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Help drafting assignments CJ525 Unit 3 DQ The Time Dimension and the Problem Statement Part I: Consider what you learned this week from Maxfield and Babbie’s (2018) discussion of “The Time Dimension” in research, as well as their “Putting It All Together” example found on pp. 106–107.  · With this information in mind, distinguish cross-sectional from longitudinal studies, providing an original example of each (i.e., not one from the readings or one already posted to the Discussion Board by another student). · Explain how retrospective and prospective approaches to research can yield very different results.  Part II: Reflect on what you learned from unit readings about writing an effective problem statement for a research proposal. Using the applied research topic you selected (Identifying the successes and challenges of the Human Trafficking Task Force in Phoenix, AZ). and had approved by your professor, develop a draft problem statement and post it here to the Discussion Board to receive feedback from others. In turn, provide feedback to at least two classmates on their problem statements. Be specific. Tell them both what is clear and well defined and what is vague and needs further specificity to meet the SMART criteria and effectively address the 5 Ws of the proposed study (Who, What, When, Where, and Why). Act as a “critical friend” and ask clarifying questions. READING The readings in this unit explain the process of identifying a problem suitable for applied research. Readings in the Maxfield and Babbie (2018) text explain the time dimension in research and how it impacts the design of a study. The Denscombe (2019) readings explore the necessary components of a successful research proposal, including proposing research that is worthwhile, feasible, and distinctive. The remaining unit readings explain how to develop an effective problem statement and one that meets the SMART criteria, as well as one that maintains consistency between the title, purpose, and goals of the research. Supplemental materials provide additional resources for writing the problem statement and narrowing the focus of your study. Read the following from the Maxfield and Babbie (2018) textbook: · Chapter 4: “General Issues in Research Design,” pp. 99–118 Read the following from the Denscombe (2019) book: · Chapter 2: “Successful Research Proposals Read the following: · Developing a Problem Statement That Meets the SMART Criteria · “Building Consistency Between Title, Problem Statement, Purpose, & Research Questions to Improve the Quality of Research Plans and Reports” Supplemental Materials Read the following sections from the Research Methods Knowledge Base: · Problem Formulation · Write-Up Read the following from the Ayiro (2012) digital book in the Library:  · Chapter 2:  “Identifying a Research Problem STUDENT RESPONSES Respond to Kindly to Student #1 Megan Tschirhart-Bell   Greetings,   Part 1:   Cross-sectional studies focus on obtaining data at a single point in time that allows the researchers to analyze a particular question of interest (Maxfield & Babbie, 2018). Surveys are a prime example of cross-sectional research in that they allow researchers to obtain a large amount of data from individuals at a relatively small window in time. A more specific example would be conducting a survey that compared the occurrence of breast cancer in certain ethnic groups. Longitudinal studies are studies that are conducted over time that can extend for weeks, months, or years (Maxfield & Babbie, 2018). An example of a longitudinal study would be evaluating breast cancer patients over time throughout their treatments to determine the effectiveness of the treatment plan. Retrospective studies are studies that analyze data from events that have already occurred whereas prospective studies analyze the data as current and closer to real-time (Maxfield & Babbie, 2018). These approaches can yield different results by either illustrating trends that were built from past experiences, such as genealogy traits that indicate a likelihood of developing cancer, or illustrating how effective something is, such as the cancer treatment.   Part 2: The advancement and increased use of social media has resulted in it becoming an integral component of emergency management communication; however, it has also become a source for promoting disinformation that can affect the proficiencies of emergency management (Vafeiadis et al., 2020). This study will examine the relationship between the fake news that was broadcasted over social media during Hurricane Florence that impacted South Carolina in September 2018 and the possible effects it had on emergency management resources that served to support coastal communities six months after landfall. This study intends to identify the impact disinformation has on emergency response and preparedness efforts in coastal communities, enabling emergency managers to counter the fake news without causing further damage to reputations. References Maxfield, M. G., & Babbie, E. R. (2018). Research methods for criminal justice and criminology. Cengage Learning.   Vafeiadis, M., Bortree, D. S., Buckley, C., Diddi, P., & Xiao, A. (2020). Refuting fake news on social media: nonprofits, crisis response strategies, and issue involvement. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 29(2), 209–22 Respond to Kindly to Student #2 Haya Nofal   Part 1 A longitudinal study is one involving looking at variables over a long period. Such study can take weeks, months, or in some cases, years. On the other hand, a cross-sectional study looks at data from a population at a specific period. There are some distinguishing characteristics of the two types of research studies. The cross-sectional one involves data collection at one point, while the longitudinal research involves looking at the data at several points in time (Closer, n.d). There are different samples in a cross-sectional study, while longitudinal involves using the same sample. An example of a cross-sectional study is a labor force survey. An example of a longitudinal study is the American death cohort study and studies to understand society over a long period. A prospective and retrospective approach can affect the results of a study. A prospective method involves following individuals and collecting data over time as circumstances change. In a retrospective approach, individuals are sampled from a population, and information about their past is collected. A prospective approach helps to get raw accurate data, while a retrospective approach involves backdating data, affecting data accuracy. A prospective approach is considered more effective than the retrospective approach due to reduced points of bias (Bell, 2021). Depending on the technique used, different results can be realized. Part 2: formulating an effective problem statement in research. The manufacturing of Tesla cars is as efficient as possible. Currently, the company produces most of its parts, including batteries, and is transported from one assembly line to another by robots. The incremental loss in efficiency means that the company is failing to meet its production goal this year. To reduce manual transport of parts, the company intends to build a more extensive facility where different parts will be moved using conveyor belts and robots. By doing so, the workers will work in one facility without traveling to other locations. References. Bell, A. (2021). Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Research Methods in the Social Sciences: an AZ of Key Concepts, 19(2), 72. Closer (n.d) differences between longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. Retrieved from https://learning.closer.ac.uk/learning-modules/introduction/types-of-longitudinal-research/longitudinal-versus-cross-sectional-studies/ Respond to Kindly to Student #3 Jeffery Bailey Hello classmates/Prof Both the cross-sectional and the longitudinal studies are observational studies. This means that researchers record information about their subjects without manipulating the study environment. The defining feature of a cross-sectional study is that it can compare different population groups at a single point in time (Dorcas, 2015). The benefit of a cross-sectional study design is that it allows researchers to compare many different variables at the same time. However, cross-sectional studies may not provide definite information about cause-and-effect relationships. A longitudinal study, like a cross-sectional one, is observational. The benefit of a longitudinal study is that researchers are able to detect developments or changes in the characteristics of the target population at both the group and the individual level. The key is that longitudinal studies extend beyond a single moment in time (Maxfield, MG & Babbie, E.R, 2018). As a result, they can establish sequences of events sometimes, the progression of the research helps determine which design is most appropriate. Cross-sectional studies can be done more quickly than longitudinal studies. But this not to say that cross sectional data cannot be collected over a period of time (Maxfield, MG & Babbie, E.R, 2018). Longitudinal studies would be if a researcher wanted to investigate how valid and how functional our correctional rehabilitation program for newly released felons. This research may be conducted over a period of years. This would fall under longitudinal studies a researcher would have to create a survey and exploratory basis for which to gain the data and over a period of time compile and quantify their findings. Also another way of conducting this study would be Cohort studies, this type of study examines more specific populations (cohorts) as they change over time, so the researcher would research newly released felons as a population of which they gather information (Maxfield, MG & Babbie, E.R, 2018)   Part 2: formulating an effective problem statement in research The first and most important step in any research is to identify and delineate the research problem: that is, what the researcher wants to solve and what questions he/she wishes to answer. A research problem may be defined as an area of concern, a gap in the existing knowledge, or a deviation in the norm or standard that points to the need for further understanding and investigation (Bwisa, 2018).In creating a problem statement for my chosen statement of “Hillsboro Sheriff releases inmates due to COVID-19”. In this problem statement I would inquire about how you are going to decide who gets released and who does not what will they do for a livelihood once they are released, where will these newly released felons live. Will the community’s rebel against these felons infiltrating in their neighborhoods? How will the data be researched to justify the early release of the infected felons? These are all questions that may arise in a problem statement     Dorcas, B. (2015). Cross-sectional vs. longitudinal studies. Institute for Work & Health, pg1. Maxfield, MG & Babbie, E.R. (2018). Research methods for criminal justice and criminology. Boston MA.: Cengage Learning.   CJ525 Unit 3 Assignment Draft Introduction, Problem Statement, and Research Design During the first 2 weeks of this course, you selected a topic (Identifying the successes and challenges of the Human Trafficking Task Force in Phoenix, AZ) and drafted a hypothesis for your proposed study. This week, you will write a draft introduction and problem statement for your research proposal, as well as describe the general research design for your study. When describing your design, you will include the research hypothesis you prepared in Unit 2, making any necessary revisions to it based on the feedback you received from your professor. Write an introduction, problem statement, and research design that include the following: 1. Introduction: 1–2 pages including: a. An introduction to the issue to be studied, explaining the specific location where the issue has risen to the level of a problem. Describe the actions or behaviors that are occurring as a result of the situation. Include citations and references for sources documenting the problem in the given study location, as well as citations for any statements of fact. b. The introduction is designed to grab the reader’s attention and focus it on the importance of the study and the immediate application that study results would have to policy and practice. It should provide initial impressions of the goal of your study and outline a road map for what is to follow in a research proposal. 2. Problem Statement: 3–4 sentences including: a. A short description that clearly and concisely explains how you plan to study the problem, explaining why the specific study you are proposing is necessary to address the problem. b. Identification of who or what would be the study subjects, where the study would take place, and the proposed time period over which the study would occur, including realistic start and end dates. The completed statement should fully address each of the SMART criteria as outlined in the unit readings. 3. Research Design: 3–5 sentences including: a. Research Purpose: A description of the research purpose (exploration, description, explanation, and/or evaluation). b. Variables and Hypothesis: Identification of the key independent and dependent variables, and inclusion of the study research hypothesis or hypotheses, following any necessary revisions based on prior feedback from your professor. c. Research Goals: A statement about the intended impact the study would have on policy practice, explaining how the results could be used towards resolving the problem in the study location. Be sure to cite your sources in the body of your paper and list them on your reference page, consistent with APA guidelines. Remember, applied research is not common knowledge, so it is important to cite to all of your sources of information. In addition to fulfilling the specifics of the assignment, a successful paper must also meet the following criteria:   · Your paper should include a title page and reference page and be in 10- to 12-point font. (Arial, Courier, and Times New Roman are acceptable.) · Viewpoint and purpose should be clearly established and sustained. · Assignment should follow the conventions of Standard English (correct grammar, punctuation, etc.). · Writing should be well ordered, logical, and unified, as well as original and insightful. · Your work should display superior content, organization, style, and mechanics. · Appropriate citation style should be followed.  You should also make sure to: · Include a title page with full name, class name, section number, and date. · Include introductory and concluding paragraphs and demonstrate college-level communication through the composition of original materials in Standard English. · Use examples to support your discussion. · List all sources on a separate reference page at the end of your paper and cite them within the body of your paper using APA format and citation style. For more information on APA guidelines, visit Academic Tools. Directions for Submitting Your Assignment Compose your assignment and save it in the following format: Course#_LastnameFirstname Unit # Assignment (example: CJ525_SmithJohn Unit 3 Assignment). Submit your assignment to the appropriate Dropbox by the end of the unit. 2 Applied Research in Hypothesis Human Trafficking First article title: Failing victims? Challenges of the police response to human trafficking. The article investigates various factors that promoted effective response to cases of human trafficking and its victims. The independent variable in this study is promoting an effective response to human trafficking issues. The dependent variables include the barriers that undermine effective response to human trafficking issues (Farrell et al., 2019). The obstacles include poor communication, ignorance or lack of information on what to do by human trafficking survivors, poor coordination among human trafficking agencies, and the challenge of differentiating individuals in sex work as perpetrators from human trafficking victims. The study aims to determine the significance of dependent variables on the independent variable. From the analysis, the effective response to human response issues is determined by eliminating all the barriers above. Farrell, A., Dank, M., de Vries, I., Kafafian, M., Hughes, A., & Lockwood, S. (2019). Failing victims? Challenges of the police response to human trafficking. Criminology & Public Policy, 18(3), 649-673. Article title: Policing human trafficking: Cultural blinders and organizational barriers The study aimed at determining the influence that cultural binders and organizational barriers have on policing human trafficking. The barriers identified in the study which undermine policing human trafficking include broad public ambiguity concerning human trafficking. The barriers can lead to the unclear direction between lawmakers, the public, and the police leadership. Another barrier identified in the study is the lack of investigative culture and institutional and institutional structure that would allow the investigation of human trafficking (Farrell & Pfeffer, 2014). The independent variable in this study is human trafficking, and the dependent variables are the barriers are the cultural and organizational factors that undermine the investigation of human trafficking issues, such as lack of clear direction between lawmakers and the police and lack of institutional structure that would allow for the study of human trafficking cases. References Farrell, A., & Pfeffer, R. (2014). Policing human trafficking: Cultural blinders and organizational barriers. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 653(1), 46-64. Article 3 Identifying the unknown: Challenges and solutions to US human trafficking investigations The study aims to determine challenges that police officers have to deal with in their fight against human trafficking (Fordyce, 2012). These issues include mistaken identity, inadequate resources to handle human trafficking issues properly, and poor interviewing procedures used during investigations with human trafficking victims. The independent variable in this study is the fight against human trafficking, while the dependent variable includes the challenges such as lack of resources, mistaken identity, and poor interviewing techniques that the police officer will have to deal with in the fight against human trafficking. References Fordyce, E. M. (2012). Identifying the unknown: Challenges and solutions to US human trafficking investigations. PublicINReview, 1(1), 23-32. HM510 Unit3 DQ DQ#1 Structural Versus Non-Structural Mitigation In todays world, given an increase in the frequency and severity of natural disasters as well as a shrinking economy, do you think that the public would prefer emergency planners/managers follow structural mitigation or non-structural mitigation? Explain your answer and provide real-world examples. READING This unit’s reading focuses on gaining an understanding of structural and non-structural strategies. There are numerous tools and techniques available for mitigation, and planning personnel should be able to make informed decisions based on economics and sustainability. Read the following from the online Library: · Chapters 2, 3, and 4, from Disaster Policy and its Practice in the United States Visit the following: · Hazard Mitigation Planning · Structural and Non-Structural Mitigation · Structural Mitigation Measures · Effective Adaptation to Rising Flood Risk Respond Kindly to Student #1 Timothy Brenneman When it comes to the case of whether the public world would rather see structural or non-structural mitigation, it would have to be structural in my opinion. People love to see change and how things work. The community doesn’t want to guess what has been done and hoping its efficient. A great structural mitigation example is a levee. Levees help stop flooding and drastically reduce the effects of hurricanes. If the levees were properly built and maintained in New Orleans, Hurricane Katrina would have had far less of an impact. The structural mitigations are the most obvious of the mitigations and are shown front and center. People understand where the funding has gone and what the money is doing to protect them. Non-structural mitigation goes into planning and deflecting disasters and mitigating the affects. These techniques are not as obvious to the public and may have some backlash of where the funding is going or if anything is done to protect them. Structural mitigation is more important in the public eye. References Canton, L. G. (2020). Emergency management: Concepts and strategies for effective programs. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Haddow, G. D., Bullock, J. A., & Coppola, D. P. (2021). Introduction to Emergency Management (7th ed.).  Respond kindly to Student #2 William Leach This week’s question was a bit difficult to choose a side on. Structural mitigation is defined as, the physical changes as an act of protectors from disasters or hazards (Reed, 2015). While nonstructural mitigation involves what people can do on a personal level that is not structurally or physically evident as a protective defense such as a surge wall or a storm shelter (Reed, 2015). Understanding the frequency of natural disasters and a shrinking economy I personally struggle to chose which form of mitigation to be above another. But if forced I would choose nonstructural mitigation it is stronger in the recovery and mitigation phases of emergency management. For example, requiring insurance of citizens and not allowing constriction in high-risk areas strengthens community resilience with the least amount of push back as well. References Reed, M. (2015). Mitigation: Structural and nonstructural. Penn State: Public Health Preparedness.   Respond kindly to Student #3 Kimberly Ord First, one must understand what each is.  According to Haddow et al. (2020), structural mitigation is altering the built environment to make it more able to withstand the impacts of a disaster (or can eliminate the impacts altogether). Examples of structural mitigation for flooding are building dams, levees, elevating buildings, building sea walls, etc. Nonstructural mitigation, on the other hand, does not alter the built environment at all, but relies upon other ways to reduce impacts, Haddow et al. (2020) noted.  For flooding, this may mean zoning changes to prevent building in floodplains or ones to mandate building code changes to reduce the impact in flood-prone areas. Land acquisition for wetland restoration or to make green space that provides natural flood protections are others. Public education is also nonstructural mitigation to make people aware of the risk so they can do what they need to adjust and mitigate their properties. Most people would feel that the public would choose nonstructural mitigation over structural due to the costs involved with altering the built environment, but I feel if the public knew about each type and who bore the costs of each, they would choose structural mitigation over nonstructural.  The reason is that the costliest structural mitigation is completed by governments using tax money already in the coffers. On the other hand, nonstructural mitigation, especially those that deal with building codes, land use, zoning, and land acquisition has the cost end up coming out of people’s pockets. This includes the added costs to remodel or build a home, retrofitting their home or business properties to withstand impacts, etc. Losing land that has been in generations of families may lead to money in one’s pocket from the value, but the land is gone and not theirs anymore. Look at the fights over eminent domain issues that happen. When stricter building codes came into being in the last decades, people scoffed at the added cost it would entail in building or remodeling a home as that comes from their pockets without funding from the government.  Reference Haddow, G. D., Bullock, J. A., & Coppola, D. P. (2020). Introduction to emergency management, (7th ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. DQ #2 Challenges Faced with Structural and Non-structural Mitigation There are significant challenges with structural mitigations and lesser challenges faced with non-structural mitigation but nonetheless each has challenges that must be addressed. Discuss these challenges and how to address each of them. In your discussion, select a structural and non-structural challenge and how you would address each. Respond kindly to Student #1 Diego Salgado Challenges             There are many challenges associated with structural and non-structural mitigation. Structural mitigation commonly includes dams, levees, ocean wave barriers, earthquake-resistant construction, and evacuation (UNDRR, 2021). Overall, structural mitigation’s goal is to minimize loss of life, injuries, and property damage. However, the most significant challenge of structural mitigation other than the cost is that it may lead to a false sense of security. Thus, causing the local populace to stay and not evacuate during a natural disaster. Another way to look at it is that structural mitigation is there in case people can not evacuate on time, therefore, minimizing the damage and cost of recovery (Phillips et al., 2012).             Furthermore, on the opposite non-structural mitigation are cost-efficient and requires little to no effort from homeowners. Most commonly, non-structural mitigation includes land use planning, building codes and enforcement, public education, relocations, relocation buyouts, and insurance (Phillips et al., 2012). Thus, after witnessing Hurricanes Katrina destroy New Orleans, the lack of public education regarding natural disasters and their effects were evident. In addition, as emergency managers and decision-makers, there are no building codes or relocations that can make citizens understand how critical it is for them to take action to reduce the impacts of area hazards. Phillips et al. (2012) further stated, “communicating risk to the public and expecting them to take the recommended actions can be challenging” (p. 7). Thus, to address non-structural challenges, it will be ideal for emergency managers to educate community leaders on the effects and risks associated with the many natural disasters in their area. References Phillips, Brenda D., et al. (2012). Introduction to Emergency Management, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL ISBN-13: 978-1-4398-3070-3 United Nation Office For Disaster Risk Reduction. (2021). Structural and non-structural measures. UNDRR. https://www.undrr.org/terminology/structural-and-non-structural-measures Respond kindly to Student #2 Travis Reed Good Afternoon Y’all Both structural mitigation and non-structural mitigation are faced with various challenges that need to be addressed effectively. One of the challenges of structural mitigation is that it gives a false sense of security and people are not to evacuate from the affected areas. In other words, structural mitigation gives false confident and even after several warning signs, people may not be ready to evacuate, thus leading to loss of lives upon the occurrence of a disaster. For instance, in 1997, 27 people died in Jarrel Texas due to Tornado since they were not ready to evacuate even after ten minutes of sounding of tornado sirens (NOAA 2, n.d.). To address this challenge, the government should enlighten the communities to change their perception on the structural mitigation and understand that this mitigation does not offer a 100 \% safety. Another challenge facing structural mitigation is cost. The process of raising physical structures is expensive and some individuals are not able to afford this extra cost. Consequently, some people fail to undertake the construction and others use inferior construction materials that are not able to resist the force of any disaster. To address this challenge, the government should subsidize the prices of quality materials to these individuals and go further to construct the facilities for those people who are in absolute poverty.  On the other hand, one of the challenges facing the non-structural mitigation is that it needs attention to unprecedented or infrequent events and people tend to ignore any pre-event advice from relevant authorities. To address this challenge, the local government should educate people on the importance of adhering to pre-event advices and put policies in place that enforce a forceful evacuation in case of any disaster warning sign is given. Another challenge facing this method is that it relies on the individual community member, who may lack adequate resources for mitigation (Pesaro et al., 2018). To address this challenge, the government should modify the insurance cover to cater for the above challenge.   References NOAA 2. (n.d). “Thunderstorms, Tornadoes, Lightning; Nature’s Most Violent Storms.” The U.S. Department of Commerce and the American Red Cross.  www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/ttl.pdf .  Pesaro, G., Mendoza, M. T., Minucci, G., & Menoni, S. (2018). Cost-benefit analysis for non-structural flood risk mitigation measures: Insights and lessons learnt from a real case study. In Safety and Reliability–Safe Societies in a Changing World (pp. 109-118). CRC Press.   Respond kindly to Student #3 Kenneth Battersby Hello All, I would say that there are always going to be challenges in anything that requires people to do things or buy things or learn new things. Regardless of people realizing the necessity of mitigation approaches it still takes these people to get the buy in and actually take this steps toward mitigation. When it comes to structural mitigation approaches the two main challenges I see are funding and abundance of resources for all buildings requiring structural stability. According to Reed (2015) In general structural mitigation is the direct actions that people take, build, or move in order to better preserve their life and or property (para. 1). So not only do these residents or communities require the funds to put these efforts into play but they also require local resources to be accessible for them to purchase. Now, in regards to non-structural challeneges I see two challenges and that is having actual trained personnel on staff to educate these local communities and also validating the efforts these residents put into place are actually stable. As a community you can tell residents to have non-structural mitigation strategies but without someone to actually educate them on the full extent of what that means then these residents may be lost in translation. As for validity of efforts, this means allowing people to submit maybe to local responders or a central agency a non-structural mitigation plan can be submitted so they can actually say whether the plan would work. Consider a plan that utilizes back roads in a form of escape during a winter incident, but the resident failed to realize the back roads are usually closed off or closed during snow which would leave the resident panicking if put in a situation. An outside pair of eyes would be able to identify that and a fix could be established.  Reed; M. (2015, May). Mitigation: Structural and Non-structural. Retrieved from  https://sites.psu.edu/workworthdoing/2015/05/06/mitigation-structural-and-non-structural/ HM510 Unit3 Assignment Structural vs. Non-Structural Solutions Select a single natural or man-made hazard and develop a 3–4-page mitigation proposal that utilizes one structural solution and one non-structural solution to address the hazard. Be sure to: · Describe the hazard and its vulnerabilities to a specific community. · Identify the structural solution. · Identify the non-structural solution. · Compare and contrast the two solutions. · Recommend the solution that will have the greatest impact on reducing the selected hazard and explain why. · Recommend implementation with the least challenge to community resiliency. In addition to fulfilling the specifics of the assignment, a successful paper must also meet the following criteria: · Include a cover page and references page in 10 - 12-point font (Arial, Courier, and Times New Roman are acceptable) · Viewpoint and purpose should be clearly established and sustained · Assignment should follow the conventions of Standard English (correct grammar, punctuation, etc.) · Writing should be well ordered, logical and unified, as well as original and insightful · Your work should display superior content, organization, style, and mechanics · Appropriate citation style should be followed You should also make sure to: · Include a title page with full name, class name, section number, and date · Include an introductory and concluding paragraph and demonstrate college-level communication through the composition of original materials in Standard English · Use examples to support your discussion · Cite all sources on a separate reference page at the end of your paper and cite within the body of your paper using APA format and citation style. For more information on APA guidelines, visit Academic Tools. Directions for Submitting Your Assignment Compose your assignment and save it in the following format: Course#_LastnameFirstname Unit # Assignment (example: HM510_SmithJohn Unit 1 Assignment). Submit your assignment to the appropriate Dropbox by the end of the Unit.