CHAPTER 5 HOMEWORK - Science
please complete CHAPTER 5 HOMEWORK attached to this post. all assignment must be submitted by 10/19 11:59 PM EST. no exceptions.  I have also attached CHAPTER 5 readings for reference Susan J. Beck, Ph.D.,MLS(ASCP)CM and Vicky A. LeGrys, D.A.,MT(ASCP) Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Copyright 2010: The American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science Evaluating Performance in the Clinical Laboratory Homework Assignment 1. Imagine that you have five years of experience working at a large medical center and you have just been hired as the technical supervisor for a clinical laboratory in a small hospital. The staff includes a pathologist, 12 full time staff members (six MLSs and six MLTs), and five part-time MLT staff members. You are reviewing the previous supervisor’s file on competency testing. You see that the competency testing program consisted of proficiency testing. The previous supervisor made sure that each full-time employee was given a PT sample at least once during the year and she documented that employee’s performance. The supervisor also kept a file of the continued education sessions that each full-time employee attended during the year. Competency testing or CE was not considered necessary for the part-time employees. a. Is the previous supervisor’s system for competency testing adequate to meet CLIA regulations? Why or why not. b. If this competency testing system is not adequate, what changes would you make? Describe the a) methods of evaluation you would use b) documentation you would generate c) frequency of each method of evaluation Resources: Code of Federal Regulations (42 CFR 493.1451) http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr 2. Now imagine that you are a new clinical instructor in the hematology laboratory. You will be teaching MLS students on all the procedures performed in your laboratory. Design a system for evaluating student performance in this clinical rotation. Susan J. Beck, Ph.D., MLS(ASCP) CM and Vicky A. LeGrys, D.A., MT(ASCP) Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Copyright 2014: The American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science 1   Evaluating Performance in the Clinical Laboratory      OBJECTIVES    The material presented in this unit should enable the learner to:    1. Describe the sequence of steps involved in planning an instructional activity.  2. Discuss the limitations of objective tests in evaluating performance in the clinical laboratory.  3. Describe the common errors associated with rating scales.   4. Design a rating scale for the evaluation of affective skills.  5. Given an instructional situation, suggest an appropriate evaluation method.    6. Given an example of a written comment on an evaluation form, suggest ways to make the  comment more useful.   7. Discuss the use of peer and self‐ratings in assessing performance.  8. List the evaluation methods that can be used to assess performance in the cognitive, affective,  or psychomotor domains.  9. Identify the required procedures in a competency testing program.    10. Design a competency assessment program.        THE INSTRUCTIONAL SEQUENCE    Goals:  The first step in planning an instructional activity is to identify goals. Goals are statements that  describe the general knowledge, skills, or attitudes that the learner will possess after the instructional  activity.        Objectives:  The next step in instructional planning is writing objectives.  Objectives are statements  that describe the specific learning outcomes of an instructional activity and they are written in greater  detail than goals. Objectives specify the observable knowledge, skills or attitudes that the learner is  expected to exhibit after completing an instructional activity.  Objectives serve to communicate the  instructors intent for a particular learning experience.      Learning Activities: Instructional activities or learning activities are chosen to help the learner master  the objectives.  They include such things as lectures, laboratory exercises, demonstrations, and online  instruction.      Evaluation: An evaluation process should be planned to tell the instructor whether or not the learners  were able to master the objectives and whether or not the instructors approach was effective in  assisting learners.    5 Susan J. Beck, Ph.D., MLS(ASCP) CM and Vicky A. LeGrys, D.A., MT(ASCP) Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Copyright 2014: The American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science 2   Evaluation of students or practitioners in the clinical laboratory is a complex task that can be very  satisfying and rewarding, or it can be frustrating and ineffective.  The time and effort devoted to  developing good evaluation methods and procedures can prevent frustrations and promote improved  performance.      EVALUATION METHODS    Performance in the clinical laboratory can be measured by a variety of methods including objective  tests, direct observations, judging the work produced by students or practitioners, peer‐evaluations, and  self‐evaluation.  Because performance in the clinical laboratory involves a combination of cognitive,  psychomotor, and affective skills, a variety of methods should be used to assess overall performance.      1.  Tests and Assignments     Objective Tests:      Objective tests are often used in the clinical laboratory to assess cognitive abilities.  Most  objective tests given in the clinical laboratory are written or online.  If well‐constructed, they can  measure higher level cognitive skills such as analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.     Objective tests should not be the sole source of evaluative information for clinical laboratory  performance, however, because they usually do not measure technical skills or attitudinal  behaviors and they may tend to oversimplify the problems encountered in the clinical  laboratory.      Written Assignments:     Assignments such as written papers and case studies can be given to develop and assess higher‐ level cognitive skills.  A research paper or case study can also assess an individual’s ability to  correlate information from all laboratory sections and from other health care disciplines.  If the  paper or case study is presented to the clinical laboratory staff, these assignments can also  assess communication skills.  Before considering these types of assignments, the criteria for  evaluating the work should be defined.       2.  Direct Observation     Performance in the clinical laboratory can be readily observed but it must be documented in order to be  useful for evaluation purposes. Tools such as anecdotal records, rating scales, and checklists have been  developed to help instructors or supervisors record observations and make assessments of  performance.    Anecdotal Records.      An anecdotal record is a written description of an individual’s behavior over a brief period of time.  It  provides documentation of an incident that may be included in the evaluation of an individual’s  performance.  Certain objectives, particularly those in the affective domain, may be effectively  evaluated using anecdotal records.   Susan J. Beck, Ph.D., MLS(ASCP) CM and Vicky A. LeGrys, D.A., MT(ASCP) Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Copyright 2014: The American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science 3   Tips for using anecdotal records:      The instructor or supervisor should keep the description of the behavior separate from any  interpretation or comments on the behavior.    The instructor or supervisor should observe the individual long enough to make the report  meaningful and should record the observations as soon as possible after the incident.    After the anecdotal record is complete, it should be discussed with the student or the  practitioner. A place for the student’s or practitioner’s comments and signature can be provided  on the form.     Problems with anecdotal records include:      It takes a considerable amount of time to write descriptions of observations.     To be valid, more than one evaluator should observe an individual’s performance and this is  difficult to schedule.     Evaluators tend to report only the unusually positive or negative behaviors while omitting the  ordinary acceptable behaviors.     Because of the problems associated with anecdotal records, they are rarely used as the sole method of  documentation for evaluation.  An example of anecdotal record is shown in Figure 1:    Figure 1  ANECDOTAL RECORD FORM    Student: Marian Jones   Instructor: Alfred Smith       Date:  08/23/14                Description of Behavior:  Marian was in the second day of her phlebotomy rotation. She was asked to collect blood from a patient who turned out to be very fearful and difficult to draw. The patient refused to have her blood drawn at first and Marian did not pressure her. Marian talked with her about the procedure and was able to calm the woman’s fears. She was able to obtain all the blood samples needed for laboratory testing. Marian used excellent interpersonal skills and she exceeded our expectations for a student with her level of experience.   Corrective Action needed (if any):  None     Student’s Comments:  This was a learning experience for me! I am now more confident both in my ability to draw blood and interact with patients.   __ Alfred Smith    08/23/14             Marian Jones        08/23/14  Instructor’s Signature    Date    Student’s Signature                   Date      Susan J. Beck, Ph.D., MLS(ASCP) CM and Vicky A. LeGrys, D.A., MT(ASCP) Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Copyright 2014: The American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science 4   Rating Scales.      A rating scale is a list of traits along with a scale that allows the evaluator to indicate the degree to  which the student or practitioner has demonstrated that trait. The scales used may be numerical or  graphic and may include descriptions of the trait at each defined point. Rating scales are often used to  assess traits such as efficiency, judgment, leadership, ability to work with others, dependability, ability  to work under pressure, and willingness to admit mistakes.     Tips for designing and using rating scales include:      Rating scales should have between three and seven defined points for each trait.    There should be a space for the rater to mark not observed or unable to evaluate.    Several evaluators should observe the student or practitioner and the ratings should be  combined for an overall evaluation of the performance.   The respondents can be asked to look at the items they rated the highest and the lowest and to  list one or two reasons or specific behaviors that led them to give that rating.  This not only gives  the learner more feedback, but also helps the instructors be more objective in their evaluations.     Open‐ended questions can be added such as “How can this student show improvement?” or  “What are this employee’s strengths?” to provide more specific information.     Rating scales generally require less time to use than anecdotal records and they can guide the  evaluator’s judgments about an individual’s performance. The results of the ratings can yield specific,  concrete feedback for the student or the employee. Rating scales can be prone to errors, however,  because subjective judgments are made by a variety of people. Some of the common errors associated  with rating scales include:  1     Error of leniency.   This occurs when an evaluator’s ratings of an individual tends to be higher than they should be.  This usually occurs because the evaluator knows and likes the student or the practitioner.  Error of central tendency.   Some evaluators hesitate to give high or low ratings and tend toward an average rating for all  students or employees. This is especially true if the evaluator has not had much time to observe  the individual’s behavior.  Halo effect.   This occurs when the evaluator has a general impression of an individual and this impression  influences the judgment of all of that individual’s traits.  Contrast error.   This error occurs when evaluators contrast the trait in themselves and in the student or  practitioner. For example, instructors who perceive themselves as extremely efficient may give  students low ratings on efficiency.  Proximity error.   The evaluator may tend to rate traits that are placed next to one another on the rating scale  form in a similar fashion.    Most of these errors can be overcome by providing adequate training for the evaluators using a rating  scale.   Susan J. Beck, Ph.D., MLS(ASCP) CM and Vicky A. LeGrys, D.A., MT(ASCP) Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Copyright 2014: The American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science 5   Examples of Rating Scales:     Rating scales can vary a great deal in length and complexity.  The type of rating scale that is used will  depend on the objectives that are being evaluated and the feasibility of using the form with the staff in a  clinical laboratory setting.      In the example of a rating scale shown in Figure 2 below, each trait is defined and descriptions are  provided to help the instructor rate the student’s performance or ability.  This type of rating scale  requires the most time to complete; however, it is also the most objective type of rating scale because  each point is clearly defined.    Figure 2   EVALUATION FORM      Student:______________________    Date:________________    Instructor:____________________      Efficiency and Organization: Rate the students ability to work in an organized fashion and make good  use of time.      ____  Not observed    ____  Slow with assignments, disorganized at work station  ____  Occasionally slow with routine work, disorganized with new or complex tasks   ____  Completes routine work on time and in organized fashion, sometimes slow or disorganized with  new or complex tasks  ____  Completes routine and complex tasks on time and is usually organized  ____  Always completes work in allotted time, is very organized    Dependability: Rate the students consistency in carrying out laboratory policies and procedures.  ____  Not observed    ____  Cannot be relied on to complete tasks  ____  Frequently late, leaves tasks unfinished  ____  Occasionally late or not in lab when expected, occasionally has difficulty following through with  assigned tasks  ____  Usually present on time, usually completes all assigned tasks  ____  Always present on time, can be relied on to carry out any task assignment    Ability to Work under Pressure:Rate the students ability to accurately perform laboratory tests and  remain calm in stressful situations.  ____  Not observed  ____  Cannot perform under pressure, completely stops work  ____  Continues to work but gets nervous, slows down and makes errors  ____  Occasionally gets flustered but continues to work, slows down but does accurate work  ____  May get nervous but continues to do accurate work at a normal pace  ____  Demonstrates self‐control, performs all tests accurately      Susan J. Beck, Ph.D., MLS(ASCP) CM and Vicky A. LeGrys, D.A., MT(ASCP) Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Copyright 2014: The American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science 6 A rating scale with less detail is shown in Figure 3 below.  This form is easier to use and may be more  practical for the clinical laboratory because it requires less time to complete.  It is more open to  interpretation than the rating scale with descriptions of each trait because evaluators’  perceptions of  general terms like average or above average will vary.  A space for comments on the ratings or the  addition of open‐ended questions can add to the specificity of the information provided by the  evaluator.      Figure 3     EVALUATION FORM        Student:   _________________________      Instructor:   __________________________      Date:     __________________________      Use the following scale to rate the student’s performance on each characteristic:           1 = Poor         2 = Below average         3 = Average         4 = Above average         5 = Outstanding         N = Not observed         1.  Preparation for daily assignments.......................................  1    2   3   4   5      N       2.  Organization and efficiency of work....................................  1    2   3   4   5      N       3.  Ability to concentrate on work at hand................................  1    2   3   4   5      N       4.  Willingness to work on problems until they are resolved.....  1    2   3   4   5      N       5.  Observance of safety rules and laboratory policies.............  1    2   3   4   5      N       6.  Willingness to help others with work....................................  1    2   3   4   5      N       7.  Ability to work independently................................................  1    2   3   4   5      N       8.  Willingness to accept constructive criticism .........................  1    2   3   4   5      N       9.  Ability to work cooperatively with others.............................  1    2   3   4   5      N      10.  Adherence to dress code.......................................................  1    2   3   4   5      N      11.  Quality of work performed...................................................  1    2   3   4   5      N      12.  Ability to handle stressful situations....................................  1    2   3   4   5      N        Please comment on any items rated poor, below average or outstanding.       Comments:               Susan J. Beck, Ph.D., MLS(ASCP) CM and Vicky A. LeGrys, D.A., MT(ASCP) Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Copyright 2014: The American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science 7       …
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Furman was originally sentenced to death because of a murder he committed in Georgia but the court debated whether or not this was a violation of his 8th amend One of the first conflicts that would need to be investigated would be whether the human service professional followed the responsibility to client ethical standard.  While developing a relationship with client it is important to clarify that if danger or Ethical behavior is a critical topic in the workplace because the impact of it can make or break a business No matter which type of health care organization With a direct sale During the pandemic Computers are being used to monitor the spread of outbreaks in different areas of the world and with this record 3. Furman v. Georgia is a U.S Supreme Court case that resolves around the Eighth Amendments ban on cruel and unsual punishment in death penalty cases. The Furman v. Georgia case was based on Furman being convicted of murder in Georgia. 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The greatest obstacle From a similar but larger point of view 4 In order to get the entire family to come back for another session I would suggest coming in on a day the restaurant is not open When seeking to identify a patient’s health condition After viewing the you tube videos on prayer Your paper must be at least two pages in length (not counting the title and reference pages) The word assimilate is negative to me. I believe everyone should learn about a country that they are going to live in. It doesnt mean that they have to believe that everything in America is better than where they came from. It means that they care enough Data collection Single Subject Chris is a social worker in a geriatric case management program located in a midsize Northeastern town. She has an MSW and is part of a team of case managers that likes to continuously improve on its practice. The team is currently using an I would start off with Linda on repeating her options for the child and going over what she is feeling with each option.  I would want to find out what she is afraid of.  I would avoid asking her any “why” questions because I want her to be in the here an Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of using an Internet site as means of collecting data for psychological research (Comp 2.1) 25.0\% Summarization of the advantages and disadvantages of using an Internet site as means of collecting data for psych Identify the type of research used in a chosen study Compose a 1 Optics effect relationship becomes more difficult—as the researcher cannot enact total control of another person even in an experimental environment. Social workers serve clients in highly complex real-world environments. Clients often implement recommended inte I think knowing more about you will allow you to be able to choose the right resources Be 4 pages in length soft MB-920 dumps review and documentation and high-quality listing pdf MB-920 braindumps also recommended and approved by Microsoft experts. The practical test g One thing you will need to do in college is learn how to find and use references. References support your ideas. College-level work must be supported by research. You are expected to do that for this paper. You will research Elaborate on any potential confounds or ethical concerns while participating in the psychological study 20.0\% Elaboration on any potential confounds or ethical concerns while participating in the psychological study is missing. Elaboration on any potenti 3 The first thing I would do in the family’s first session is develop a genogram of the family to get an idea of all the individuals who play a major role in Linda’s life. 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