly and concentrating poor families in high-poverty areas. Congress stopped funding new project- based Section 8 rental assistance contracts in 1983. In their place, Congress created vouchers as a new form of assistance. Today, vouchers—numbering more than 2 million—are the primary form of assistance provided under Section 8, although over 1 million units still receive project-based assistance under their original contracts or renewals of those contracts. Congressional interest in the Section 8 programs—both the voucher program and the project- based rental assistance program—has increased in recent years, particularly as the program costs have rapidly grown, led by cost increases in the voucher program. In order to understand why costs are rising so quickly, it is important to first understand how the program works and its history. This report presents a brief overview of that history and introduces the reader to the program. For more information, see CRS Report RL34002, Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher Program: Issues and Reform Proposals; and CRS Report R41182, Preservation of HUD-Assisted Housing, by Maggie McCarty and Libby Perl. An Overview of the Section 8 Housing Programs Congressional Research Service Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Background Information ........................................................................................................... 1 Early Section 8 ................................................................................................................................ 2 New Construction and Substantial Rehabilitation .................................................................... 2 Moderate ReMaking (and Framing) the Connection Between Housing Affordability and Health Follow-up on: Fenelon A, Mayne P, Simon AE, et al. Housing assistance programs and adult health in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2017; 107(4):571–578. In 2017, Fenelon et al. dem- onstrated significant health im- provements among low-income adults receiving housing assistance from the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Using multivariate models, the investigators examined self- reported health status and levels of psychological distress among adults who were currently receiving HUD housing assistance (including public housing, housing choice vouchers,andmultifamilyhousing) and adults who were scheduled to receive housing assistance within the next two years.1 Adjusting for all other factors, the authors found that housing assistance was associ- ated with improved health status and psychological well-being amongcurrent public housing and multifamily housing residents relative to those who were on a waitlist.1 Notably, their findings indicate the high value of HUD housing assistance programs with respect to recipients’ physical and men-tal health. Such evidence helps reify the link between housing afford- ability and health, a link that recent research suggests may be recognizedbythepubliconlywhen it is explicitly communicated.2 Because the public more readily perceives housing as an essential good,similartofoodandclothing, robust communication strategies are needed to help make the connection between housing and health more salient in the public’s mind. Framing housing afford- ability as a fundamental contrib- utor to health may be central to overcoming public resistance to inventive and targeted solutions that increase housing affordability. Furthermore, espousing the connection between housing and health may offer key stake- holders, such as policymakers, developers, and landlords, new and productive ways of thinking about the collective effects of reduced housing burden. Given their magnitude, how might the findings of Fenelon et al. be operationalized within a message frame generating awareness about the housing–health con- nection as well as garnering support for housing affordability policies and interventions? USE OF EVIDENCE AND FRAMING IN DECISION- MAKING Research shows that the use of evidence alone in messaging is ineffective in moving public opinion and that policymakers tend to rely more heavily on values and personal anecdotes than available evidence.3 The evidence emerging from the Fenelon et al. study should be especially perti- nent to today’s decisions regarding support for existing housing in- vestments in the United States. Yet, the White House’s recently proposed fiscal year 2020 HUD budget calls for severe cuts to programs that serve our nation’s most vulnerable communities, including millions of low-income individuals, elderly people, families with children, people with dis- abilities, and veterans. Overall, recoVol.:(0123456789) Journal of Housing and the Built Environment (2019) 34:927–938 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-019-09676-w 1 3 P O L I C Y A N D P R AC T I C E Low income housing problems and low‑income housing solutions: opportunities and challenges in Bulawayo Chigwenya Average1 Received: 27 September 2018 / Accepted: 26 May 2019 / Published online: 30 May 2019 © The Author(s) 2019 Abstract The provision of housing for the low-income has been a major problem in many coun- tries and the developing world has been hard hit. This inability has been the chief cause of the burgeoning slum settlement in cities of the globe where one billion people live in slum areas. The solution to the housing problem lies in the opening up of stakeholders’ participation in the provision of housing, where government, non-governmental organisa- tion, multilateral agencies and the community can play a critical role. Critical in the whole process is the participation of urban poor in the provision of housing for the poor, where they are critical actors in defining housing programmes that best suit the urban poor. This research seeks to analyse the initiatives that have been taken by the urban poor in the city of Bulawayo in providing housing for the poor. The research made use both qualitative and quantitative methodologies in investigating the matter. Questionnaire was the main instru- ment to collect quantitative data and interviews and field observations were used to col- lect qualitative data. The research showed that there are a lot positive initiatives by the urban poor in the city of Bulawayo to provide house for the urban poor and these initiatives appear appealing to the poor as they are giving them a roof over their heads, which was never a dream in their lives. Though they appear noble they however fall far too short to provide sustainable housing to the poor as they appear to be a potential health hazard for the city. There is need for city authorities or any interested stakeholder to provide more support to such initiatives so that they can provide more sustainable housing for the poor. This will produce a housing scheme that will contribute to reduction of slum dwellers as called by the Millennium Development Goals. Keywords Bulawayo · Housing · Infrastructure development · Low-income * Chigwenya Average [email protected] 1 Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Design, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10901-019-09676-w&domain=pdf 928 C. Average 1 3 1 Background of the study The Millennium Development Goal number seven aimed to ensure environmental sustain- ability through provision of houses so as to reduce the one billion people living in the slum areas globally. Many cities especially in the global South are experiencing rapid urbanisa- tion which is choking service provision. It is estimated that the urban population sustainability Article On Transforming Unused Urban Spaces to Social Housing for Self-Employed People in Ho Chi Minh City: An Architectural Space Design Proposal Le-Minh Ngo 1,* , Hai-Binh Nguyen 1, Thi-Phuong Uyen Nguyen 2 and Thi-Minh Dieu Nguyen 3 ���������� ������� Citation: Ngo, L.-M.; Nguyen, H.-B.; Nguyen, T.-P.U.; Nguyen, T.-M.D. On Transforming Unused Urban Spaces to Social Housing for Self-Employed People in Ho Chi Minh City: An Architectural Space Design Proposal. Sustainability 2021, 13, 12175. https: //doi.org/10.3390/su132112175 Academic Editor: Nicholas Chileshe Received: 4 September 2021 Accepted: 26 October 2021 Published: 4 November 2021 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). 1 Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; [email protected] 2 Research Center of Environment, Southern Institute of Social Sciences, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Hong Bang International University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: As with many metropolitan areas, social housing (SH) provision, which can improve living standards and social welfare, is crucial for urban socio-economic development strategies in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC). However, there have been issues relating to promoting social housing in the Vietnamese context resulting from the property market and the design. The former is a failure to attract investors. The latter relates to lacking housing models for the mid- and low-income communities. Currently, many low-income families who have low access to the general job market in HCMC have to make a living by running their own business at home. This situation leads to low-income housing establishments in some residential areas. Thus, the planning approach in social housing needs to solve both the demand for low-cost housing and promoting self-employed activities. In this paper, mixed methods, including observation, questionnaires, interviews, data aggregation, and comparison, were conducted with supporting legal conditions and corresponding operating conditions to propose appropriate designs for the SH for self-employed people in HCMC. First, observing and analyzing urban spaces helped identify the unused urban areas that solve the investment issue. Then, after studying the development of social housing in different contexts via the questionnaire and in-depth interviews, self-employed households’ basic information and their business needs in using SH spaces were identified in some districts. Then, based on Pfaff et al. BMC Public Health (2021) 21:2253 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12256-9 R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E The little things are big: evaluation of a compassionate community approach for promoting the health of vulnerable persons Kathryn Pfaff1* , Heather Krohn1, Jamie Crawley1, Michelle Howard2, Pooya Moradian Zadeh3, Felicia Varacalli1, Padma Ravi1 and Deborah Sattler4 Abstract Background: Vulnerable persons are individuals whose life situations create or exacerbate vulnerabilities, such as low income, housing insecurity and social isolation. Vulnerable people often receive a patchwork of health and social care services that does not appropriately address their needs. The cost of health and social care services escalate when these individuals live without appropriate supports. Compassionate Communities apply a population health theory of practice wherein citizens are mobilized along with health and social care supports to holistically address the needs of persons experiencing vulnerabilities. Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation of a compassionate community intervention for vulnerable persons in Windsor Ontario, Canada. Methods: This applied qualitative study was informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. We collected and analyzed focus group and interview data from 16 program stakeholders: eight program clients, three program coordinators, two case managers from the regional health authority, one administrator from a part- nering community program, and two nursing student volunteers in March through June 2018. An iterative analytic process was applied to understand what aspects of the program work where and why. Results: The findings suggest that the program acts as a safety net that supports people who are falling through the cracks of the formal care system. The ‘little things’ often had the biggest impact on client well-being and care delivery. The big and little things were achieved through three key processes: taking time, advocating for services and resources, and empowering clients to set personal health goals and make authentic community connections. Conclusion: Compassionate Communities can address the holistic, personalized, and client-centred needs of people experiencing homelessness and/or low income and social isolation. Volunteers are often untapped health and social care capital that can be mobilized to promote the health of vulnerable persons. Student volunteers may benefit from experiencing and responding to the needs of a community’s most vulnerable members. Keywords: Vulnerable populations, Homeless persons, Community participation, Program evaluation, Compassionate communities, Health services research, Implementation science, Qualitative research © The Author(s) 2021. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distributioVol.:(0123456789) Social Indicators Research (2020) 147:501–516 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02159-z 1 3 O R I G I N A L R E S E A R C H Refining the Monetary Poverty Indicators Under a Join Income‑Consumption Statistical Approach: An Application to Spain Based on Empirical Data Antonio M. Salcedo1  · Gregorio Izquierdo Llanes2 Accepted: 13 July 2019 / Published online: 17 July 2019 © Springer Nature B.V. 2019 Abstract In the European Union poverty has been measured indirectly in a one-dimensional way from a perspective based on disposable income. This classical approach has certain limita- tions when representing such a complex phenomenon by means of a single variable, reach- ing sometimes a modest association with regard to other direct poverty measurements such as severe material deprivation rate. In this article we study the measurement of monetary poverty from a two-dimensional point of view favouring a perspective of complementarity rather than one of substitutability. The joint analysis of the monetary income and consump- tion distribution makes it possible to identify different association patterns between these two variables for individuals located on one side or the other of the respective poverty thresholds. Expenditure on housing that is a determining factor in lower-income house- holds and imputed rents that would be paid by the owner household of a dwelling, allow us to calculate an at-risk-of poverty rate which refines the link with material poverty in both temporal and spatial dimensions. Keywords At-risk-of poverty · Material deprivation · Disposable income · Residual income · Sensitivity · Spain 1 Introduction In recent decades monetary poverty has been measured, specifically, by means of the poverty risk rate based on disposable income (Atkinson et  al. 2017). This paradigm, generally accepted in the European Union (EU), has been reconsidered since the recent economic crisis, given that the indicators of severe material deprivation have shown more variation than the classical indicator of at-risk-of poverty, which in turn has led to * Antonio M. Salcedo [email protected] Gregorio Izquierdo Llanes [email protected] 1 Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain 2 Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain 502 A. M. Salcedo, G. Izquierdo Llanes 1 3 a lower degree of association between them. One way to solve this possible dysfunction is to understand that the relationship between income and consumption has been modi- fied by the existence of savings and/or by variations in debt service. This would lead to the need to measure the risk of poverty not only from the perspective of monetary income, but also from that of monetary consumption (Meyer and Sullivan 2017). Both visions of poverty have been accepted as valid by the UNECE in its recent Manual for the harmonized measurement of poverty (UNECE 2017). In this sense, when applying the classic