Fluent Essays - Revisions are needed on the paper I submitted for school. I have uploaded a file titled default.pdf which explains. Any section that scored less than a 3 needs to be revised. Please read teachers comments. Aspects B3, B5, C2

REVISIONS ARE NEEDED ON THE PAPER I SUBMITTED FOR SCHOOL. I HAVE UPLOADED A FILE TITLED DEFAULT.PDF WHICH EXPLAINS. ANY SECTION THAT SCORED LESS THAN A 3 NEEDS TO BE REVISED. PLEASE READ TEACHERS COMMENTS. ASPECTS B3, B5, C2 - C2F, D1 AND D2 REQUIRE ADDRE

Revisions are needed on the paper I submitted for school. I have uploaded a file titled default.pdf which explains. Any section that scored less than a 3 needs to be revised. Please read teachers comments. Aspects B3, B5, C2 - C2f, D1 and D2 require addre - Management

PLACE ORDER

Revisions are needed on the paper I submitted for school. I have uploaded a file titled default.pdf which explains. Any section that scored less than a 3 needs to be revised. Please read teachers comments. Aspects B3, B5, C2 - C2f, D1 and D2 require addressing, completion and additional details in order to satisfy the task requirements. Please confirm this received and please let me know when I will get revisions back. Also if something is not understood please let me know. I also attached another document that was sent by my professor that provided tips on how to complete the sections. Thanks! DESIGNING A MIXTURE OF LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE TILES In designing concrete mix, the most broadly used and most popular methods are the ACI and the BS methods (Lofty et al, p.185, 2013). Generally, Light-weight concrete mix design is applicable by adding of a number of mixes. The water, cement and size of the coarse aggregate requirements are necessary due to the past experiences with specific aggregates (Torkaman et al p.432, 2014). The absorption of water by different light weight concretes depends on the levels of water in the design of mix proportions (Narain et al, 2015). For example, Perlite lightweight concrete is used in many different purposes. They are used in garden sculpture, gas- fireplace logs, tile mortars and floor fills. Perlite concretes offer sedating properties and also is thermal insulating as well, depending on mix design. General considerations The addition of partial sand to a perlite or cement mix up increases the compression force and weight by about 100 lbs per cubic foot of sand (Cavaline et al, p.160, 2013). Adding of the expanded aggregate shale enhance the compressive strength and weight, by about 1/3 of the sand at high cost (Cavaline et al, p.160, 2013). Adding of threads boosts the flexural and tensile influence of perlite concrete, thus avoiding shrinks to crack. Adding of the entraining air agents decrease the mass and compression strength of the mixture, and develop solidification of the thaw performance (Narain et al, 2015). It also improves the resistance to freezing and thawing. A selection of aggregate sizes is necessary for increasing the compression force of the concrete. Water reducers and Super- plasticizers can also be used to increase the compressive strength. Reference list Cavalline, T.L. and Weggel, D.C., 2013. Recycled brick masonry aggregate concrete: Use of brick masonry from construction and demolition waste as recycled aggregate in concrete. Structural Survey, 31(3), pp.160-180. Lotfy, A., Hossain, K.M. and Lachemi, M., 2015. Lightweight self-consolidating concrete with expanded shale aggregates: Modelling and Optimization. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials,9(2), pp.185-206 Narain, J., Jin, W., Ghandehari, M., Wilke, E., Shukla, N., Berardi, U., El-Korchi, T. and Van Dessel, S., 2015. Design and Application of Concrete Tiles Enhanced with Microencapsulated Phase-Change Material. Journal of Architectural Engineering, p.05015001. Torkaman, J., Ashori, A. and Momtazi, A.S., 2014. Using wood fiber waste, rice husk ash, and limestone powder waste as cement replacement materials for lightweight concrete blocks. Construction and building materials, 50, pp.432-436. Sheet1 Structure of the dissertation Remarks Title page Abstract 1 page Table of contents With page numbers List of Tables List of Figures Abbreviations Not mandatory Chapter 1 - Introduction Background - Research Need About 2 - 3 pages. This should highlight the research gaps in the area youve chosen and the need to carry out your research. Aim Only 1 aim - possibly describe this in one sentence. Objectives 3 to 4 objectives maximum Methodology One paragraph or two - brief desciption as to what you will be doing during the dissertation research. Scope and Limitations Structure of Dissertation Chapter 2 - Literature Review About 6000 - 7000 words (you can write this in one chapter or two or more chapters) Chapter 3 - Methodology 5 - 10 pages Justify what research methods/methodology you are going to choose Describe the method you followed Chapter 4 - Analysis and synthesis About 15 pages Conclusion About 4 - 5 pages on Summary, Main Conclusions, Limitations, Recommendations and Future work (not mandatory) References At least 40 - 50 Appendices Many as you want (e.g. Supervisory Record forms - at least 5, Questionnaire, Interview Questions, etc.) Sheet2 Current economic Climate in SMEs in the construction industry - A solution for their survival Aim - identify how to ensure the survival of SMEs in the current climate Obj: Effects of the current economic climate on SMEs Fully achieved through the literature Identify the issues - why SMEs are affected Partially through literature How to make payment mechanisms efficient for SMEs Partially through literature Sheet3 Sustainable Construction in Power Plant Projects Literature Review Chapter 1. SC 1.1 Definitions 1.2 History of SC - to understand where it stems from (Sustainable Development) 1.3 Significance (in general and in relation to the Construction Industry) 2. Power Plant Projects 2.1 What is it? 2.2 Significance of Power Plant projects 2.3 Features/Main elements 3. SC in Power Plant Projects 3.1 Why is it important? 3.2 Advantages/Disadvantages 3.3 Key Features (interms of Social, Economical and Environmental) Sheet4 Develop a rough draft of your literature review chapter - this depends on the title, aim and objectives 1. Define the tile, aim and objectives 2. Do a key word search in finding documents relating to the sections of the literature review chapter 3. Save them in different folders 4. May be mark the important/key literature as well, if there are too many articles - this depends on the currency, key author and type of article 5. Develop a references document separately Sheet5 Title: Benefits of Value Engineering in Traditional Procurment Aim: Identifying the benefits of Value Engineering in Traditional Procurment - The case of Commercial Buildings Objectives: Identify what it is - VE? How VE in adopted in traditional procurement investigate the benefits - case study in Commercial buildings Sheet6 Impacts of allocating risks in PFI projects (what) Scope: the type of construction project and the stage Structure: background (PFI projects - significance) Risk allocation in PFI projects - importance of this Risk allocation in PFI projects - current issues Your research need Structure - Literature Review Sheet7 Facilities management delivery in local government (corporate offices) - outcoursed, balanced or in-house Key words: FM - definition, its history and background (where it started and where it is now), FM delivery - Different delivery modes and their advantages and disadvantages FM in local government - How is happening now and the current issues Usage OF WASTE MATERIALS FROM CONSTRUCTION FOR LIGHT CONCRETE TILES PRODUCTION IN OMAN Table of Contents Table of Contents i List of Tables ii List of Figures iii Literature Review 4 1.1 Introduction to the Chapter 4 1.2 Overview 4 1.3 Construction waste in developed countries 6 1.4 Construction waste in developing countries 7 1.5 Sultanate of Oman waste management 10 1.6 Recycling construction waste to make tiles 11 1.7 Suitable construction waste materials 13 1.8 Characteristic of lightweight concrete tiles 15 1.9 Lightweight concrete tiles recycled: advantages and disadvantages 18 1.10 Challenges to prepare a lightweight concrete tile 20 1.11 Summary 23 References 25 4 20 List of Tables Table 1: Comparison between developed and developing countries 9 List of Figures Figure 1: Comstruction Waste (Merino et al., 2010) 13 Literature Review 1 Introduction to the Chapter Chapter II illustrates the use of construction waste materials in the production of a lightweight concrete tile in Oman. Recently, there is a lot of construction projects undertaken by the Sultanate of Oman in order to develop the infrastructure, the construction waste has become a problem in the future. So it must find solutions to this problem, the production of light weight concrete tiles, it could be one solutions. Literary reviews include 10 section, where each section contributes to achieving the objectives of research. Section 1.2 talking about the construction waste in general. Section 1.3 and Section 1.4 compare between developed and developing countries in the field of construction waste, and take both Australia and Malaysia as examples. While it is expanding more to talk about the management of construction waste in Oman in Section 1.5. Section 1.6 includes recycling of construction waste to make tiles. Section 1.7 discusses the proper materials produced from construction waste such as aggregate, wood, ect. In addition, the characteristics of tiles will be more broadly in Section 1.8.Advantages and disadvantages when using a concrete tile lightweight recycled is explained in Section 1.9. Section 1.10 clarify the challenges facing the preparation of light weight concrete tiles. Overall, this chapter achieved 03 objectives fully, include objective 01: To identify the waste materials of construction that will be suitable for tiles production. Objective 02: To achieve the characteristics of lightweight concrete tiles. Objective 03. To assess the pros and cons to use of lightweight concrete tiles made from construction waste. Overview Waste is a derivative of such processes as extraction of raw materials, processing as well as consumption of finished goods. Construction waste is a disturbing problem for both developed and developing nations. However, the mode of generation and management of waste varies among countries. Construction activities that generate waste inclusive of rubbles are excavations, new constructions, buildings renovations, demolitions, road works and other construction-based activities (Silva et.al. 2014). The industry is traditionally regarded as an environmental hazard; given that contractors gain reward based on contractual speed as opposed to consideration for the environmental impact created by such works. Additionally, construction consumes large amounts of energy and raw materials while producing significantly high amounts of solid waste. On a global perspective, the industry consumes about 25\% of sand, gravel and raw stone as well as 40\% virgin wood on an annual basis. In the US for instance, 40\% extracted materials are used to construct building components and during actual production (Fulford & Standing 2014). Other derivatives of construction works include various pollutions, generation of solid waste, depletion of natural resources, land deterioration and land development. The construction industry accounts for approximately 35\% of the global industrial waste. In the EU (European Union), this form of waste is about two to five times the amount of household waste quantities generated in the total waste output. Furthermore, the construction industry has significant labor wastage; about 30\% of rework, while approximately 10\% of all raw materials for construction are wasted on site for every construction project (Nagapan et al. 2013). This form of wastage has input to negative social, economic and environmental implications. Uncontrolled landfills lead to land deterioration, water and soil contamination. Contractors suffer financial burdens as a result of disposals, delays, costs of rework and new purchases for replacement of wasted materials. Social implications include safety, health as well as the image created by the industry at the societal level. During waste management, construction waste is highly prioritized using such approaches as disposal, recycling or reduction. Construction waste managers propose that prior to disposal, recycling; sorting, reusing and reduction methods should be applied. Recycling is especially meaningful for future urban development and improvement and environmental protection. Other than recycling, inert end-of-life products are usable for such rationale as land fillers during reclamation. Inert materials include broken concrete, rocks, soil, slurry and earth while non-inert materials include plastics, timbers, metal and packaging (Ann et al. 2013). Amidst the alarming rate of construction waste, such waste has approximately 80\% potential for recovery by recycling. In line with this, countries like Belgium, Netherlands and Denmark have embarked on recycling of construction waste and have yielded tremendous results; with the major drives to recycling being scarcity of disposal sites and raw materials. Even so, most of construction waste eventually culminates in landfills. In the UK for instance, about 89.6 million tons of such waste was generated in 2014, while about 27 million of the waste ended up in landfills (Evangelisti et al. 2014). Construction waste in developed countries Governments of developed nations are increasingly shifting towards reduction of construction waste. From the construction and demolition waste stream, the governments have embarked on establishing a market for construction materials. According to the findings of the organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, buildings account for 25\% solid waste, 20\% water effluents, 40\% atmospheric emissions, 12\% land use, 25\% water use, 42\% energy use and 30\% raw materials used (Saboori et al. 2014). Although, the statistics are not available for most developed countries, however, there are some developed countries do this statistics. Australia is one of the countries that recorded statistics, which can be as a case study. 1.1.1 Case study: Australia According to National Waste Data Report 2014, Australia generates more than 48 megatons of waste annually (Gavilan & Benord 2014). During the period between 1997 and 2012, the Australian population experienced a growth of 22\% and a corresponding waste generation increase of 145\% (Gavilan & Benord 2014). However, the country recycles about 52\% of all its waste. To promote recycling instead of landfills, the Australian government is increasing the levies payable for dumping in landfills by all councils and companies. As a result, expenditure by the companies on waste costs has increased from a previous 1\% to between 2-3\% in 2015(Gavilan & Benord 2014). Of course, such expenditure has a significant impact on profits and EBITDA of any company. The levies are entirely avoidable by recycling in place of landfilling. In Sydney for instance, the cost of landfilling one tonnage of waste is $300. The levies are proving useful for allocating resources to the infrastructure reform and investment projects. The levies are also significant revenue generators, rising up to $500 million annually for a single state. The NSW government has used the revenues to launch a four year recycling grants and infrastructure program worth $465.7 million. The funds have been allocated to councils and private companies up to $10 million and $5 million respectively (Gavilan & Benord 2014). By 2056, the Australian population will have increased to about 35.5 million people. During the period 2013-2014, Australia generated about 53.7 million tons of waste, with the construction industry accounting for 16.5 million tons (31\%), making the sector to be the largest generator of waste (Gavilan & Benord 2014). Masonry materials accounted for the largest generation of waste by households and industry, generating 19.8 million tons (38\%). Organic waste was the second largest generator, producing 6.4 million tons of waste. During the period, about 97\% of the household waste was recycled while 73 \% of consumer items were reused (Gavilan & Benord 2014). Australia manages her waste by landfilling, recovery or exporting. Of the total waste output of the period 2013-2014, 25.2 million tons were recovered locally, 3.7 million tons were exported while the rest was landfilled. Of the recovered 25.2 million tons, 10.9 million tons were from masonry while 6 million tons were organic matter (Gavilan & Benord 2014). Construction waste in developing countries Construction wastes are increasingly becoming pressing issues for developing countries. This is alongside having social, economic and environmental effects. The main issue in most countries is illegal dumping of physical construction wastes; with expended intangible wastes such as time wasted and the attached costs of such wastes. Developing countries are experiencing socio-economic developments in terms of rapidly increasing populations, shifting consumer behaviors, high demands for infrastructural projects and improving living standards; leading to a rapidly growing construction industry (De Sousa 2014). This growth has had significant input to the rising levels of construction waste generation in these countries; resulting to a variety of implications to societal economic dynamics and drastic environmental effects. The comparison to the developing world, waste can be addressed through the case study of Malaysia, that in situated in the same geographic region as Australia. 1.4.1 Case study: Malaysia The country is currently facing the menace of illegally dumping construction waste; filling tropical mangrove swamps causing ecological disturbances and roadsides in the entire country. This is a clear reflection that Malaysia has neither significant policies nor practices for managing construction wastes. The existing regulators for solid waste management include PPSPPA (Public Cleansing and Waste Solid Management, (PMA) Pembinaan Malaysia Act 1994, (EQA) Environmental Quality Act 1974 and (SBW) Standard Specifications for Building Works (Mo & Manaff 2014). The ministries governing the bodies are (CIDB) Construction Industry Development Body, ministry of Environment and natural resources and Ministry of Housing and Local Government respectively. These bodies have limited impact in managing construction waste. Apparently, PPSPPA is mainly concerned with more with domestic waste while paying little or no attention to construction wastes. SBW focuses on the needs of the contractor’s alliancing with the Public Work Department. The contractors clean and clear construction waste and garbage twice a week and eventually disposing the waste into approved dumpsites or in landfills. PMA indulges in prevention, reduction and controlling of pollution as well as environmental conservation and preservation. PMA considers waste as gaseous, solid, liquid or radioactive; and either schedule or normal waste. The law only recognizes waste after it has been dumped illegally or has caused environmental pollution. Pembinaan Malaysian Act further serves to control construction activities in the country, enabling investigative officers to access construction sites at convenience for purposes of inspection. Hulu Selangor District is the most affected region in Malaysia, harboring about 39\% of the total waste output in the country in about 87 illegal dumpsites (Mo & Manaff 2014). The Malaysian government has recently entered into alliances with the private sector waste management companies for a period of 22 years in order to curb the waste menace. However, the government has failed to give special attention to construction waste but has instead directed resources to domestic waste. This adds to the problem of managing construction waste. Subsequently, cost and time overruns in the industry have resulted to abandonment of many construction projects in Malaysia. According to the Ministry of Housing and Local Government, about 35 projects holding more than 12,000 housing units were abandoned in 2014(Mo & Manaff 2014) . This is as a due to lack of enforcing current regulations on construction, construction delays, wrong construction specifications and ineffective financial management by project developers. As such, there is a tensed relationship between buyers and such developers; a reflection that intangible construction waste is in effect in Malaysia. The Malaysian case study serves as a representation of how developing countries handle construction waste. It is evident that the existing policies and regulations in such countries, though effective, fail to directly address the issue of construction waste. In order for construction waste to be handled effectively, there is dire need for collaboration of all stakeholders. There should exist a streamlined communication and rapport among clients, consultants and contractors. Failure to establish such collaborations and communications will only lead to more waste in developing countries; to levels that may prove difficult to handle in future. Table 1: Comparison between developed and developing countries Developed countries Developing countries Households are generally willing to participate in recycling due to high level of awareness and a sense towards reduction of waste. Households are reluctant to participate in the recycling processes due to low levels of awareness and enthusiasm for waste reduction. Strategies that have been implemented successfully in the developed countries for recycling include a combination of separation at source, strict regulations for pickup so as to intentionally leave some items behind and using drop-off depots for items like paint. There is reluctance for separation at source in the developing countries due to lack of separate pickups, ignorance concerning the benefits of recycling and lack of available containers for recyclable materials. There are drop-off locations for such recyclables as syringes, cylinders, propane tanks, pharmaceuticals, oil filters, dry cell batteries, car batteries, aerosol cans, pesticides, paints, organic oxidizers, oil, flammables, acids and bases. There exist no drop-off zones in developing countries. Export of tires to developing countries. Tires need to be recycled to eliminate potential tire fires and vermin harbored by tires in the landfills. There is accelerating import of tires from developed countries, and a corresponding rising level of tires recycling for the same reasons of eliminating tire fire and vermin such as mosquitoes Countries are conforming to recycling of electronics, with residents being required to pay some fees for recycling their electronics at drop-off locations. There is no recycling of electronics-even the developed countries are embarking on this recycling as an entirely new initiative. The composition of waste is a meaningful determinant of the recycling potential of the waste. Nevertheless, there exist numerous differences between developed and developing countries which have various implications on the potential for recycling. Sultanate of Oman waste management Oman has a population of about 3.9 million people and generates about 1.7 million tons of solid waste annually with a per capita daily waste of about 1.2kg (Taha et al. 2013). Apparently, waste management is a disturbing issue in the country as a result of the scarcity of land as well as environmental and health impacts of the waste. The form of waste produced in Oman is potential to high recyclability inclusive of 4\% glass, 1.8\% metal, 20.9\% plastics and 15\% cardboard and paper (Taha et al. 2013). The country has however not tapped its full recycling potential, since most of its solid waste is dumped in both authorized and unauthorized landfills. The country has 350 landfills operated by the municipality, alongside many illegal dumping sites where all forms of waste is dumped illegally. Al Almerat Landfill is the most popular. Established in 2011, the landfill lies over 9.1 hectares piece of land with five cells that can hold about 10 million cubic meters of solid waste (Taha et al. 2013). As a result of the construction project of urban development in the Sultanate of Oman, the construction waste represents 10-30\% of waste dumped into landfills (Rawshan et al, 2006). In 2014 the amount of construction waste reached 735,341 tons (Taha et al. 2013), and is expected to increase in light of the upcoming development projects. The coastal road is the major projects in the current period will be demolished more than 2,000 homes (Taha et al. 2013). So Oman’s Government developed strategy to make use of these residues in the operations of the construction of roads, instead of wasting them, or disposed of in the valley streams or on the roads near residential areas. Construction waste recycling is a successful sustainable strategy, where it can recycle 80-90\% (Rawshan et al, 2006). Since the recycling lead to reduce the use of natural resources process, reduce the cost of production and transfer the raw materials and reduce waste transferred to landfills (Vivian et al, 2006). In addition, it reduce the health and environmental problems for this waste, where it caused a growing amount of pollutants resulting from dusting and concrete materials (Rawshan et al, 2006). The cause of this waste piles in the multiplication of rodents and insects that lead to the transfer of various diseases. Recycling construction waste to make tiles The construction industry uses myriad varieties of raw materials and in vast amounts. For this reason, as mentioned earlier herein, about 10\% of the raw materials are wasted. Without proper waste management, these raw materials end up in landfills or in other dumpsites where they are potential to becoming environmental and health hazards. The construction industry, for this reason, is provided with a great opportunity to reuse, recycle or recover the wasted construction materials. The benefits attached to recycling construction waste include reduction of carbon emissions and disposal costs. Recycling is also useful as it assists the recycler to adhere to policies and legislations governing which waste should be taken to the landfills and which one should be left behind for reusing or recycling. Tiles are recyclable from construction wastes such as floor tiles, ceramic walls, porcelain floor and wall tiles, stone marble, glass, slate and panel board products. Often, 8-10\% tiles are wasted on walls and floors, 5-10\% on floor rolling and 1-5\% on flooring tiles (Bilgin 2012). This wastage is caused mainly by over ordering, breakages and cut-offs. To recycle tiles, the following processes are employable; 1) Fibresolving- wood fibers are subjected to pressurized steam in a vacuum at high temperatures and under mechanical agitation. 2) Microreleasing- the wood fibers are reclaimed from the resin by use of microwaves. 3) Thermohydrolic procedures- wood fibers are separated from the adhesive 4) Composting To allow for more tiles to be recycled, it would be meaningful to; plan slow periods of demolition, provide training concerning how to handle the tiles for the staff, recovering materials instead of dumping them in the landfills, improvement of transportation procedures (Bilgin 2012). In New Delhi, India, the Burari plant has proven the possibility of turning construction waste into tiles. In New Delhi, about 5,000 tons of construction and demolition as well as land clearing debris are generated on a daily basis (Bansal & Singh 2014). The plant, established with an initial processing capacity of 500 tons daily, has doubled its processing and production capacity. The plant processes about 1200 tons of waste per day and is set to expand to 2000 tons per day (Bansal & Singh 2014). Once the debris is brought to the plant, it is sorted to separate waste such as wood and plastic which are taken to another plant, Okhla for waste-to-energy recycling. The waste is then crushed and upon washing; used to make tiles and other products like manufactured sand, hollow bricks, pavement blocks, cement bricks and kerb-stones. Suitable construction waste materials 1.1.2 Perlite It consists of steady silicates that are static and strong for use as a lightweight aggregate or for insulation. Its weakness is that it’s small in size, and has extreme lightness. The small particle size requires more cement, while its light from 8 to 16 lbs per cu. ft. It has the tendency increase to soar out of the mortar. It’s helpful where maximum strength is not required, such as precast slabs and blocks and in floor fill, fireproofing and plaster (Sriwattanapong et al, 2013 p.227). 1.1.3 Vermiculite Vermiculite is a micaceous mineral that expands on purpose of heat to as much as 30 times its original volume (Meszarosova et al, 2013 p.584). The dehydrated ore is passed through 1800 degrees temperature for 4 to 8 seconds, after which it weighs up to 6 to 12 lbs per cubic ft. It is used as an aggregate in concrete fireproofing steel, for floor and roof fill, and for audio and fire proof plaster (Youn et al, 2014, p.442). 1.1.4 Aggregates Aggregate is a mixture of crushed rock, sand, gravel in their natural state or manufactured, where it is used to provide strength, wear resistance and bulk in construction (Barkdale, 2000, Robinson et al, 2004). Aggregates are used in asphalt paving, for the production of Portland reinforced concrete in the construction of roads and buildings in the United States. While in Europe, Aggregates are used to describe ceramics, bricks, and recycled concrete to be used in construction projects after it crushed. At the moment, Europe began to recycling aggregates to product new concrete (Weil et al, 2006). Figure 1: Comstruction Waste (Merino et al., 2010) Figure 1 shows that aggregates represent 75\% of construction and demolition waste resulting from paving roads, building houses and demolished (Merino et al., 2010). As a result of this ratio, many states developed strategies for recycling aggregate and use them to fill the loose of infrastructure such as roads. Also use recycled aggregates in cement production, where it contributes to reducing the use of natural resources by more than 40\% (Weil et al., 2006). 1.1.5 Wood Clean and contaminated wood constitutes 11\% (Figure 1) of the total waste produced resulting from the remnants of doors, window frames, etc (Merino et al., 2010). Clean wood is wood that has not been added to materials such as plastics, adhesives, chemicals, ect. While the contaminated wood has been added paint, glue, chemicals to maintain it against mold, etc. Since the contaminated wood cannot be recycled or used, due to the presence of hazardous substances may affect peoples health in the long term (Dillon Consulting Limited, 2006). 1.1.6 Gypsum Board Used gypsum board is often in the work of decoration and ornamentation. Where the white cement a large proportion in the mixture. Also, gypsum is considered part of the construction waste, where it is disposed of by landfill. However, it has been found that under certain conditions, the gypsum board can produce hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S), as well as leaking sulfide material if mixed with biodegradable waste (WRAP, 2006). As these toxic gases and flammable. During the past decade, it has become gypsum board is separated from the rest of the waste that is landfilled, in order to reduce the production of hydrogen sulfide gas (WRAP, 2006). 1.1.7 Metals Metals are considered as a waste produced in the construction industry, because of the high cost of mineral products (Winkler, 2010). Minerals make up remnants of 5\% of the total waste (Merino et al., 2010). These residues include iron, copper, aluminum. Usually, at construction sites are provided special containers to collect these residues. Where they can recycle these metals by melted down and re-production of new materials such as such as electric cables, copper pipes, etc. (Winkler, 2010). 1.1.8 Expanded shales and clays These are light concrete that require heat in a kiln to a temperature near the blending point. The heated material softens and coalesces to a sticky mass (Bogas et al, 2014 p.2). The escaping gases are trapped forming cellular structures and expanding 50\% volume of the material (Koshiro et al,2014).The crushing and firing operations are varied with different processes. The material is fired to a clinker then crushed and the size is often reversed with crushing operation. Examples of the materials involved are rocklite, dioatimte haydite and airox. Aggregates are material suitable for use in the installation of tiles mixture. Since this material can be converted into softer material through the crushing more. In addition, it has produced a large proportion of construction waste, can also be obtained from concrete, bricks. Furthermore, the characteristics and features contained in aggregates such as strength will earn tiles hardness and strength of the ordinary tiles. Characteristic of lightweight concrete tiles 1.1.9 Characteristic of light weight aggregate concrete An essential characteristic of lightweight concrete is the excellent attachment involving the aggregate and the adjacent hydrated cement paste. This is the outcome of several factors. Firstly, the coarse surface texture of many lightweight aggregates is positive to a fine mechanical join linking the two materials. In actual sense, there is frequent diffusions of cement pastes into the unwrapped surface holes in the coarse aggregate particles (Koshiro et al, 2014). Secondly, the moduli of flexibility of the lightweight concrete particles and of the toughened cement pastes do not modify much from the other (Bogas et al, 2014 p.269). Lightweight concretes are beam due to the enclosure of air voids and their absorbance; expect a few with sealed cells. This absorbance plays a significant part in the way the concrete perform in its wet shape. Majority lightweight aggregates are artificial and they are produced in a careful, uniform and consistent manner that is important to mixing, placing and compaction (Bogas et al, 2014 p.1). A diversity of normal and artificial porous solids, are available for use as lightweight aggregates (Koshiro et al, 2014 p.308). Generally, the upper the porosity of the aggregate, the low the thermal conduction, density and strength of the lightweight concrete completed with it. Concretes containing elevated absorbent such as vermiculite create lower-weight concretes of exceptional thermal shielding value but little resistance to stress (Meszarosova et al, p. 584). The less absorbent lightweight aggregates can make concretes which are strong enough to stand firm the structural pressure, but which are solid and less competent thermal insulators than those complete with the high-porosity aggregates (Koshiro et al, 2014 p. 38). An appropriately intended concrete blend will have the preferred workability designed for the new concrete and the necessary toughness for the hard-edged concrete. Characteristically, a mix of 10 to 15 \% of cement, 60 to 75 \% concrete and 15 to 20 \% water as reagent. Many types of concretes are cellular concretes prepared with bubbles or fluffy agents; some have lightweight aggregates and other lightweight aggregates (Moreno et al, 2014). Other lightweight concretes can have some standard weight sand. 1.1.10 Characteristic of light weight concrete tiles a. Pumice concrete It is a light weight concrete of volcanic origin that weighs 25 to 60 lbs per cu. ft. it is fit for use when it is hardened and well graded. The undesirable feature is that it absorbs a lot of water. In regard, this can be moderated by dripping in water before mixing with cement (Koshiro et al, 2014 p.308). b. Coal cinder concrete This type results from the burning of coal, they consist of ash components of coal with various amounts of unburned flammable matter. A few consists of explosive matter that have caused harmful expansion of concrete in which they have been used. Also have minimum amount of burnable material that are satisfactory for use in concrete but are not mainly weight reduction (Bogas et al, 2014 p.3). c. Autoclaved Cellular concrete This is a type of concrete tiles that are formulated so as to hold a large proportion of gas bubbles as an outcome of a chemical reaction that takes place in an atmosphere of stream (Meszarosova et al, 2013 p. 584). Autoclaved cellular concrete (ACC) is a lightweight pre-cast concrete building material that is alleviate under high weight inside particular kilns called autoclaves (Sriwattanapong et al,2013 p.227).The basic raw materials for ACC are cement, limestone, aluminum powder, water, and a large proportion of sand. The raw materials are assorted into slurry and poured into greased molds and the aluminum powders react chemically to produce millions of minute hydrogen gas bubbles. The autoclave uses high-pressure steam heat of approximately 356° F (180°C) to speed up the hydration of the material and impel a second chemical reaction that provide ACC strength, rigidity, and dimensional constancy (Meszarosova et al, 2013 p. 584). Autoclaving in 8 to 14 hours can create concrete power equal to strengths acquired in a concrete alleviated moist for 28 days at 70° F (21°C). The end products are typically enfolded in artificial and elated straight to the construction site (Meszarosova et al, 2013 p. 584). Light weight concretes has been exposed by examination and by performance to perform structurally in much the equal way as normal weight concrete. Some differ in characteristics since the variation are largely those of degree (Meszarosova et al, 2013 p. 584). Thus, the designers must reflect on the reimbursement of lighter weight and improved insulation in relative to the extra cost of the lightweight blend. The engineer must be familiar with the few different requirements relation to transporting placing and finishing. It is the characteristic mixture of functional and aesthetic properties that has made concrete the main construction material worldwide. Lightweight concrete tiles recycled: advantages and disadvantages 1.1.11 Advantages a. Durability Lightweight concrete tiles made from waste construction products are best known to be noncombustible. As such, the tile is proven to be a fire resistant construction material. Additionally, the lightweight concrete tiles are able to withstand wider range of climatic swings be it freezing temperatures or high temperatures. Considering the roofing tiles, the designed tiles are able to withstand seismic forces arising in earthquakes that are far greater to 0.8 gravity (Bremner, 2014). Thermal and radiant capability of the lightweight tile made from construction waste boost the durability of the concrete tile. According to a 2000 study conducted by the Florida Solar Energy Center, a constructed lightweight concrete roof tile reduces the transfer of solar heat by an almost 48\% in comparison with other roofing types like black shingle (Libby, 2013). Such aspects make the lightweight concrete tiles from construction wastes to last to almost 100 years hence reducing construction waste due to limited possibilities of replacing the tiles (Chava, 2014). Additionally, the tiles are not made with petroleum based products like asphalt shingles hence the cost of making the product is not vulnerable to oil price flactuations b. Workability Concrete tiles made through construction wastes are essentially lightweight. The aspect makes it easier to place at the designed location in a building through an advantage of using less skilled labor. Additionally, the designed lightweight concrete tiles can be drilled and designed in to expected shapes through the use of standard hand tools, regular screws and nails (Desai, 2014). c. Cost Efficient The use of construction waste to manufacture lightweight tiles makes the end product be cost efficient through the manufacturing process to the end product hence cheaper in sell prices. This implies that the product is cheaper compared to other competitors like clay tiles which cost 30\% more than concrete tiles yet concrete lightweight tile has a nice combination of the durability (Al, 2015). If a constructor is willing to save money, it is advisable to concrete lightweight tiles. d. Savings in Materials Lightweight concrete tiles construction from construction waste reduces materials used by 10\%. This implies that no gravel is required for the production of the tile and only the sand and the cement mortar are embedded in form (air) for the production. For certain application of the tiles, no plaster is required but only gypsum putty is directly applied before painting hence saving on the materials. Using lightweight concrete tiles can cast walls as thin as 50mm (European Concrete, 2014) 1.1.12 Disadvantages a. Compressive Strength Basically, lightweight concrete aggregates are used to control the compressive strength performance in concrete tiles. The major two factors that determine the compressive of the concrete tile from the construction tile is the strength of the aggregates being used and the strength of the hardened cement-water paste. Considering the usual use of cement-water paste in making concrete tiles, the lightweight concrete tiles made from construction waste are weaker in regards to the usual range of cement content (American Society for Testing and Materials, 2013). As such, lightweight concrete tiles made from construction waste products are low in density and lower in the strength of the lightweight aggregates that essentially reduces the comprehensive strength of the tiles (Jones, 2012). b. Cracks Lightweight tiles constructed from waste construction materials crack easily especially in higher moisture conditions or walked on during construction or repairs. Moisture affects the lightweight tiles through regular freezing and thawing climatic cycle conditions resulting tile cracks because moisture sweeps beneath the surface of tile (Blair, 2014). During the drying or firing processes on making a tile, the lightweight tiles might develop shrinkage cracks hence creating weak points for easily breakage of the tiles. During the construction process the debris left in the interlocking channel creates load points that contribute towards tile cracks. Additionally, when exposing the lightweight tiles to rain, snow and sun, the tile begins to fade its color. As such, during the replacement of a broken or faded tile with a new one, it mismatches the rest of the tiles hence affecting the beauty pattern of the tiles. c. Aging Process The aging process of lightweight tiles constructed from waste materials makes the tiles to be completely saturated. This is due to the continuous erosion of the cement used and the mix aggregates used that makes the tiles to be more absorbent especially more moisture that makes them to age quickly. At this phase it is easier to observe pitting, cracking, displaced or missing tiles, thinning of the glaze, dripping of moistures from underneath of the tiles and continuous efflorescence forming on the tile (UNDP, 2013). d. Installation Process Working with lightweight tiles presents a number of challenges in installing process. It is a bit difficult to walk on and work within such tile with fear of breakages because the latent condition of the within environment is not well known. Additionally, it proves challenging in preventing waterproofing and the mounting penetrations at the underlayment level especially in lightweight concrete roofing tiles. As such, it is very important to embrace mounting technologies in any aspect of tile installation process that ensures the flashing of underlayment penetration hence enabling the tiles to last for decades regarding aspects like wide temperature differentials (Alfsen, 2013). Additionally, sealant and double flashing is needed during the installation process especially on the roof. This is purposefully done to try and repel water which is well known to be very expensive. Challenges to prepare a lightweight concrete tile It is recommended that the results obtained through this project propose that there are numerous research issues with value to these materials that are worth for further analysis (Zhu et al, 2015 p. 620). The use of the waste materials from construction results in the formation of lightweight concrete (Yardim et al, 2013 p. 405). The usages of such waste materials cut down the price of constructing, but also add in secure disposal of the waste materials. The provisions and necessities on the results pass on to the usage of normal weight aggregates (Zhu et al, 2015 p.622). Hence, it is necessary to create further suggestion when lightweight aggregates are used to make structural concretes (Gesoglu et al, 2014 p.6). A broad variety of compactness and mechanical property may be achieved by considering the normal weight aggregate that may be changed light weight concrete in a fractional method, changing the coarse portion of the concrete (Ally et al, 2012 p.127). 1. Designation of aggregates When locating the usage of waste materials for light concrete by mass, it must be taken into consideration that the granules metric charts may perhaps not be formed by weight for the light aggregates. In regard, it is essential to alter the description of an upper limit volume of an aggregate, and as an alternative of classification of the concrete by weight where it is distinct by volume. 2. Aggregate particle size grading Notably with regard to the grading examination, the usual process for selection and formatting the weight of the preserved fraction is scarce since the disparity sized portions have diverse densities (Dunant et al, 2012 p.745). If the aggregate is of regular mass and its density does not depend on its size, it is probable to modify weight to volume openly (Khayat et al, 2014 p.145). The same process practical to light aggregates provide incorrect data since the diverse portions or mass possess various mass. This may be taken into consideration when determining the density of every part and if the resulting volume is considered. At this state, it is probable to regard the same grading limits recognized for fine aggregates of normal weight (Gesoglu et al, 2014 p. 6). 3. Physical-mechanical requirements Light weight concretes are not tough compared to concretes of normal weight but equal under solidity and when subjected to the process of wear by abrasion and crushing (Ally et al, 2012 p.127). In this condition, the wear opposition of coarse aggregate shall not be assessed by the techniques or limitations of lightweight fine aggregate, evaluated in agreement with a micro-Deval test indicated (Khayat et al, 2014 p.145). The combination ability of light weight concretes is usually high due to their low weight achieved through porous structures. The control of water absorption evaluation shall not be applied even if the processing presents a closed structure mainly if the absorption is articulated as a percentage of the aggregate or if the light weight concretes are less solid (De Brito, 2012). When the absorption is generally elevated the results of the properties of new concrete are drastically altered and different concrete methods or treatments shall be implemented during the concrete construction process (Ally et al, 2012 p. 128). In regard to the frost opposition and structural light weight concretes, the occurrence of integrated air in the concrete assists to reduce corrosion in a similar mode with concretes of normal weight (Khayat et al, 2014 p.147). The concrete saturation level is a crucial aspect, as is the appropriate level of power. Evaluation of the ability of the light weight concretes to magnesium sulphate result due to the lower inherent power of the aggregates and its high combination of an isolated probability of compliance (Khayat et al, 2014 p.147). Generally, the fitness of the concretes shall be assessed under solidifying and melting process. Notably, the elevated power, adding of built-in air and a little level of diffusion concrete contribute to its performance (Gesoglu et al, 2014 p.6). 4. Composition Composition of structural light concretes, usage of waste light aggregate, mixed saturation levels of light weight concretes and the kind and range of light aggregate have a straight influence on the properties of structural light concretes (Bissonnette et al, 2013 p.481). For this case, the composition of light weight concretes processes shall be inspected in advance, with no exceptions, to guarantee that it is capable to generate concretes that are automatic and solid for design needs (Yardim et al, p.405). 5. Concrete workability The principles established in this project can be functional without the need for alteration. However, the uses of test methods ensure that the slump ability of light concretes is compacted (Khayat et al, 2014 p.145). Slump is the in a narrow cone that is suitable to the damage of concrete below its own mass (Long et al, 2012 p.38). The compactness of light concrete is lesser than that of standard concrete and for this reason it present a greater workability for equal slumps (Long et al, 2012 p.42). For the same basis, it is not measured practical to surpass the higher restrictions for solution uniformity even with the application of super fluidization preservatives. 6. Mixing of concrete Generally, mixing of Structural Light Concretes takes lengthy time than conventional concrete (Khayat et al, 2014 p. 147). For that reason, lengthy time in mixing is necessary for the humidity of the concretes before adding up the cement and combination of the blend after adding preservatives following the adding of the total mixture of water. This occasion is mandatory to avoid quick absorption of water and preservatives and eliminate workability from the concrete combination and effectiveness from its admixtures (Khayat et al, 2014 p.150). The low mass of light concrete may cause it to soar at the start of the mixture, depending on the intensity of water diffusion it have when it come into contact with the mixing machine, which may establish effective application of the integration mechanism (Long et al,2012 p.38). 7. Compaction of light weight concrete Compaction of the Structural Light Concretes needs an upper vibrating power than for normal concretes (Yardim et al, 2013 p. 405). As a result, solidification is passed out by dipping division connecting vibrator situations to 70\% of the consumed standard light weight concretes (Dinakar et al, 2013 p.161). The surface coating of the face on which the concrete is located shall be shaped by suitable equipment used to compress the light aggregate and adjoin it to the mixture so that it is enclosed (Guneyisi et al, 2015 p.17). Summary Overall, the rapid increase of population and construction in the world is generated millions of tonnes of construction and demolition waste and this waste is growing with the passage of time. It became a construction waste now troublesome problem for both developed and developing countries. However, the method of generating and waste management are different between countries. Oman as other countries, is considered waste management in general, and construction and demolition waste is particularly challenging issue because of its negative effects on the environment and public health. Oman put its priority to reduce this waste by using recyclable approach. Production of light weight concrete tiles is a form of recycling of construction waste. As this Tiles has several properties such as strength, corrosion resistance, sound insulation, ect.. Moreover, Tiles like any other product has advantages and disadvantages. The advantages in durability, workability, cost efficient and savings in materials. In contrast, the disadvantages include compressive strength, cracks, and installation process. References 1. Al, B., 2015. Lightweight Concrete Tiles vs. Clay Tiles. Homeowners’ Guide 2015. 2. Alfsen, J., 2013. Tile Roof Application. Roofing System and Array Mounting Approaches. 3. American Society for Testing and Materials, 2013. Strengthening the Technological Base of the Building Materials Industry. Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation, Government of U.S.A. 4. Aly, M., Hashmi, M.S.J., Olabi, A.G., Messeiry, M., Abadir, E.F. and Hussain, A.I., 2012. Effect of colloidal nano-silica on the mechanical and physical behaviour of waste-glass cement mortar. Materials & Design, 33, pp.127-135. 5. Ann, T.W., Poon, C.S., Wong, A., Yip, R. and Jaillon, L., 2013. Impact of construction waste disposal charging scheme on work practices at construction sites in Hong Kong. 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Static and dynamic modulus of elasticity of structural lightweight and modified density concrete with and without nanosilica–characterization and normalization. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, 12(2 A), pp.269-279. 12. Bogas, J.A., Gomes, M.G. and Real, S., 2014. Capillary absorption of structural lightweight aggregate concrete. Materials and Structures, pp.1-15. 13. Chava, T., 2014. Use of Construction Renovation and Demolition Waste in Partial Replacement of Course Aggregate in M20 Concrete. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 14. Desai, D., 2014. Development of Lightweight Concrete. Civil Engineering. 15. De Brito, J. and Saikia, N., 2012. Recycled aggregate in concrete: use of industrial, construction and demolition waste. Springer Science & Business Media 16. Dunant, C.F. and Scrivener, K.L., 2012. Effects of aggregate size on alkali–silica-reaction induced expansion. Cement and concrete research, 42(6), pp.745-751. 17. Dinakar, P., Sethy, K.P. and Sahoo, U.C., 2013. Design of self-compacting concrete with ground granulated blast furnace slag. Materials & Design, 43, pp.161-169. 18. Dillon Consulting Limited. (2006). Construction and demolition debris management study: Final report. Truro, NS: Resource Recovery Fund Board. 19. De Sousa Jabbour, A.B.L., Jabbour, C.J.C., Sarkis, J. and Govindan, K., 2014. Brazil’s new national policy on solid waste: challenges and opportunities. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 16(1), pp.7-9. 20. Evangelisti, S., Lettieri, P., Borello, D. and Clift, R., 2014. Life cycle assessment of energy from waste via anaerobic digestion: a UK case study. Waste management, 34(1), pp.226-237. 21. European Concrete, 2014. Sustainable Benefit of Concrete Structures. 22. Fulford, R. and Standing, C., 2014. Construction industry productivity and the potential for collaborative practice. International Journal of Project Management, 32(2), pp.315-326. 23. Guneyisi, E., Gesoğlu, M., Booya, E. and Mermerdaş, K., 2015. Strength and permeability properties of self-compacting concrete with cold bonded fly ash lightweight aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, 74, pp.17-24. 24. Gesoğlu, M., Güneyisi, E., Özturan, T., Öz, H.Ö. and Asaad, D.S., 2014. Permeation characteristics of self compacting concrete made with partially substitution of natural aggregates with rounded lightweight aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 59, pp.1-9. 25. Jones, M., 2012. Review of Potential Wastes and Secondary Materials as Aggregates. Construction Systems, Australian Government. 26. Khayat, K.H., Kassimi, F. and Ghoddousi, P., 2014. Mixture design and testing of fiber-reinforced self-consolidating concrete. ACI Materials Journal,111(2), pp.143-151. 27. Koshiro, Y. and Ichise, K., 2014. Application of entire concrete waste reuse model to produce recycled aggregate class H. Construction and Building Materials, 67, pp.308-314. 28. Long, W.J., Khayat, K.H. and Xing, F., 2012. Correlations among Various Self-Consolidating Concrete Workability Responses. Open Civil Engineering Journal, 6, pp.38-47. 29. Libby, B., 2013. Concrete Tiles Durability, Sustainable Roofing Material Integrate Design and Performance. Versatile colors and sizes enhancing aesthetics while addressing energy efficiency. 30. Merino, M. R., Gracia, P. I. & Azevedo, I. S. W. (2010). Sustainable construction: construction and demolition waste reconsidered. Waste Management & Research, 28, 118–129. 31. Meszarosova, L., Drochytka, R. and Tůmová, E., 2013, December. Study of effect of higher temperature on the properties of a new silicate-based thermal insulation material. In Applied Mechanics and Materials (Vol. 409, pp. 584-588 32. Moreno, D., Martinez, P. and Lopez, M., 2014. Practical Approach for Assessing Lightweight Aggregate Potential for Concrete Performance. ACI Materials Journal, 111(2). 33. Nagapan, S., Rahman, I.A., Asmi, A. and Adnan, N.F., 2013. Study of Sites Construction Waste in Batu Pahat, Johor. Procedia Engineering, 53, pp.99-103. 34. Rawshan Ara Beguma, Chamhuri Siwar , Joy Jacqueline Pereira , Abdul Hamid Jaafar (2006) “A benefit–cost analysis on the economic feasibility of construction waste minimisation: The case of Malaysia” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 48, pp:86–98 35. Saboori, B., Sapri, M. and bin Baba, M., 2014. Economic growth, energy consumption and CO 2 emissions in OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)s transport sector: A fully modified bi-directional relationship approach. Energy, 66, pp.150-161. 36. Silva, R.V., De Brito, J. and Dhir, R.K., 2014. Properties and composition of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste suitable for concrete production. Construction and Building Materials, 65, pp.201-217. 37. Sriwattanapong, M., Sinsiri, T., Pantawee, S. and Chindaprasirt, P., 2013. A study of lightweight concrete admixed with perlite. Suranaree J. Sci. Technol, 20(3), pp.227-234. 38. Taha, R., Al-Rawas, A., Al-Jabri, K., Al-Harthy, A., Hassan, H. and Al-Oraimi, S., 2013. An overview of waste materials recycling in the Sultanate of Oman. Resources, conservation and recycling, 41(4), pp.293-306. 39. UNDP, 2013. Development Challenges Solutions in Making Lightweight Tiles and the Management Process. 40. Vivian W., Tam1Y. and Tam C. M., (2006) A review on the viable technology for construction waste recycling” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 47(3), pp: 209–221. 41. Waste & Resources Action Programme (WRAP) (2006). Plasterboard case study: International practice in plasterboard recycling: Denmark. Oxon, UK: Waste & Resources Action Programme. 42. Winkler, G. (2010). Recycling construction and demolition waste: A LEED-based toolkit. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 43. Youm, K.S., Jeong, Y.J., Han, E.S.H. and Yun, T.S., 2014. Experimental investigation on annual changes in mechanical properties of structural concretes with various types of lightweight aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 73, pp.442-451. 44. Yardim, Y., Waleed, A.M.T., Jaafar, M.S. and Laseima, S., 2013. AAC-concrete light weight precast composite floor slab. Construction and Building Materials, 40, pp.405-410. 45. Zhu, L., Dai, J., Bai, G. and Zhang, F., 2015. Study on thermal properties of recycled aggregate concrete and recycled concrete blocks. Construction and Building Materials, 94, pp.620-628. Title Page – You should look at other example for the title page Title page should include: · Title of the dissertation · School of Engineering · University and Uni logo · Course · Name · Registration Number · Submission Date · Supervisor (not mandatory) · Word Count (very important) Note: title page should not have a page number 25 Licence Agreement You need to fill it and sign it. Please make sure to tick ‘yes’ for depositing the item. Declaration Again have a look at other examples. But all you have to say is: This is my own work and wherever I have quoted other literature, I have duly referenced them using Harvard Referencing system. Name: Signature: Date: Acknowledgement Not mandatory Table of Contents Declaration i Acknowledgement ii Table of Contents iii List of Tables iv List of Figures v Abbreviations vi Abstract vii CHAPTER 1 - Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Problem Statement 2 1.3 Aim and Objectives 2 1.4 Research Questions 3 1.5 Research Methodology 5 1.6 Scope and Limitations 6 1.7 Structure of the Dissertation 7 CHAPTER 2 - Literature Review 8 2.1 Introduction (or Introduction to the Chapter) 8 CHAPTER 3 - References 13 List of Tables Table 1.1: Objectives and Research Questions 4 Table 3.1: Methodologies chosen by other authors 16 List of Figures Figure 1.1: Methodology Framework 13 Abbreviations Abbreviations should be sorted in alphabetical order. NHS National Health Service WHO World Health Organisation Abstract You should be able to summarise your whole dissertation in in the abstract. Usually you can write this in 03 paragraphs. Paragraph 1 – Should introduce your topic and purpose of the dissertation. It will be good to discuss a little bit of background behind the choice of topic as well. Paragraph 2 – Should discuss the methodology applied, including the research techniques and analyses used. Paragraph 3 – Should discuss the main findings and finally the main conclusion/s and recommendation/s. Key words: At least 03 key words in alphabetical order, separated by a semi-colon. Introduction Background 1.5 pages to 2 pages long. Highlight current literature. Usually you should have at least 03 paragraphs. 01 paragraph – introduction to the topic area. 02 paragraph – this is the MOST IMPORTANT part in this section. The idea of this paragraph is to highlight the current research done in this area and what they have covered. 03 paragraph – the ‘GAP’: what is lacking!! For this to be highlighted you need to identify some of the issues discussed by other researchers as well. For example, if you are doing sustainable development in social housing, you can say something like below: As mentioned in the previous paragraph, there are a lot of research carried out in the area of sustainable development (SD). However, as many of the researchers have pointed out, SD in construction industry has mainly been carried out in large scale construction due to it’s impact to the environment and climate change. Although, housing, compared to large scale construction has a minimal impact, it is has a considerable contribution to SD in a wider context. Within housing, social housing is one of the areas that have not been covered in-depth due to some of the issues, especially after economic downturn. Please do the above with supporting evidence (e.g. literature). You then finish this section off by saying something like: Given the above discussions, a research need has emerged to carry out an in-depth study in sustainable development in the social housing industry. Problem Statement You can discuss this in one paragraph. You usually say/highlight here, what exactly within the identified gap/need in Section 1.1 are you going to study. For example: Sustainable development in the social housing industry has a lot of scope to cover when it comes to wider research. John (2007), Smith (2010) and Carrilian et al (2015) have stated in their research that, within SD research in social housing, what is mostly needed is to identify SD implementation during the design stage of construction. Note: for you to identify this, look at your aim and last objective, which will give you an indication to write this section. Aim and Objectives Given the above discussions in sections 1.1 and 1.2, the main aim of the research is to investigate barriers that impede implementation of sustainable development during the design stage of social housing projects. Note: 1 aim is more than enough, and perhaps 3 -4 objectives (unless your supervisor wants more/less). Aim could be something like: The main of the project is to identify Barriers that impede the effective implementation of Sustainable Development concepts during the design stage of Social Housing Projects. This will be achieved using the following objectives: 1. Identify the significance of adopting Sustainable Development concepts for Social Housing Projects 2. Investigating the criteria for effective implementation of SD concepts/techniques during the design stage of Social Housing Projects 3. Examining the barriers that impede the aforementioned process. Research Questions (This is not a mandatory section – but it’ll be good if you can do this cause this shows/identifies the questions to be studied during your research. Sometimes, if your research is quantitative, your supervisor will tell you to develop research hypothesis/hypotheses instead) Example of a research question can be: 1. What are the main barriers of sustainable social housing during design stage of construction? 2. Who are the key stakeholders in addressing the aforementioned barriers in sustainable social housing? Note: A few research questions, the better. Sometimes, a supervisor may ask you to introduce research questions before aim/objectives, because these questions may help you developing them. The process can be vice versa. This is not mandatory. But instead of Section 1.3 and 1.4 where you detail your objectives and research questions, you can have a table to set these out clearly. Table 1.1: Objectives and Research Questions Objectives Research Questions 1. Identify the significance of adopting Sustainable Development concepts for Social Housing Projects. 2. Investigating the criteria for effective implementation of SD concepts/techniques during the design stage of Social Housing Projects. 1. What is the most appropriate criteria for implementing SD in social housing projects? 3. Examining the barriers that impede the aforementioned process. 2. What are the main barriers of sustainable social housing during design stage of construction? 3. Who are the key stakeholders in addressing the aforementioned barriers in sustainable social housing? Research Methodology This section briefly discusses the methodology you have adopted. Please don’t forget that the in-detail section of the methodology comes in Chapter 3 – so, this section of 1.5 is just an overview in the introduction. You can write something like this: E.g. A qualitative methodology has been chosen to achieve the aim and objectives mentioned in section 1.2. The qualitative methodology was carried out using semi-structured interviews. Altogether, 6 semi-structured interviews were carried out with managers in social housing associations in North-West area of England. The interviews were then analysed using content analysis method. * Note – if you can, please write this section in past tense/ past participle, as if you have already carried that out. Only one paragraph or two will be more than enough. You can also present the above in a graph/figure. Methodology Output Stage Figure 1.1: Methodology Framework Scope and Limitations (Not mandatory) – however, I highly recommend you writing this section as it will help you to narrow down your topic and be more focussed in your dissertation research. This section is all about how you are going to limit the scope of your study. You could do it using the following ways: · You can focus particularly on a location (e.g. city, region, country, etc.). · You can limit the scope based on type of organisation/ type of project (e.g. commercial, healthcare, school, government organisation, etc.). · You can also limit the scope based on the size of organisation (e.g. small, medium or large). · You can also limit the scope based on the type of stakeholder/s (e.g. contractor, client or consultants, etc.). · You can also limit the scope according to timespan (e.g. choosing projects that have been initiated after 2007/08 to identify the effects of recession, building conservation techniques during the Victorian era, etc.). · You can also limit the scope of the research depending on which stage of the project you are focussing on (e.g. barriers that impede sustainable development implementation during of social housing projects, performance of Public Private Partnership projects during the ) E.g. The dissertation research is particularly focussed on client’s perspective on implementing SD in social housing projects. The main reason for this is that the clients in social housing projects (e.g. social housing associations) play a major role in ensuring the adaptation of sustainable developing in such projects (John, 2007). Without their involvement/encouragement, the implementation of SD could not go ahead. Therefore, it was very much essential to take their views on board to carry out this dissertation research. Importance of writing the scope and limitation section is: · It gives better focus for your research, as it identifies exactly what you are looking at. · It narrows down your topic, so that it becomes more in-depth. · It gives a better understanding about the research methodology section, e.g. what to look at, who to target, etc. Structure of the Dissertation This is the easiest section to write in the dissertation. The purpose of this section is to show how each chapter/section of the dissertation flows and what each chapter contains. So, you can present it either in a bullet form or paragraph form. Chapter 1 of the dissertation, as highlighted above, discussed the need for the research on implementing sustainability in social housing projects. The chapter also discussed the aim and objectives to highlight the end-goals of the research. Chapter 2 highlights the main findings of an extant literature review that has been carried out on identifying the importance of sustainable development in social housing projects. Chapter 3 details the research methodology adopted in finding the barriers of sustainable development of implementation during design stage of the project. The chapter not only discusses the methodology but also highlights the reasons behind the choices of research methodology/methods. Chapter 4 of the dissertation discusses main findings of the questionnaire survey adopted as part of the primary data collection. The findings are presented according to the objectives set in chapter 1. Chapter 5, finally, presents the main conclusions and recommendations. Literature Review 1 Introduction (or Introduction to the Chapter) Every chapter will have an ‘introduction to the chapter’ section, except for Chapters 1 (Introduction) and 5 (Conclusion). Introduction to the chapter basically highlights 03 things: 1. The purpose of the chapter 2. What it includes (in different sections) 3. What objective/s it achieves either partially or fully This doesn’t have to be very long, just one paragraph (less than ½ a page is more than enough). E.g. This chapter details the findings emerged from the literature review on sustainable development in social housing projects. The discussions on the literature review are presented mainly in 3 sections. Section 1 defines the concept Sustainable Development (SD) and also highlights the brief history of SD. Section 2, separately, defines housing concept and introduces social housing projects. Section 3 explains, in-depth, the importance of adopting SD concept in social housing projects. Overall, this chapter achieves, fully, objective 1 as highlighted in Section 1.3 above. Some pointers as to what you should be doing and what you should not be doing when writing your dissertation: Should not be doing: · Do not use of words such as don’t, doesn’t, won’t, can’t (you have to always write them in full – Do not, Does not, Will not, etc.) · Do not write in first person’s format (e.g. the use of words such as I, we, you, etc.) · Presenting graphs/figures but not explaining them in the discussions. · Do not use footnotes, unless you are doing case laws. · Do not use end notes as well. · Use of Appendices but not explaining/introducing them in the main text. This way, the Appendices become stand-alone sections, which does not add value to your discussions. · Do not use pixelated/dark pictures that are difficult to read (obviously). Should be doing: · Use of graphs/figures whenever possible to further explain your points. · Always write in third person’s format – this is a must (e.g. instead of saying ‘I collected the data using a questionnaire survey’, you say ‘the data was collected using a questionnaire survey’. Doing your Literature Review: · Step 1: Keyword search · Step 2: Identifying ‘key’ (and other important) literature: up-to-date, has identified key authors in the area, lot of peer-reviewed articles (e.g. journals), literature that are very much relevant to your area (you can identify this by using the search facility ‘allintitle:’ in google scholar) · Step 3: Save the files either in one folder (as a whole) or in different folders – for example, if my title is ‘sustainable development in social housing’, I can have three folders, i.e. sustainable development introduction, social housing types and sustainable development in social housing. Also, VERY IMPORTANT, save the files according to Harvard Referencing format as you cite in a document (e.g. John et al, 2007). This way, it makes it easier for you to find the document, as and when you need it. · Step 4: Do your Referencing document (either use Word Referencing facility under ‘References’ Citations and Bibliography; or use Endnote or Refworks). The Word Referencing has following disadvantages: · You can’t include page numbers in the citation automatically (e.g. John et al, 2007; p.11), you have to do it by right clicking the citation and click ‘converting the citation to static source’. · If you decide to change the dissertation master document to a different one, then the citations you’ve saved in the previous one can’t be transferred. · You cannot include ONLY the references you used within the text at the end. The list comes as a bibliography. It’s not a big deal – but worth checking with your supervisor, just in case. · Step 5: You can include the ‘References and Bibliography’ section now itself at the end of the Dissertation master document, once you complete inserting the sources one by one. Only thing you need to do extra is keep adding the new sources you find in the future, and right click the references and ‘update field’. · Step 6: Now you start your literature review, first by preparing a ‘structure of the literature review’ draft. This needs to be developed using the objectives. Note to students: · The difference between ‘page break’ and ‘section break’ and the importance of ‘section break’. · Page numbering Insert page number Format page number (Title page should not have a page number – click different first page to do that, up to Chapter 1 it’s Roman numerals, After Chapter 1 it should be Arabic numerals starting from 1). · Formatting the Table of contents · Updating the Table of contents Difference between a literature review (critique) and a literature report. Critique Report According to John (2007) the concept of sustainable development mainly relates to the consumption of resources, whilst preserving them for future generations. This concept, as per Smith et al (2009), requires things such as saving of the environment, which relates to ‘environmental’ context. However, John (2012) asserts that the concept of sustainable development goes further than ‘saving the environment’. As he suggests, it includes not only environmental context but also economic and social aspects as well. OECD (2014) also agrees with the three pillar concept above, i.e. SD includes environmental, social and economic contexts. However, in contrast, Godfaurd et al (2015) states that SD is all about ‘saving the environment’, thus puts more emphasis on environmental pillar. All in all, in this research context, it is apparent that, although environmental concept play a major role in Sustainable development, there are two other pillars in SD, i.e. economic and social. Therefore, SD consists of three mail pillars, environment, social and economic (OECD, 2014; Ang, 2008). According to John (2007) the concept of sustainable development mainly relates to the consumption of resources, whilst preserving them for future generations. Smith et al (2009) suggest the need to save the environment in order to achieve sustainable development. John (2012) and OECD (2014) state that, sustainable development considers three pillars, i.e. economic, environment and social. According to Godfaurd et al (2015), sustainable development is all about ‘saving the environment’. In the lit review, every section comprises of 03 main elements: 1. Presenting lots of literature either direct quotes or paraphrased sentences. 2. Comparing and contrasting: you can use words like ‘agree’, ‘similar’, ‘in contrast’, etc. or you can group references together that talk about the same thing, e.g. (John, 2007; Smith, 2009; Godfaurd et al, 2015). 3. Whilst you are doing the above two, you also have to address the ‘so what’ question. Have a look at the above example and understand how to write a ‘critique’. It’s all about comparing and contrasting the literature you read and then putting it into your research context. · The literature review should be written in sections, sub-sections and in paragraph form mostly. · You can use diagrams, tables and graphs to support the discussions, if and when needed. · First of all, before writing the literature review, develop a structure for the literature review with sections and sub-sections. The sections and sub-sections of the literature review can be decided by looking at your objectives. Show this to your supervisor and amend it, if necessary. · Usually, for BSc dissertation (given the word count), you should write about 4000 to 6000 words in the literature review. Don’t forget, literature review gets 30 out of the 100 marks of the dissertation element. · The discussions throughout the literature review should flow well and there should be ‘continuity’ and ‘flow’. E.g. The previous sections discussed, in-detail, sustainable development in general context, but from next section onwards, as per section 1.4 (scope and limitations), the study will focus will be on the UK context of SD. · The discussions of the literature review should include minimum of 40 – 50 literature references at least. In-text referencing is very important. Please avoid plagiarism (look at the plagiarism video on blackboard). Summary Write the whole summary (important points/findings) of the literature review. At the end of the summary, it’ll be good if you can introduce a research questions/hypotheses that will be used for the next stage of the research – i.e. research methodology/investigation. This way, it links chapter 2 with chapter 3 (and 4). In addition, it shows that the next stage has been carried out after getting an idea from the literature review. E.g. Overall, Chapter 2 highlighted that there is a great need for implementing sustainable practices in social housing projects. The social housing projects currently are mainly focussing on affordability and economic savings, which might curtail the sustainable issues highlighted in Government’s agenda. To create sustainable social housing, it is very much needed to apply SD concepts from the inception itself. Therefore, the design stage implementation of SD concepts become important. Some literature sources have highlighted the need and the process of application of SD during design stages of a project. However, they are not focused specifically on social housing projects. Therefore, 02 research questions have stemmed from the literature review findings as follows: 1. What is the process of SD during design stage of social housing projects? 2. What are the barriers that could prevent the achievement of SD during design stage of social housing projects? 3. Why these barriers are significant? These two questions will now be investigated during the next stage of the project. It will also achieve objectives 2 and 3 of the project, as highlighted in Section 1.3. Research Methodology 2 Introduction You have to highlight what this chapter contains. For example: This chapter introduces the methodology chosen for the study. After considering pros and cons of research methodologies available and after considering the research question to be studied, a qualitative methodology was chosen for this research. The justification behind the choice of methodology is given in-depth in this chapter. Also, how the methodology is carried out is discussed as a step-by-step approach within the chapter. Research Methodologies (This is not a mandatory section – ask from your supervisor whether this is needed) 1 or less than 1 page of discussions on methodologies available would be fine. Please refer to Blackboard BN3990 Reading List, to help you write this section. Mainly refer to authors such as Fellows, Naoum and Creswell. Basically you write here something like below: There are 03 main methodologies available for social science research, i.e. qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods. Qualitative methodology, according to Naoum (2008) is a ………….. Qualitative, by definition, means going in-depth in a study, thus, the data (nature of data) we gather from qualitative are ‘rich’ in context (Creswell, 2004). That can be the main advantage(s) of qualitative data. However, qualitative data, due to it’s subjectivity, is difficult to generalise. This is it’s main disadvantage(s). Quantitative, on the other hand, means ……………………. (Fellows, 1998). Quantitative data are objective in nature and they are analysed using statistical means (Ref). Mixed methodology, therefore, appear to be the best available methodology, as it combines both the aforementioned methodologies. Thus, it takes away the disadvantages of each methodology. Choice of Research Methodology There are two things you write here – what you chose (easy) and why you chose it (justification – difficult to write). For example: This study adopted a qualitative methodology. The reason for the choice of this methodology can be given as follows: 1. Your research objectives – this will decide what kind of methodology you want to adopt. For example, if you are identifying factors and their significance – it is more quantitative. If you are identifying opinions and perceptions – it’s more qualitative. 2. Your research questions – If they are more relating to ‘what’ type of questions, they become quantitative. But if they are relating to ‘why’ and ‘how’, e.g. why something is happening, how that is happening, it means that the researcher wants to further probe on the subject, thus it becomes qualitative. 3. What others have chosen – See Table 3.1 4. Pros and cons of other methodology/ies. Table 3.1: Methodologies chosen by other authors Source Choice of Methodology Remarks Author/s Year Ai-Khalill, M., Assaf, S. and Al-Anazi, F. 2005 Qualitative methodology using case studies approach. Saudi cross country pipeline Preserve, and prolong the life of investment through good management Mansor,N.I.I.; Abdullah,S.; Ariffin,A.K.; Syarif,J. 2014 Literature review: Assessment of the fatigue strength of pipeline steels Fatigue life assessment review of failure pipeline Seljom, P. And Rosenberg, E. 2011 Quantitative methodology using case study: Norwegian oil field Data analysis Reliability analysis is recognized as a powerful decision-making tool Nguyen, V. Thuyet, S.O. Ogunlana, P. Kumar, D. 2007 Questionnaire Survey Budgets failure as project managers could not manage risk Brok, J.F.C. 1987 Quantitative Analysis Reliability-based assessment of residual stress Abdul-Rashid Abdul-Aziz Kim Zoo Lee 2007 Multi-Case Study Approach: Questionnaire, Interview and Secondary Data Collaboration/joint venture for effective maintenance Bandinelli, R. And Gamberi, V. 2011 Case Study Efforts to avoid accidents are often accomplished after their occurrence. Banon, H., 1994 Case study: Offshore platforms reassessment in oil and gas industry Identification of risk factors in oil and gas operation Akhondi, M.R., Talevski, A., Carlsen, S. And Petersen, S. 2011 Quantitative/qualitative approach used to determine inspection rate Success recoded by inspection before maintenance implementation Research Methods Adopted There are few things you need to talk about here: 1. Research method/s used under the chosen methodology. 2. Justification for the use of particular research method/s. 3. Approach as to how you adopted it – I usually use a step-by-step approach to discuss this. Let’s assume you are using quantitative. In that case, you can write something like below: Questionnaire survey was chosen as the chosen research method under Quantitative methodology. The following Table 3.2 highlights the available methods under the said methodology and, of the two main methods available, i.e. Questionnaire survey and structured interviews, questionnaire survey seemed to be the best option to achieve the objectives of the study (see Section 1.3). – This fulfils No. 1 above. Questionnaire survey, according to Creswell (2004), is the most popular method in quantitative methodologies. It has many advantages, as highlighted in Table 3.2. Also, it is the most suitable method, in this research context, due to the fact that many questions to be fulfilled are, as found out in the literature review (See section 2… - Summary), relating to the identification of barriers of sustainable development. Therefore, a questionnaire survey seems very suitable as, the barriers identified from the literature review can be listed in a closed-ended question format in terms of enquiring about their applicability and level of significance in social housing. – This fulfils no. 2 above. Table 3.2: Research methods under each methodology Methodology Methods Available Disadvantages Advantages Quantitative Questionnaire Surveys …………. ………….. Structured Interviews, etc. Qualitative Case studies Interviews Observations Focus groups, etc. Source: Fellows, Naoum and Creswell (include the years you’ve used) and many more No. 3 can be fulfilled by highlighting a step-by-step approach. For an example: The questionnaire survey chosen was carried out using the following steps: Step 1 – Choice of Sample Step 2 – Development of the Questionnaire Step 3 – Piloting of the Questionnaire Step 4 – Data Collection Step 5 – Response Rate Step 6 – Recording of Data Step 7 – Data Analysis If you have chosen, a qualitative technique, you can adopt the same approach as follows: Step 1 – Choice of Sample Step 2 – Development of the research instrument Step 3 – Piloting of the research instrument Step 4 – Data collection Step 5 – Data recording Step 6 – Data Analysis Choice of Sample STEP 1 Development of the Questionnaire STEP 2 1 2 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Step 1 – Choice of Sample There are three things you need to cover as part of your choice of sample: 1. Who/what will you choose? 2. Why? 3. How many? For point 1 above, if you are doing a questionnaire survey, not only you need to highlight who you have chosen, but how you have chosen them (i.e. sampling method/strategy). E.g. …

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REVISIONS ARE NEEDED ON THE PAPER I SUBMITTED FOR SCHOOL. I HAVE UPLOADED A FILE TITLED DEFAULT.PDF WHICH EXPLAINS. ANY SECTION THAT SCORED LESS THAN A 3 NEEDS TO BE REVISED. PLEASE READ TEACHERS COMMENTS. ASPECTS B3, B5, C2 - C2F, D1 AND D2 REQUIRE ADDRE

Revisions are needed on the paper I submitted for school. I have uploaded a file titled default.pdf which explains. Any section that scored less than a 3 needs to be revised. Please read teachers comments. Aspects B3, B5, C2 - C2f, D1 and D2 require addre - Management

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