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Introduction and Methodology  - Use the appropriate template and only submit the portion of the template that services the assignment. Order #151839988 Writers choice (4 pages, 0 slides) Type of service: Writing from scratch Work type: Creative writing Deadline: (16h) Academic level: College (3-4 years: Junior, Senior) Subject or Discipline: Business Studies Title: Writers choice Number of sources: 3 Provide digital sources used: No Paper format: APA # of pages: 4 Spacing: Double spaced # of words: 1100 # of slides: ppt icon 0 # of charts: 0 Paper details: Hi writer, This subject called name is effective writing. please see instruction carefully. And I think you should use resource from file AH NEW. Thank you. Comments: # Files Who Uploaded   1 151839988_123_1.png Order instructions 43 KB 6 Sep, 02:25 PM Customer 2 151839988_Resource_Material_-_AH_NEW_2.doc Article to be used 633 KB 6 Sep, 02:25 PM Customer PAGE Effective Writing CU1010 JCU –Brisbane T3 2007 Assessment Resource Material JCU Brisbane – SP23 2013 www.jcub.edu.au Article 1 Planes, Trains, or Automobiles: Travel Choices for a Smaller Carbon Footprint Retrieved October 25, 2013, from http://www.sciencedaily.com​ /releases/2013/06/130617111345.htm Planes, trains, or automobiles: whats the most climate-friendly way to travel? A new study by researchers from IIASA and CICERO brings better estimates of how much personal travel impacts the climate. The study, published in the journal Environmental Science and Technology by researchers at IIASA and Center for International Climate and Environmental Research (CICERO) calculates the climate impact for passenger trips of 500-1000 km -- typical distances for business or holiday trips. It shows that while air travel continues to have the biggest climate impact per distance travelled, the choices that people make about how they drive or take public transport make a big difference in how much they contribute to climate change. Traveling alone in a large car can be as bad for the climate as flying, but driving with three in a small car could have an equally low impact as a train ride, says IIASAs Jens Borken-Kleefeld. A 1000 km trip alone in a big car could emit as much as 250 kg of carbon dioxide (CO2), the researchers calculate, while a train trip or carpooling in a small car could emit as little as 50 kg of CO2 for each traveler. Air travel has by far the biggest impact on climate per distance traveled, because it can lead to contrails and formation of cirrus clouds that have a strong climate impact, as well as ozone. These mechanisms have a strong effect on the climate, but cause warming over much shorter periods of time than CO2. The study focused on the short-lived greenhouse gases and aerosols emitted by both ground transportation and airplanes. In addition, the researchers accounted for vehicle occupancy and efficiency, based on real-world emissions data from cars, buses, trains, and airplanes in Europe. These components have not been regulated in the Kyoto Protocol, says Terje Berntsen, climate researcher at CICERO. This means they risk being overlooked when comparing the climate impact from different travel choices. Previous work and publicly available carbon footprint calculators estimate only averages for the whole transport system, at best. That means that they can miss big differences in climate impact that come from other pollutants, personal choices, and local mitigation measures. Technologies to control air pollutant emissions from cars, buses, power plants, and trains effectively minimizes their climate impact, the study also shows -- benefiting not just air quality but also climate change mitigation efforts. The researchers say that mitigation efforts should concentrate on improving fuel efficiency and developing low-carbon fuels. While this is also important for aircraft, they say, more needs to be done to avoid the contrail and cirrus clouds. For people wanting to minimize their climate impact, Borken-Kleefeld says, Try to avoid flying, driving alone, and driving big cars. Instead, when you can, choose the train, bus, or carpool with 2 to 3 people. Article 2 Carbon pollution accelerates Anon. “Carbon pollution accelerates”, The Courier Mail. 23rd October 2007. SCIENTISTS yesterday sounded the alarm after a study showed carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are increasing much faster than predicted. An international team of researchers announced that since 2000 the rate at which CO2 has been pumped into the atmosphere is 35 per cent greater than most climate change models have allowed. The Times Online website yesterday quoted Professor Nicholas Owens, of the British Antarctic Survey, as saying the findings were so worrying that they made previous widely accepted forecasts of climate change seem unduly optimistic. The report said international efforts to bring CO2 emissions under control would need to be more far-reaching. In February, the UN International Panel on Climate Change judged world temperatures would rise by up to 6.4C during the next century. But Times Online quoted BAS researcher Corinne Le Quere as saying the latest study may force the IPCC to revise its predictions. Theres quite a significant difference from what was forecast, she said. Its rather scary and the IPCC scenarios are, therefore, rather too optimistic – as if they werent bleak enough already. The whole thing is likely to mean mitigation is rather more difficult than was thought. The BAS, one of the bodies involved in the research, gave a breakdown on why atmospheric carbon dioxide growth has increased 35 per cent faster than expected since 2000. Inefficient use of fuels increased CO2 by 17 per cent. The other 18 per cent was due to a decline in the efficiency of natural sinks – the forests and seas that soak up the gas from the atmosphere. Article 3 Gores climate theory savaged Anon. “Gores climate theory savaged”, The Courier Mail. 13th October 2007. ONE of the worlds leading meteorologists has described the theory that helped Al Gore win a share of the Nobel prize ridiculous. Dr William Gray, a pioneer in the science of seasonal hurricane forecasts, spoke to a packed lecture hall at UNC Charlotte and said humans are not responsible for the warming of the earth. His visit, arranged through the meteorology program at UNCC, came on the same day that Gore was honoured for his work in support of the link between humans and global warming. Were brainwashing our children, said Gray, 78, a long time professor at Colorado State University. Theyre going to the Gore movie (An Inconvenient Truth) and being fed all this. Its ridiculous. Gray, whose annual forecasts of the number of tropical storms and hurricanes are widely publicised, said instead that a natural cycle of ocean water temperatures - related to the amount of salt in ocean water - is responsible for the global warming that he acknowledges has taken place. However, he said, that same cycle means a period of global cooling will begin soon and last for several years. Well look back on all of this in 10 or 15 years and realise how foolish it was, Gray said. During his speech to a crowd of about 300 that included meteorology students from several Carolinas universities and a host of professional meteorologists, Gray also said those who have linked global warming to the increased number of hurricanes in recent years are in error. He cited statistics, showing there were 101 hurricanes from 1900-1949, in a period of cooler global temperatures, compared to 83 from 1957-2006, when the earth warmed. The human impact on the atmosphere is simply too small to have a major effect on global temperatures, Gray said. He said his beliefs have made him an outsider in popular science. It bothers me that my fellow scientists are not speaking out against something they know is wrong, he said. But they also know that theyd never get any grants if they spoke out. I dont care about grants. Article 4 Changes in ocean waters http://www.climatechange.gov.au/sites/climatechange/files/documents/03_2013/cc-risks-full-report.pdf Both increasing temperature and the acidification of ocean waters will have profound effects on near coastal ecosystems, affecting the biota and potentially in the long-term, the generation of calcareous sediment supply by marine organisms. The greater thermal mass of the oceans means that in general they will warm more slowly than the atmosphere. Areas of highest warming tend to be near the coast, especially in areas of poor circulation, and in the south Tasman Sea where the East Australian Current is projected to move further south. About twenty five precent of the carbon dioxide emitted each year by human activities is absorbed by the ocean. Dissolved CO2 increases the acidity by forming carbonic acid. This chemical process, which is driven by increasing levels of CO2 in the oceans, reduces the availability of carbonate ions (CO3). Many marine organisms use the dissolved carbonate ion to build solid carbonate shells and skeletons. As carbonate ion concentrations decline with increasing atmospheric CO2, the rate of formation of calcium carbonate in species like corals will decline. The acidity of the oceans has already increased because of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. With continued emissions of carbon dioxide, and continued absorption by the oceans, acidification of the oceans’ waters will also increase. Ocean acidification can have serious ecological and economic consequences. Most research has focused on the reduced calcifying rates of organisms such as corals, which is a threat to ecosystems such as the Great Barrier Reef. Other impacts may arise through effects on the respiration of fish and the larval development of marine organisms and through changed solubility of nutrients and toxins. Recent research is also investigating the implications of ocean acidification for concrete structures in the coastal zone, such as wharves and piers. Changes in sea surface temperatures can also have large impacts on marine life. In the southern hemisphere, tropical and temperate species are likely to migrate southward, potentially changing the structure of marine and coastal ecosystems. Coral bleaching episodes will become more frequent, and there are risks to kelp forests off eastern Tasmania. Article 5 Climate change impacts in Queensland http://www.climatechange.gov.au/climate-change/climate-science/climate-change-impacts/queensland The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park contributed an estimated $5.4 billion to Australia’s economy in 2006-07, largely through a thriving tourism industry and commercial and recreational fishing. It was also responsible for providing full time employment for approximately 53,800 people in Australia. Sea surface temperatures across the Great Barrier Reef have increased by 0.4 degrees in the past 30 years and increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide has also resulted in an increase in ocean acidity. These trends are expected to continue with climate change. As a result of this prolonged increase in sea surface temperatures, the Great Barrier Reef has recently experienced a number of coral bleaching events. The most severe mass bleaching events spanned the summer seasons of 1997-98 and 2001-02, with over 50 per cent of reefs affected by bleaching, resulting in lasting damage to an estimated 5 per cent of reefs. Rising sea surface temperatures are projected to result in more frequent and widespread coral bleaching events. An increase of more than 2 degrees Celsius would place 34 per cent of coral reefs above the critical limit for bleaching, and a temperature increase of around 3 degrees Celsius would lead to 65 per cent of coral reefs being above the critical limit for bleaching. Bleaching events are likely to diminish the ability of corals to recover and adapt, seriously threatening the Great Barrier Reef ecosystems. Cloud forests and other highland rainforest types are predicted to become greatly reduced in area and more fragmented across the Wet Tropics of Queensland, even under a moderate climate scenario of 1 degree Celsius temperature increase and a small reduction in rainfall. A 2 degrees Celsius rise in average temperatures could force all endemic (i.e. unique to the region) Australian tropical rainforest vertebrates (such as ringtail possums, tree kangaroos and many insects) to extinction. Article 6 Impact on agriculture and food supply http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/impacts-adaptation/agriculture.html Agriculture is an important sector of the U.S. economy. In addition to providing us with much of our food, the crops, livestock, and seafood that are grown, raised, and caught in the United States contribute at least $200 billion to the economy each year. Agriculture and fisheries are highly dependent on specific climate conditions. Trying to understand the overall effect of climate change on our food supply can be difficult. Increases in temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) can be beneficial for some crops in some places. But to realize these benefits, nutrient levels, soil moisture, water availability, and other conditions must also be met. Changes in the frequency and severity of droughts and floods could pose challenges for farmers and ranchers. Meanwhile, warmer water temperatures are likely to cause the habitat ranges of many fish and shellfish species to shift, which could disrupt ecosystems. Overall, climate change could make it more difficult to grow crops, raise animals, and catch fish in the same ways and same places as we have done in the past. The effects of climate change also need to be considered along with other evolving factors that affect agricultural production, such as changes in farming practices and technology. Despite technological improvements that increase corn yields, extreme weather events have caused significant yield reductions in some years. Crops grown in the United States are critical for the food supply here and around the world. U.S. exports supply more than 30\% of all wheat, corn, and rice on the global market. Changes in temperature, amount of carbon dioxide (CO2), and the frequency and intensity of extreme weather could have significant impacts on crop yields. Warmer temperatures may make many crops grow more quickly, but warmer temperatures could also reduce yields. Crops tend to grow faster in warmer conditions. However, for some crops (such as grains), faster growth reduces the amount of time that seeds have to grow and mature. This can reduce yields (i.e., the amount of crop produced from a given amount of land). For any particular crop, the effect of increased temperature will depend on the crops optimal temperature for growth and reproduction. In some areas, warming may benefit the types of crops that are typically planted there. However, if warming exceeds a crops optimum temperature, yields can decline. · Higher CO2 levels can increase yields. The yields for some crops, like wheat and soybeans, could increase by 30\% or more under a doubling of CO2 concentrations. The yields for other crops, such as corn, exhibit a much smaller response (less than 10\% increase). However, some factors may counteract these potential increases in yield. For example, if temperature exceeds a crops optimal level or if sufficient water and nutrients are not available, yield increases may be reduced or reversed. · More extreme temperature and precipitation can prevent crops from growing. Extreme events, especially floods and droughts, can harm crops and reduce yields. For example, in 2008, the Mississippi River flooded just before the harvest period for many crops, causing an estimated loss of $8 billion for farmers. · Dealing with drought could become a challenge in areas where summer temperatures are projected to increase and precipitation is projected to decrease. As water supplies are reduced, it may be more difficult to meet water demands. · Many weeds, pests and fungi thrive under warmer temperatures, wetter climates, and increased CO2 levels. Currently, farmers spend more than $11 billion per year to fight weeds in the United States. The ranges of weeds and pests are likely to expand northward. This would cause new problems for farmers crops previously unexposed to these species. Moreover, increased use of pesticides and fungicides may negatively affect human health. Article 7 Modern-Day Plague http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/deforestation-overview/ Deforestation is clearing Earths forests on a massive scale, often resulting in damage to the quality of the land. Forests still cover about 30 percent of the world’s land area, but swaths the size of Panama are lost each and every year.The world’s rain forests could completely vanish in a hundred years at the current rate of deforestation. Forests are cut down for many reasons, but most of them are related to money or to people’s need to provide for their families.The biggest driver of deforestation is agriculture. Farmers cut forests to provide more room for planting crops or grazing livestock. Often many small farmers will each clear a few acres to feed their families by cutting down trees and burning them in a process known as “slash and burn” agriculture. Logging operations, which provide the world’s wood and paper products, also cut countless trees each year. Loggers, some of them acting illegally, also build roads to access more and more remote forests—which leads to further deforestation. Forests are also cut as a result of growing urban sprawl.Not all deforestation is intentional. Some is caused by a combination of human and natural factors like wildfires and subsequent overgrazing, which may prevent the growth of young trees. Deforestation has many negative effects on the environment. The most dramatic impact is a loss of habitat for millions of species. Seventy percent of Earth’s land animals and plants live in forests, and many cannot survive the deforestation that destroys their homes. Deforestation also drives climate change. Forest soils are moist, but without protection from sun-blocking tree cover they quickly dry out. Trees also help perpetuate the water cycle by returning water vapor back into the atmosphere. Without trees to fill these roles, many former forest lands can quickly become barren deserts. Removing trees deprives the forest of portions of its canopy, which blocks the sun’s rays during the day and holds in heat at night. This disruption leads to more extreme temperatures swings that can be harmful to plants and animals. Trees also play a critical role in absorbing the greenhouse gases that fuel global warming. Fewer forests means larger amounts of greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere—and increased speed and severity of global warming.The quickest solution to deforestation would be to simply stop cutting down trees. Though deforestation rates have slowed a bit in recent years, financial realities make this unlikely to occur. A more workable solution is to carefully manage forest resources by eliminating clear-cutting to make sure that forest environments remain intact. The cutting that does occur should be balanced by the planting of enough young trees to replace the older ones felled in any given forest. The number of new tree plantations is growing each year, but their total still equals a tiny fraction of the Earth’s forested land. Article 8 Impact of Climate Change on Transportation http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/impacts-adaptation/transportation.html In the United States, transportation systems are designed to withstand local weather and climate. Transportation engineers typically refer to historical records of climate, especially extreme weather events, when designing transportation systems. For example, bridges are often designed to withstand storms that have a probability of occurring only once or twice every 100 years. However, due to climate change, historical climate is no longer a reliable predictor of future impacts. Climate change is projected to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. Specifically, heat waves will likely be more severe, sea level rise could amplify storm surges in coastal areas, and storms will likely be more intense. These changes could increase the risk of delays, disruptions, damage, and failure across our land-based, air, and marine transportation systems. Most transportation infrastructure being built now is expected to last for 50 years or longer. Therefore, it is important to understand how future climate might affect these investments in the coming decades. Impacts on Land-Based Transportation Climate changes will likely impact roadways, ice roads, vehicles, and railways. Impacts on Roadways Higher temperatures can cause pavement to soften and expand. This can create rutting and potholes, particularly in high-traffic areas and can place stress on bridge joints. Heat waves can also limit construction activities, particularly in areas with high humidity. With these changes, it could become more costly to build and maintain roads and highways. On the other hand, certain areas may experience cost savings and improved mobility from reduced snowfall and less-frequent winter storms since warmer winters may lead to reductions in snow and ice removal, as well as salting requirements. Climate change is projected to concentrate rainfall into more intense storms. Heavy rains may result in flooding, which could disrupt traffic, delay construction activities, and weaken or wash out the soil and culverts that support roads, tunnels, and bridges. Exposure to flooding and extreme snow events also shortens the life expectancy of highways and roads. The stress of water and snow may cause damage, requiring more frequent maintenance, repairs, and rebuilding. Road infrastructure in coastal areas is particularly sensitive to more frequent and permanent flooding from sea level rise and storm surges. Approximately 60,000 miles of coastal roads in the United States are already exposed to flooding from coastal storms and high waves. Furthermore, major highways in coastal areas serve as critical evacuation routes. Evacuation routes must be protected from flooding and damage so they may be used for emergencies. In some locations, warmer temperatures are projected to cause more winter precipitation to fall as rain instead of snow. Winter flooding could occur more frequently, if the frozen ground cannot absorb precipitation. Landslides and wash-outs could also occur more frequently, as saturated soils are exposed to more rainwater. Drought in areas such as the Southwest could increase the likelihood of wildfires that reduce visibility and threaten roads and infrastructure. Impacts on Ice Roads Freezing temperatures are required for ice roads in Alaska. These are frozen routes used to connect northern communities, as well as the oil, gas, and mining industries. The tundra beneath these frozen roads is fragile, so transportation is limited to periods when the road is frozen. Warming temperatures would reduce the number of day’s ice roads are open, limiting transportation access to these areas. Impacts on Vehicles As temperatures increase, many types of vehicles can overheat, and tires will deteriorate more quickly. But milder winters, reductions in the number of cold days, delays in winter freezing, and earlier spring thaws may reduce cold-weather damage to vehicles. Impacts on Railways High temperatures cause rail tracks to expand and buckle. More frequent and severe heat waves may require track repairs or speed restrictions to avoid derailments. Heavy precipitation could also lead to delays and disruption. For example, the June 2008 Midwest floods closed major east-west rail lines for several days. Tropical storms and hurricanes can also leave debris on railways, disrupting rail travel and freight transport. Like roadways, coastal railways and subways are subject to inundation from sea level rise and storm surges. This is particularly true in underground pathways and tunnels, which are often already below sea level. Increased flooding from heavy precipitation and storm surges could disrupt rail travel as well as freight operations. Damages from flooding may require rail lines and subway infrastructure to be rebuilt or raised in future expansion projects. Impacts on Marine Transportation Climate changes will likely affect marine transportation infrastructure and logistics in many ways, both positive and negative. Impacts on Ships and Sea Lanes Ships are sensitive to many factors, including the depth of a channel and the extent of sea ice. Increasing temperatures could reduce the amount of sea ice in many important shipping lanes, extending the shipping season. Warmer winters will likely lead to less snow and ice accumulation on vessels, decks, and rigging in marine transportation. In the Arctic, warmer temperatures could also open up the possibility of a Northwest Passage, which could reduce shipping times and distances. However, these new passages may also provide a pathway for invasive species transport and survival. Shipping lanes experiencing sea level rise will be able to accommodate larger ships, reducing shipping costs. However, higher sea levels will mean lower clearance under waterway bridges. In inland waterways where water levels are expected to decline, as in the Great Lakes, ships could face weight restrictions, as channels become too shallow. Changes in precipitation can affect shipping in many ways. Flooding could close shipping channels, and increased runoff from extreme precipitation events could cause silt and debris to build up, leading to shallower channels. Changes in precipitation patterns could also affect the rate at which sediments accumulate, which may also make existing channels shallower and less accessible. In areas experiencing increasing drought, water levels could periodically decrease, limiting inland shipping on rivers. More severe storms could increase disruptions in marine travel and shipping. Article 9 What are the potential impacts of climate change for the UK? http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/oct/08/potential-impacts-climate-change-uk Grantham Research Institute and Duncan Clark theguardian.com, Tuesday 8 October 2013 22.24 AEST Temperatures in the UK have risen by about one degree since the 1970s and, given the levels of greenhouse gas already in the atmosphere, further warming is inevitable over the next three decades or so. The amount of warming will depend on future emissions but even if emissions are cut quickly and sharply to avoid dangerous levels of climate change, there will be some unavoidable impacts that the UK will have to adapt to. The governments latest climate change risk assessment identifies flood risk, and particularly flooding from heavy downpours, as one of the key climate threats for the UK, alongside stresses on water resources, threats to biodiversity and natural habitats, and the repercussions for the UK from climate change impacts abroad. Computer models that simulate the climate suggest that, as a result of warming, extremely wet winters could become up to five times more likely over the next 100 years, with more intense downpours in the winter months driving a greater risk of flash floods and river flooding, alongside risks from sea-level rise. Extreme flood events such as those in the summer of 2007 could become more frequent and severe, putting homes, businesses and infrastructure at greater risk. The government estimates that annual damages from flooding alone could increase to between £2bn and £12bn by the 2080s, an increase of about two to 10 times compared with current-day estimates. Critical infrastructure, including water-pumping stations, water treatment works, transport and electricity systems, and schools and hospitals sited in flood-risk areas could also be threatened, while heavy rainfall events could increase the risk of water contamination should sewers overflow. Current governments estimates suggest about 330,000 properties are currently at risk of flooding, and climate change could increase this to between 630,000 and 1.2m by the 2080s. Conversely, the models suggest that the UK could experience warmer, drier summers in the future. While that may bring some benefits, it could mean increased risk of drought, and extreme events such as the 2003 heat wave could be the norm by the end of this century. Heat waves could also heighten pressure on healthcare services, because older populations are more vulnerable to extreme heat, and impact on transport, as higher summer temperatures bring the threat of rail buckling and associated travel delays. The UK could also face threats to its water security and supply. Declining Summer River flows, reduced groundwater replenishment and increased evaporation could all contribute to water loss, which could result in water shortages and restrictions on usage. The government estimates that 27-59 million people could be living in areas affected by water supply deficits by the 2050s, even before considering increasing populations and rising water demand. Ecosystems are also highly vulnerable to climate change, which can aggravate existing stress factors such as pollution, land conversion and invasive non-native species. While some species could benefit from climate change, far more are set to lose out, according to the latest government estimates. The UK may see changing patterns of wildlife and plants as species try to adapt by moving northwards, or have to compete with new non-native species. Habitats may come under increasing pressure – from salt marsh threatened by sea-level rise to beech woodland susceptible to summer droughts. Species could also experience reduced food supply if earlier breeding periods are at odds with the food available at the time. None of the model predictions are certain. There is a lot that science does not yet know, and wider social and economic trends will also affect the UKs vulnerability to the effects of climate change. These range from an ageing population – with greater vulnerability to extreme heat – to population growth and increasing household and industry demand for water, which is expected to be 5\% higher by 2020 compared with today. With 13\% of new homes built since 2000 constructed on floodplains (thats about 10,000–16,000 new homes a year), planning decisions are another factor that can worsen the UKs existing vulnerabilities. Recent reports by the UK Government Foresight programme and PWC suggest that the impacts of climate change outside the UK could have a larger effect on the British economy than the impacts felt within the country. If, for example, climate impacts led to international instability or reductions in the supply raw materials or commodities, the UK could experience effects ranging from increased food price volatility (if crop patterns change globally) to changing migration patterns as environmental refugees move from areas affected by extreme weather events. Nevertheless, the UK could see some gains from climate change. While summer deaths could increase given the predicted increase in hot days and heat waves, the country could see a fall in the number of cold-related deaths – estimated to be in the region of 3,900 to 24,000 premature cold deaths avoided each year by 2050. Providing water is available in sufficient supply, the UK could also see new crop types, or increased yields of crops such as wheat or sugar beet. For some areas of the UK, climate change could also offer wider opportunities for tourism. And for wildlife warmer temperatures could increase survival rates for offspring born in winter. As with climate predictions, there are still many uncertainties over the extent and distribution of climate impacts. Model predictions are based on a number of assumptions about factors ranging from future rates of warming and economic growth to the technological and social achievability of different levels of emissions cuts. Regional impacts are particularly difficult to predict, though some work has been done to map the risks in different areas of the UK. For example, see this map (p329). Climate policy to cut global greenhouse gas emissions could have a tangible effect on future climate impacts, not only offering governments a way to avoid the most extreme impacts, but also providing them with more time to prepare and adapt to those that are unavoidable. • This article was written by Naomi Hicks and Dr Nicola Ranger at the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at LSE in collaboration with the Guardian � EMBED PowerPoint.Slide.8 ��� � PAGE