Fluent Essays

Lab: attached files below P/s: Need to attach pictures when doing experiment. 1/2 Lab #: Lab Title (from the lab handout) Author: Your Full Name Date Performed: Month, Day, Year Class: PHYS ### Section: ##### Group Members: Full Name of Member 1 Full Name of Member 2 Full Name of Member 3 Full Name of Member 4 Abstract The abstract is one paragraph describing the ultimate purpose, methods used, and results of the lab work. From the abstract, the reader should be able to understand what the lab is intended to measure, what significant measurements were taken, and what summary results (including numbers) were obtained. It is not a detailed description, but a terse overview. Essentially you are to sum up the whole lab in one paragraph in this section. The abstract is not about anticipated activities, but an account of the experiments after they have been conducted. Theory This section of the report provides the theoretical context of the lab. Include theory that is relevant to the understanding of the lab experiments and the interpretation of the data. This section should look like a short encyclopedia entry on the topic of the lab and should include all the relevant equations (properly formatted). Use the textbook and other references to learn about the theory needed for the interpretation of your experimental results. Do not copy from the references or the handout; write in your own words instead. Do not provide a list of procedures that you followed and do not mention the results of the lab work or show calculations in this section. This is also not the place to include your thoughts about the lab or the results you obtained. Measurements and Observations This section includes a thorough description of the experimental setup(s), procedures followed, and the raw data (quantitative and qualitative) obtained from measurement and observation. Diagrams/snapshots of the experimental setup(s) should be included here. Do not include too many diagrams/snapshots; be judicious in your choices. Numerical data should be presented in tabular form when appropriate. Tables should not be broken over multiple pages. Data Analysis and Discussion All calculations related to the data and conclusions drawn from it should be outlined here, including calculations of percentage errors. For similar calculations, only include sample calculations. When appropriate or requested in the lab handout, include graphs of the data in this section. For all graphs, make sure you include titles, labeled axes with units, and the equations of curve-fits if they are used. 2/2 In addition to the quantitative conclusions, also include a discussion regarding the nature and the significance of the results obtained. What were your fundamental conclusions from the lab experiment(s)? Were there any surprises or were the results as expected from theory? If the lab did not work out as it seems it should have, this is the place to discuss it. Why do you think it did not work out? What were the causes? How might you avoid the same problems in the future? When addressing these questions, do not simply provide one-sentence answers like “There were no surprises.” A thorough discussion is expected here. The report must follow the above format and must be written in your own words, in complete sentences, and in paragraph form (not in list form). The report must be self-contained. This means that it should contain a thorough account of the experimental setup without need to refer to the lab handout. The lab report should also not read as if it is answering questions asked somewhere else. Do not copy from the lab handout and do not quote references. Write in your own words instead. Do not write the lab report as if you were asked (or forced) to carry out the lab activities. Use “we” instead of “I”. Do not use “student” or “students” to refer to yourself or your lab partners. Each section should contain multiple paragraphs of relevant content (except for the abstract which needs to be one paragraph). Avoid repetition and copying and pasting from one section into another. When including tables, graphs, and other figures, also include explanatory text to accompany these elements. Do not group tables, graphs, and other figures together; they should be integrated with the text and included where they need to be included. Also pay close attention to the formatting of the lab report, including typography, margins, spacing, and overall look. Finally, make sure the report is free of typos and grammatical errors. The lab report must be submitted on Canvas as one Word document (integrating all the tables, graphs, and other figures). As a SAC student, you have free access to Microsoft Office 365, which includes Word and Excel. The lab reports will be graded using a rubric. Make sure you read the rubric carefully for any additional requirements. https://rsccd.edu/Departments/Information-Technology-Services/Pages/Student-Email-Cloud.aspx 1/3 Lab 4: Electric Potential Objectives In this lab you will use PhET’s simulation Charges and Fields to study the electric potential due to discrete charge distributions. Part 1: Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge 1. Uncheck the box for Electric Field. 2. Check the boxes to display Values and the Grid. Make sure these are the only boxes checked. 3. Place a +1-nC charge toward the center of the simulation. 4. Use the potential meter to measure the electric potential at 8 different field points around the point charge. The field points should all be a distance of 1 m from the point charge, but they should be in different directions from the point charge. Complete the following table. 5. Based on your measurements, does the magnitude of the electric potential depend on the direction of the field point relative to the point charge? 6. We now turn to investigate the dependence of the electric potential on distance from the point charge. Use the tape measure to place the potential meter at each of the distances shown in the table below and record the corresponding electric potential. 7. Make a scatter plot of the electric potential versus distance from the point charge. Plot electric potential along the vertical axis and distance along the horizontal direction. Include the best-fit curve in your graph and the equation of the best-fit curve. Decide the type of curve to fit the data with based on theoretical expectation. Are your results consistent with theoretical expectation? 8. An equipotential surface, as the name suggests, is a collection of all field points that are at the same potential. Use the pen tool of the potential meter to draw equipotential surfaces. Investigate the equipotential surfaces of a point charge and describe them. 9. Now check the box to display Electric Field. What is the relationship between the direction of the electric field and the equipotential surfaces? Make a hypothesis and test it for the other charge distributions in the other parts of the lab. 10. Use the simulation to compare and contrast the electric potential field of a single negative point charge to that of a single positive point charge. Part 2: Electric Potential Due to an Electric Dipole An electric dipole consists of a pair of equal and opposite charges. 1. Uncheck the box for Electric Field. Field Point 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Electric Potential (V) Distance (m) 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 Electric Potential (V) https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/charges-and-fields/latest/charges-and-fields_en.html 2/3 2. Check the boxes to display Values and the Grid. Make sure these are the only boxes checked. 3. Place a +1-nC charge and a −1-nC charge 2 meters apart along the horizontal. The positive charge should be to the left of the negative charge. Take the origin of the coordinate system to be at the midpoint of the two charges, with the 𝑥-axis directed to the right and the 𝑦-axis directed up. Let 𝑥 and 𝑦 denote the 𝑥 and 𝑦-coordinates of the field point, respectively. Let us first investigate the electric potential at field points on the horizontal line that passes through the two charges. This line coincides with the 𝑥-axis. Complete the following table. Also calculate the electric potential of the dipole by adding the electric potentials of each point charge. 4. In the above table, how do the measured values compare with the calculated values? 5. Let us now investigate the electric potential at field points on the perpendicular bisector of the line segment that joins the two charges. This line coincides with the 𝑦-axis. Complete the following table. 6. In the table above, how do the measured values compare with the calculated values? 7. Now complete the following table. 8. Investigate the equipotential surfaces and describe them. 9. What is the relationship between the direction of the electric field and the equipotential surfaces? Part 3: Electric Potential Due to a Pair of Positive Charges 1. Replace the charges in Part 2 with two +1-nC charges. 2. Repeat all the steps of Part 2 for this new pair of positive charges. 3. Compare and contrast the electric potential field of an electric dipole to that of a pair of positive charges. Part 4: Electric Potential Due to Three Nonlinear Charges 1. Place three point charges at locations of your choice. The three charges should not all have the same sign, and they should not be arranged along a straight line. Choose the origin of the coordinate system and use the same origin for both tables in this part. Indicate your chosen charges and their locations in the following table. –2 –1.5 –0.5 0 0.5 1.5 2 Measured Calculated x (m) Electric Potential (V) –1 –1 1 2 –1 1 1 –1 Measured Calculated x (m) Electric Potential (V) y (m) 3/3 2. Measure and calculate the electric potential at three different field points of your choice. Complete the following table. 3. Compare your measured and calculated values in the table above. Charge (nC) x (m) y (m) First Charge Second Charge Third Charge Measured Calculated y (m) Electric Potential (V) x (m)