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Do Part 3 and Part 4 only. due asap PH 30004 Fall Semester 2021 Exam 1 Questions on this exam come from class meetings, assigned chapter readings in Social Science Research and Testing Treatments (both are in the Reading module in Canvas), and CITI training. The exam is due at the end of the day on Friday, September 17th, 2021. Respond to the questions on this page or use a separate document. If you do not use the test itself, please be certain to number your responses. I suggest you respond to every item; there is no penalty for an incorrect answer but there is the potential for partial credit for a not entirely accurate response, including a lucky guess! Part 1 Multiple Choice – 10 questions; 2 points each Choose the best response 1. In the book Social Science Research (see the Reading module on Canvas), the author describes three types of scientific research. These include: a. Exploratory, clinical trials, and explanatory research b. Clinical trials, confirmatory, and exploratory research c. Confirmatory, exploratory, and descriptive research d. Descriptive, exploratory, and explanatory research e. Focus groups, field surveys, and experimental research 2. In the book Social Science Research, postpositivism is distinguished from positivism by the suggestion that: a. It is critical to focus on verifying the truth in research b. It is impossible to verify the truth in research c. It is impossible to reject false beliefs d. The scientific method should be rejected e. Truth is never objective 3. According to the book Social Science Research, a _____variable explains other variables and a _____variable is explained by other variables a. Dependent; independent b. Independent; dependent c. Moderating; mediating d. Moderating; independent e. Mediating; independent 4. In the video (see link in PPT slides for week 2), Dr. Goldacre tells a story about how he had incomplete information to based decisions about prescribing medication to patients. What does he say is primarily responsible for this incomplete information? a. Results of unsuccessful trials are often not published or publicized b. Published articles are too long and too difficult for busy doctors to read c. Doctors have to pay to access published articles after they complete medical school and go into practice, and many cannot afford to pay because they have large student loans d. Too many clinical trials are funded by the government instead of drug manufacturers 5. In the same video, what is one recommendation Dr. Goldacre makes to prevent the problem describe in the prior question? a. No longer do clinical trials research b. Ensure only drug companies fund clinical trials research c. Only do clinical trial drug research in the U.S. d. Give doctors free access to all of the published articles that describe clinical trials for a given drug e. Register all clinical trials regardless of research outcomes 6. In the book Testing Treatments, the authors state that “proving a negative”: a. Should be the focus of future research b. Is a logical impossibility c. Is only possible using a clinical trial d. Results when there is clear evidence of harm e. Both B and D f. Both A and C 7. Qualtrics: a. Is a survey software program b. Is freely available for use by KSU students, faculty and staff c. Is the software program recommended for use by Kent State instead of Google forms d. Is supported by training and assistance provided by KSU statistical consulting in the University Libraries e. All of the above f. A, B, and D only 8. Which of the following is not true about true experimental designs, according to the author of Social Science Research? a. There are at least two groups – one treatment and one control group b. True experiments must take place in a laboratory or other artificial environment c. Participants are randomly assigned to one of the groups d. A placebo – for example, a pill or other treatment that does not have any medicinal value - may be given to the control group e. The aim of experimental designs is to assess cause-effect relationships – for example, does use of the treatment result in (“cause”) a cure. 9. Which of the following is not true about word clouds in general? a. The smaller the word is, the more often it was used b. Word clouds do not automatically look for adjacent words, so when the word “health” is counted by the program, it cannot be certain how many times the word was used in a positive way (for example “excellent health” versus a negative way “terrible health”). c. There are online programs that will create word clouds from provided text d. Word clouds do not tell viewers anything about the relationships among the words shown in the cloud e. A word cloud can help a researcher quickly identify the main points in a selection of lengthy text 10. According to CITI training and general research ethics, which of the following is true about research with human subjects? a. Adult men are considered a protected classes of research participants b. Young children can agree to participate in research without their parents’ consent c. Once participants have agreed to be in a specific research study, you can use their data over and over again without limit, for any future research d. Research that offers potential benefits should be conducted with the participants who are most convenient and easiest to recruit e. Participants should be provided with full details about what research participation involves before the research begins so they can make an informed decision about participation Part 2 Matching – 1 point each for a total of 8 points. Match the design with the brief definition by writing the number after the design name There will be one unused definition Design names A. Experiment B. Quasi-experiment C. Field survey D. Focus group E. Ethnography F. Secondary data analysis G. Action research H. Case study or case research Definitions 1. Group interview 2. In depth investigation of a specific site or other bounded system; usually involves multiple data types 3. For example, a research study to assess a treatment using two already existing groups 4. Research carried out through cultural immersion 5. The “researched” become the “researchers” 6. New applications of existing information 7. Broad term for designs that use random selection to allocate participants to treatment and control groups 8. In depth exploration of how participants perceive a key experience 9. Use of structured questionnaires or interviews; can be cross sectional or longitudinal (repeated over time) Part 3 Short Answer – 4 questions; 4 points each Provide a brief, complete response as requested for each item. Partial credit may be given for partially correct responses. 1. According to the Belmont report (from CITI or other research ethics training) there are three basic ethical principles that govern human subjects research. What are the three principles? 2. You are a health educator, and you organized a health fair on campus. You want to gather data on attitudes about flu shots by surveying the campus community. You ask everyone who attends the health fair to complete the survey. Some do and some do not. Is this a random sample? Why or why not? 3. You want to do research on the effectiveness of a mask to filter out pollutants in the air. The director of the Cuyahoga Hills Juvenile Correctional Facility has offered facility residents as participants in this research. Identify and describe any potential concerns associated with use of this group of participants for human subjects research. 4. You sent a survey to all students at Kent State to identify common healthy and less healthy behaviors. Just over 30% of students responded. Is this a random sample? Why or why not? Part 4 Longer Response – 1 question; 6 points. Please read the instructions carefully. Partial credit is available for partially correct responses Select one of the following questions. Identify the best research design to address this question and justify your response. You will not receive extra credit for selecting more than one question. You are not being asked to describe your opinion regarding the solution to this question. Be certain to identify which question you selected. 1. What is the relationship between genes and Type 2 diabetes? 2. Why do people engage in inappropriate recycling behavior (for example, putting non-recyclable items in recycling bins; putting garbage in recycling bins, using plastic bags in recycling bins, etc?) 3. Is the wall just outside a patient room the most convenient location for hand sanitizer dispensers in a health care setting? PH 30004 Fall Semester 2021 Week 2 – Sept 8, 2021 Week goals The third seating chart Finish Definition (Friday) Identify preferred practice questions Consider applied research request (today) Review Designs Using Qualtrics Use Qualtrics for practice surveys as desired. https://libguides.library.kent.edu/statconsulting/qualtrics https://az1.qualtrics.com/login?path=%2FControlPanel%2F&product=ControlPanel Research questions – enter in the appropriate category before class on Friday Link to vote sent via email and in Canvas Research opportunity Details Identify health needs, esp senior population, in Kent, OH Develop methods; potentially pilot some processes Present plan to Health Commissioner at end of semester Need some, not all of class to agree – not all need to participate in presentation Potential for further development Others – work time in class, identifying one or more “mentors.” https://www.polleverywhere.com/multiple_choice_polls/WSYcyiByqnaryi5GQqCq4 Intro to design Designs from the two texts: Evans – testing treatments Trial designs Assessing efficacy Used for: Medications Behavior change Prevention Part of evaluation research Others? The challenge with trials (Friday?) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RKmxL8VYy0M Designs From Bhattacherrjee Experiments and quasi-experiments Random selection/random assignment versus non-random Epidemiological designs with intact groups include case control Why use intact groups? Field surveys Cross sectional/ snapshot Longitudinal, AKA panel Structured questionnaires or interviews Random selection sometimes used but often not consistently Example Designs from Bhattacherjee cont’d Secondary data analysis Existing data Research data and non-research data Qualitative (interviews or narratives), quantitative (categories, measures), and mixed (both) Case research Single or multiple Usually multiple data types Examples – extreme cases – best and worst; best cases; evolving cases – ex. How does new legislatation impact operations of a health district at all levels Designs from Bhattacherjee cont’d Focus group Otherwise known as group interview or focused group interviews Developed for research on how people perceived wartime propaganda Used for market research and as an alternative to surveys or individual interviews Often multiple groups Action research AKA Community-based participatory research The “researched” become the “researchers” Insider/outsider separation and overlap are challenges Ethnography Cultural immersion; culture is flexibly defined Not necessarily interpretive; can combine aspects of case study, action research, and other designs Friday Sept 10, 2021 Seating chart Randomness, design, innovation Schedule updates Design example (might help with assignment) Video on trials (time permitting) To do: Research definition survey (see Canvas announcements for link) Research question ranking – link coming after class – ADD YOUR QUESTIONS! Design assignment – end of day Monday – example exam question(s) provided – Exam 1 on Friday Begin reviewing content data A few more notes on randomness What is random selection? What is the role of replacement? How does randomness operate across a population (what is the typical spread)? What do randomly chosen numbers really look like: https://www.ohiolottery.com/WinningNumbers/Randomizer?aliaspath=%2fWinningNumbers%2fRandomizer Challenges in random selection Innovation Human-centered design In response to designer-centered design Ex: what are the health department’s priorities to improve senior health in Kent, OH versus what are residents’ priorities Informs what questions, who is asked, choices given, responses considered Analogous to community-based participatory research designs Emphasizes collaborative teamwork by diverse individuals, AKA transdisciplinary or interdisciplinary work Design assignment example Question – How do people perceive their risk of vehicle-related injuries and deaths? A question of perception, attitude, individual opinions – not a treatment assessment, or a question of association/correlation Thoughts? Design assignment example Question – How do people perceive their risk of vehicle-related injuries and deaths? To find out what people think or believe, often it is best to ask them Biased and irrational information is OK A random sample will not always work – why not? Design assignment example Question – How do people perceive their risk of vehicle-related injuries and deaths? My choice among alternatives from the texts, focus group interviews My choice among all alternatives – a qualitative descriptive design, with individual interviews (to start with), probably followed by a larger survey to get more powerful data What is powerful data? (more on this later) PH 30004 Fall Semester 2021 August 30, 2021 Week goals Seating chart Develop a shared definition of research Identify a limited list of research questions of interest Review alternatives in research designs Upcoming assessments (this week and beyond) CITI assignment (Sept 1, 2021) Research design assignment (Sept 10, 2021) Exam 1 (Sept 17, 2021) Research example https://www.pcrm.org/news/health-nutrition/red-and-processed-meat-consumption-increases-risk-heart-disease Defining PH research What makes a good definition? Clear, complete May have examples May tell what something is not as well as what it is Does not contain other words that are ambiguous or have multiple definitions Processes used Purpose Outcomes Defining PH research From Social Research text – a definition that highlights features: Research contributes to body of knowledge; follows scientific method* *what is the “scientific method?” – another definition is needed to make sense of this definition. Replicability is a component of the scientific method – is this a realistic aim? Defining PH research From IDEO – a definition that highlights processes – human-centered design consists of inspiration, ideation, implementation** **these each need to be defined. This is a big, broad, very applicable description of innovative processes, including research Defining PH research Dictionary – broad overview: the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. Some terms are complex (“investigation”) but probably somewhat familiar Is “establish facts” a realistic aim? What does public health research mean to you? https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1rFRPYGxxeIyC7sHlY46LzsKXqF-7Wl-Q09nDHFbW-N8/edit#gid=0 (Google drive/shared with me) Pick a column – put your name/initials in the top List 6-10 words that you think of when you think of research How is it done? Who does it? What is it for? Why is it done? etc. Export, resort on Excel and see what we have Back to the example https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10408398.2021.1949575 What is a meta-analysis? How is it done? How is this different from primary research? Is it clear in the news story that this is not primary research? Or that it took place over many years? And that definitions differed? And that the conclusions are based on self-reported forms rather than physiological/biological measures? Week goals – updated Sept 1 2021 Seating chart - redo Develop a shared definition of research (still working on) Identify a limited list of research questions of interest (Begin today or Friday) Review alternatives in research designs (Begin Friday Sept 3) Upcoming assessments (this week and beyond) CITI assignment (End of day, Sept 1, 2021) Research design assignment (Sept 10, 2021 – will review on Friday) Exam 1 (Sept 17, 2021) Readings on schedule included in exam (see Canvas for schedule and readings) Bhattacherjee Chs 1-3, 5, 9-12; Evans Ch 1-4 Sample exam question(s) – Mon, Sept 13 Developing a definition Basic content analysis methods: https://wordart.com/create https://tagcrowd.com Using Excel Download Copy Sort (stack) Sort (alpha) (Could also prune at this stage) Correct Developing a definition Clusters – from Smith, Flowers, and Larkin (2009, Sage): Open methods – combine like with like and name the group (abstraction) OR use one of the words in the group as the name (subsumption) Theoretical methods – group the words into a label: Outcomes (aims) Criteria (what is/is not included; quality assessments) General description Processes (how is it done) Others or alternatives Questions A Few things I’m curious about: Is working at home responsible for the weight gain in the US during the pandemic? How do people perceive their risk of vehicle-related injuries and deaths, when compared to other causes of injuries and deaths? What is the relationship between alcohol use and exercise or sports participation? Bring 3-5 questions – questions of curiosity, questions of causes or associations, questions to assess your own theories or premises Friday, Sept 3, 2021 Room change! CITI training comments Review design assignment Definition activity Qualtrics and questions Take advantage of the long weekend Definition Paper Paper or Google sheet Use Use the highlighted category Match Match terms to the category Add Add more if desired Using Qualtrics https://libguides.library.kent.edu/statconsulting/qualtrics https://az1.qualtrics.com/login?path=%2FControlPanel%2F&product=ControlPanel Research questions Voting Ranking Others