Fluent Essays

Surname 1 Surname 1 Name: Instructor: Course: Date: How Global Warming is Extensively Damaging Coral Reefs Abstract The relative incidence of coral bleaching has increased since the late 20th century, with over 90\% of coral being affected in select coastlines such as Seychelles and Tanzania. This vast destruction is bound to negatively impact the one-third of the marine fish species and other marine species in their tens of thousands that have their natural habitats in the reefs. It has also decreased the yields of marine fishing and increased the risk of damage to human populations near the coastline. Information for this study was acquired from secondary sources detailing observations of coral from various locations all over the world. Growth and survival of coral were analyzed and found to be optimum over a limited variation of physicochemical factors such as temperature, pH, water turbidity, water turbulence, and degree of sedimentation. Environmental studies have proved an increase in average world temperature of 0.8° C over the last century and a rise in carbon dioxide levels by 108ppm since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution. The dramatic increase in ocean temperature has been attributed to be the leading cause of significant mass bleaching events over the past few decades as the temperature interferes with the symbiotic relationship between coral and zooxanthellae. The increment in carbon dioxide concentration has also altered ocean pH, acidifying it to levels that are unsuitable for coral life. This paper examines the mechanisms by which increases in temperature and acidity lead to coral bleaching and subsequent death. Adaptation efforts aimed at restoration and preservation of coral reefs have been widely adopted. They include identification of more vulnerable coral species, banning of trawling in particular coral areas and the establishment of marine protected areas. More efficient campaigns aim at eradication of the primary problem, global warming, by encouraging the use of renewable energy resources and conservation of forests. Works Cited Journals Chumkiew, S. et al. (2011).Walailak Journal of Science and Technology, 8 (2): 111-129. Creary, M. (2013).UNChronicle,1 (1). Retried from: https://unchronicle.un.org/article/impacts-climate-change-coral-reefs-and-marine-environment Donner, S.D. & Potere, D. (2007).BioScience, 57 (3): 214-215. Hay, M.E. & Rasher, D.B. (2010).F1000 Biology Reports, 2 :71;doi: 10.3410/B2-71. Keller, D.B. et al. (2009). Environmental Management, 44 (6): 1069-1088. Munday, P.L. et al. (2012). Journal of Experimental Biology, 215 : 3865-3873; doi: 10.1242/jeb.074765 Schmidt, C.W. (2008). Environmental Health Perspectives, 116 (7): A292-A299. Other Secondary Sources Chestney, N. (2012). Climate Change: Coral Reefs Expected To Suffer Greatly, Study Finds. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/16/climate-change-coral-reefs_n_1888288.html ScienceDaily. (2016, Sept 12). Initiative to restore one million corals launches in the Caribbean and Florida Keys. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/09/160912173953.htm Taylor, R. (2016). Coral Bleaching Devastates Great Barrier Reef. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://www.wsj.com/articles/bleaching-devastates-great-barrier-reef-1459231970 Author (Arial, Bold, 10 point) First Name Middle Initial Last Name Author Affiliation (Arial, Bold, 10 point) University, Department, Building, City, State, Country) The Ohio State University, Department of XXX, XXX Hall, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (USA) Article Title (Arial, Bold, 10 point, 10 word limit) Descriptive title consisting of no more than 10 words. Capitalize first word, all others in lower case unless they need to be capitalized (e.g., scientific name, country, city). Article Preview/“Teaser” (10-15 words, Arial, 10 point, the teaser is NOT the same as an Abstract) Please insert a few brief sentences that will catch a reader’s attention. These words will display in the search results list. Try to include a question or statement that describes your article and the most important keywords for the article. Full Article Text (1000-1250 words, Use Arial and 10 pt. font size) For manuscript text and tables, the accepted file format is Microsoft Word (.doc). Use 1.5 line spacing for all text. Please provide tables in a separate file to the text. Use Arial font and 10 point font size. Include figure references within the body of your text (e.g. Figure 1, Figure 2.) Figures should be numbered in a single series that reflects the order in which they are referred to in the text. Bold each word you want included in the glossary. You need to have between 10-20 words in the glossary Type the entire text of your article in this field. Feel free to make this box as large as necessary. References cited in the body of the article should appear as a superscript number after the sentence or use authors’ name and date: The Habitable Zone is the orbital distance of a planet about a star that allows water to exist in a liquid form on the planet’s surface.1 In the 1990s, Anthony Smith discovered a number of planets that exist in the Habitable Zone about the star A12367.4,8,11 OR The Habitable Zone is the orbital distance of a planet about a star that allows water to exist in a liquid form on the planet’s surface (McMurran and Christopher, 2009). In the 1990s, Anthony Smith discovered a number of planets that exist in the Habitable Zone about the star A12367 (Odell, 1970; Moran, 2009; Donner et al., 2009). Search words (minimum of three, maximum of 6, use Arial and 10 pt. font size) In order to make the search function as robust as possible, please provide at least three search words from your article and no more than 6. Each word should be placed on a separate line. Figure Legends for accompanying illustrations, tables, graphs, and photographs (Use Arial and 10 pt. font size) Please provide figure labels in Arial, 10 pt. font size, and bolded. Any accompanying text beyond the label should also be in Arial, 10 pt. font size but not bolded. This portion of the template is for figure legends, only. Figures divided into parts should be labeled with a lower case, bold a , b , et cetera, in the top left hand corner. References (Use Arial and 10 pt. font size) You need a minimum of 10 references for your poster. At least 6 references need to be from a primary source, which means a scientific journal (for example, Environmental Science & Technology, Nature, Science and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences) or federally-funded research (for example, NASA, NOAA, NSF); 3 references can be from well-respected secondary sources (for example, Columbus Dispatch, Los Angles Times, National Geographic, New York Times, NPR, PBS, Scientific America, Washington Post) and 1 reference can be from a tertiary source (for example, website). Use ISI Web of Science or PubMed.gov to find primary sources or visit the websites of the people that @OSUEnViRo is following on Twitter. References should follow the styles shown in the examples below. 1. Journal article: Authors, surname first followed by comma and initials of given names. Date in parenthesis. Journal title in italics. Volume number in bold, issue number in parenthesis:page numbers. Journal article with two authors:
 McMurran, M., & Christopher, G. (2009). Legal & Criminological Psychology, 14 (1):101-107. Journal article with more than two authors:
 Post, E., et al. (2009). Science, 325 (5946):1355-1358. 2. Online journal article: Should give authors, date of publication in parenthesis and journal or newspaper name in italics, volume number and or page numbers, followed by URL in full – or DOI if known. Dionne, M.S., Schneider, D.S. (2002) Genome Biol. 3:REVIEWS1010. http://genomebiology.com/2002/3/4/reviews/1010 3. Book Chapter: Authors surname first followed by comma and initials of given names. Date of publication in parenthesis. Chapter title, page numbers. Editors of book, book title in italics, city of publication, name of publisher. Forman, M.S., and Valsamakis, A. (2003). Specimen collection, transport, and processing: virology, p 1227-1241. Murray, P.R., et al. (Eds.), Manual of clinical microbiology, 8th ed, Washington, D.C.: Penguin Press. 4. Patent: Name surname first followed by comma and initials of given names. Date in parenthesis. Title of patented item/process in italics. Patent number. Odell, J.C. (1970, April). Process for batch culturing. U.S. patent 484,363,770. 5. Book: Anderegg, D. (2007). Nerds: Who they are and why we need more of them. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin. 6. Magazine article in a database: Taibbi, M. (2009, September 3). Sick and wrong. Rolling Stone, 1086, 58-65. Retrieved from http://www.rollingstone.com 7. Magazine Article in print: Miller, J. M. Road map to a great deal. (2009, October). Consumer Reports, 74(10), 44-47. 8. Newspaper article in a database: Moran, S. (2009, September 7). If you dont snooze, you lose: Most Americans arent getting enough sleep. And for both adults and students, there are health consequences. Star Tribune. Retrieved from http://www.startribune.com/ 9. Newspaper Article in print: Lucchetti, A. & Craig, S. (2009, September 11). Morgan Stanley taps new boss. The Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A16. 10. Podcast: Nature (Producer). (2009, July 16). Moon gazing [Audio podcast]. Retrieved November 5, 2009, from http://www.nature.com/nature/podcast/index-2009-07-16.html 11. Video / Movie: Donner, R. & Lee, S. (Producers), & Hood, G. (Director). (2009). X-Men Origins: Wolverine [DVD]. USA: Twentieth
Century-Fox Film Corporation. 12. Web Page: Roszak, T. (1996, September). Why ecology needs psychology, why psychology needs ecology. Ecopsychology Online, 1. Retrieved from http://ecopsychology.athabascau.ca/0996/ecowelcome.htm 13. Web Page organization / group of authors: National Museum of American History. (2006, July 7). National museum of American history displays recent hip-hop acquisitions. Retrieved from http://www.americanhistory.si.edu/news/pressrelease.cfm?key=29&newskey=383 References cited in the body of the article should appear as a superscript number after the sentence or use authors’ name and date: The Habitable Zone is the orbital distance of a planet about a star that allows water to exist in a liquid form on the planet’s surface.1 In the 1990s, Anthony Smith discovered a number of planets that exist in the Habitable Zone about the star A12367.4,8,11 OR The Habitable Zone is the orbital distance of a planet about a star that allows water to exist in a liquid form on the planet’s surface (McMurran and Christopher, 2009). In the 1990s, Anthony Smith discovered a number of planets that exist in the Habitable Zone about the star A12367 (Odell, 1970; Moran, 2009; Donner et al., 2009). Glossary (Use Arial and 10 pt. font size) You need to have between 10-20 words in the glossary. You do not need to cite the source for your glossary words but you should try to write the definitions in your own words as much as possible. Terms should be in bold followed by their definition, for example: Habitable Zone – orbital region around a star in which a planet with sufficient atmosphere can support liquid water at its surface. Confidential Page 4 9/26/2016 Order #154625375 Writers choice (3 pages, 0 slides) Type of service: Writing from scratch Work type: Essay (any type) Deadline: (20h) Academic level: College (1-2 years: Freshmen, Sophomore) Subject or Discipline: English 101 Title: Writers choice Number of sources: 6 Provide digital sources used: No Paper format: MLA # of pages: 3 Spacing: Double spaced # of words: 825 # of slides: ppt icon 0 # of charts: 0 Paper details: read the instruction and last essay using the references and topic you found last time Comments: # Files Who Uploaded   1 154625375_153555813_Order_3__2.docx Article to be used 20 KB 25 Sep, 08:44 PM Customer 2 154625375_requirements_1.zip Order instructions 90 KB 25 Sep, 08:44 PM Customer