CHAPTER 5 HOMEWORK - Science
please complete CHAPTER 5 HOMEWORK attached to this post. all assignment must be submitted by 10/19 11:59 PM EST. no exceptions.
I have also attached CHAPTER 5 readings for reference
Susan J. Beck, Ph.D.,MLS(ASCP)CM and Vicky A. LeGrys, D.A.,MT(ASCP)
Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Copyright 2010: The American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science
Evaluating Performance in the Clinical Laboratory
Homework Assignment
1. Imagine that you have five years of experience working at a large medical center and you have just been hired as the technical supervisor for a clinical laboratory in a small hospital. The staff includes a pathologist, 12 full time staff members (six MLSs and six MLTs), and five part-time MLT staff members. You are reviewing the previous supervisor’s file on competency testing. You see that the competency testing program consisted of proficiency testing. The previous supervisor made sure that each full-time employee was given a PT sample at least once during the year and she documented that employee’s performance. The supervisor also kept a file of the continued education sessions that each full-time employee attended during the year. Competency testing or CE was not considered necessary for the part-time employees.
a.
Is the previous supervisor’s system for competency testing adequate to meet CLIA regulations? Why or why not.
b.
If this competency testing system is not adequate, what changes would you make? Describe the
a) methods of evaluation you would use
b) documentation you would generate
c) frequency of each method of evaluation
Resources: Code of Federal Regulations (42 CFR 493.1451)
http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr
2. Now imagine that you are a new clinical instructor in the hematology laboratory. You will be
teaching MLS students on all the procedures performed in your laboratory. Design a system for evaluating student performance in this clinical rotation.
Susan J. Beck, Ph.D., MLS(ASCP)
CM
and Vicky A. LeGrys, D.A., MT(ASCP)
Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Copyright 2014: The American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science
1
Evaluating Performance in the Clinical Laboratory
OBJECTIVES
The material presented in this unit should enable the learner to:
1. Describe the sequence of steps involved in planning an instructional activity.
2. Discuss the limitations of objective tests in evaluating performance in the clinical laboratory.
3. Describe the common errors associated with rating scales.
4. Design a rating scale for the evaluation of affective skills.
5. Given an instructional situation, suggest an appropriate evaluation method.
6. Given an example of a written comment on an evaluation form, suggest ways to make the
comment more useful.
7. Discuss the use of peer and self‐ratings in assessing performance.
8. List the evaluation methods that can be used to assess performance in the cognitive, affective,
or psychomotor domains.
9. Identify the required procedures in a competency testing program.
10. Design a competency assessment program.
THE INSTRUCTIONAL SEQUENCE
Goals: The first step in planning an instructional activity is to identify goals. Goals are statements that
describe the general knowledge, skills, or attitudes that the learner will possess after the instructional
activity.
Objectives: The next step in instructional planning is writing objectives. Objectives are statements
that describe the specific learning outcomes of an instructional activity and they are written in greater
detail than goals. Objectives specify the observable knowledge, skills or attitudes that the learner is
expected to exhibit after completing an instructional activity. Objectives serve to communicate the
instructors intent for a particular learning experience.
Learning Activities: Instructional activities or learning activities are chosen to help the learner master
the objectives. They include such things as lectures, laboratory exercises, demonstrations, and online
instruction.
Evaluation: An evaluation process should be planned to tell the instructor whether or not the learners
were able to master the objectives and whether or not the instructors approach was effective in
assisting learners.
5
Susan J. Beck, Ph.D., MLS(ASCP)
CM
and Vicky A. LeGrys, D.A., MT(ASCP)
Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Copyright 2014: The American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science
2
Evaluation of students or practitioners in the clinical laboratory is a complex task that can be very
satisfying and rewarding, or it can be frustrating and ineffective. The time and effort devoted to
developing good evaluation methods and procedures can prevent frustrations and promote improved
performance.
EVALUATION METHODS
Performance in the clinical laboratory can be measured by a variety of methods including objective
tests, direct observations, judging the work produced by students or practitioners, peer‐evaluations, and
self‐evaluation. Because performance in the clinical laboratory involves a combination of cognitive,
psychomotor, and affective skills, a variety of methods should be used to assess overall performance.
1. Tests and Assignments
Objective Tests:
Objective tests are often used in the clinical laboratory to assess cognitive abilities. Most
objective tests given in the clinical laboratory are written or online. If well‐constructed, they can
measure higher level cognitive skills such as analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.
Objective tests should not be the sole source of evaluative information for clinical laboratory
performance, however, because they usually do not measure technical skills or attitudinal
behaviors and they may tend to oversimplify the problems encountered in the clinical
laboratory.
Written Assignments:
Assignments such as written papers and case studies can be given to develop and assess higher‐
level cognitive skills. A research paper or case study can also assess an individual’s ability to
correlate information from all laboratory sections and from other health care disciplines. If the
paper or case study is presented to the clinical laboratory staff, these assignments can also
assess communication skills. Before considering these types of assignments, the criteria for
evaluating the work should be defined.
2. Direct Observation
Performance in the clinical laboratory can be readily observed but it must be documented in order to be
useful for evaluation purposes. Tools such as anecdotal records, rating scales, and checklists have been
developed to help instructors or supervisors record observations and make assessments of
performance.
Anecdotal Records.
An anecdotal record is a written description of an individual’s behavior over a brief period of time. It
provides documentation of an incident that may be included in the evaluation of an individual’s
performance. Certain objectives, particularly those in the affective domain, may be effectively
evaluated using anecdotal records.
Susan J. Beck, Ph.D., MLS(ASCP)
CM
and Vicky A. LeGrys, D.A., MT(ASCP)
Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Copyright 2014: The American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science
3
Tips for using anecdotal records:
The instructor or supervisor should keep the description of the behavior separate from any
interpretation or comments on the behavior.
The instructor or supervisor should observe the individual long enough to make the report
meaningful and should record the observations as soon as possible after the incident.
After the anecdotal record is complete, it should be discussed with the student or the
practitioner. A place for the student’s or practitioner’s comments and signature can be provided
on the form.
Problems with anecdotal records include:
It takes a considerable amount of time to write descriptions of observations.
To be valid, more than one evaluator should observe an individual’s performance and this is
difficult to schedule.
Evaluators tend to report only the unusually positive or negative behaviors while omitting the
ordinary acceptable behaviors.
Because of the problems associated with anecdotal records, they are rarely used as the sole method of
documentation for evaluation. An example of anecdotal record is shown in Figure 1:
Figure 1
ANECDOTAL RECORD FORM
Student: Marian Jones
Instructor: Alfred Smith Date: 08/23/14
Description of Behavior:
Marian was in the second day of her phlebotomy rotation. She was asked to collect blood from a
patient who turned out to be very fearful and difficult to draw. The patient refused to have her blood
drawn at first and Marian did not pressure her. Marian talked with her about the procedure and was
able to calm the woman’s fears. She was able to obtain all the blood samples needed for laboratory
testing. Marian used excellent interpersonal skills and she exceeded our expectations for a student
with her level of experience.
Corrective Action needed (if any): None
Student’s Comments:
This was a learning experience for me! I am now more confident both in my ability
to draw blood and interact with patients.
__ Alfred Smith 08/23/14 Marian Jones 08/23/14
Instructor’s Signature Date Student’s Signature Date
Susan J. Beck, Ph.D., MLS(ASCP)
CM
and Vicky A. LeGrys, D.A., MT(ASCP)
Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Copyright 2014: The American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science
4
Rating Scales.
A rating scale is a list of traits along with a scale that allows the evaluator to indicate the degree to
which the student or practitioner has demonstrated that trait. The scales used may be numerical or
graphic and may include descriptions of the trait at each defined point. Rating scales are often used to
assess traits such as efficiency, judgment, leadership, ability to work with others, dependability, ability
to work under pressure, and willingness to admit mistakes.
Tips for designing and using rating scales include:
Rating scales should have between three and seven defined points for each trait.
There should be a space for the rater to mark not observed or unable to evaluate.
Several evaluators should observe the student or practitioner and the ratings should be
combined for an overall evaluation of the performance.
The respondents can be asked to look at the items they rated the highest and the lowest and to
list one or two reasons or specific behaviors that led them to give that rating. This not only gives
the learner more feedback, but also helps the instructors be more objective in their evaluations.
Open‐ended questions can be added such as “How can this student show improvement?” or
“What are this employee’s strengths?” to provide more specific information.
Rating scales generally require less time to use than anecdotal records and they can guide the
evaluator’s judgments about an individual’s performance. The results of the ratings can yield specific,
concrete feedback for the student or the employee. Rating scales can be prone to errors, however,
because subjective judgments are made by a variety of people. Some of the common errors associated
with rating scales include:
1
Error of leniency.
This occurs when an evaluator’s ratings of an individual tends to be higher than they should be.
This usually occurs because the evaluator knows and likes the student or the practitioner.
Error of central tendency.
Some evaluators hesitate to give high or low ratings and tend toward an average rating for all
students or employees. This is especially true if the evaluator has not had much time to observe
the individual’s behavior.
Halo effect.
This occurs when the evaluator has a general impression of an individual and this impression
influences the judgment of all of that individual’s traits.
Contrast error.
This error occurs when evaluators contrast the trait in themselves and in the student or
practitioner. For example, instructors who perceive themselves as extremely efficient may give
students low ratings on efficiency.
Proximity error.
The evaluator may tend to rate traits that are placed next to one another on the rating scale
form in a similar fashion.
Most of these errors can be overcome by providing adequate training for the evaluators using a rating
scale.
Susan J. Beck, Ph.D., MLS(ASCP)
CM
and Vicky A. LeGrys, D.A., MT(ASCP)
Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Copyright 2014: The American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science
5
Examples of Rating Scales:
Rating scales can vary a great deal in length and complexity. The type of rating scale that is used will
depend on the objectives that are being evaluated and the feasibility of using the form with the staff in a
clinical laboratory setting.
In the example of a rating scale shown in Figure 2 below, each trait is defined and descriptions are
provided to help the instructor rate the student’s performance or ability. This type of rating scale
requires the most time to complete; however, it is also the most objective type of rating scale because
each point is clearly defined.
Figure 2
EVALUATION FORM
Student:______________________ Date:________________
Instructor:____________________
Efficiency and Organization: Rate the students ability to work in an organized fashion and make good
use of time.
____ Not observed
____ Slow with assignments, disorganized at work station
____ Occasionally slow with routine work, disorganized with new or complex tasks
____ Completes routine work on time and in organized fashion, sometimes slow or disorganized with
new or complex tasks
____ Completes routine and complex tasks on time and is usually organized
____ Always completes work in allotted time, is very organized
Dependability: Rate the students consistency in carrying out laboratory policies and procedures.
____ Not observed
____ Cannot be relied on to complete tasks
____ Frequently late, leaves tasks unfinished
____ Occasionally late or not in lab when expected, occasionally has difficulty following through with
assigned tasks
____ Usually present on time, usually completes all assigned tasks
____ Always present on time, can be relied on to carry out any task assignment
Ability to Work under Pressure:Rate the students ability to accurately perform laboratory tests and
remain calm in stressful situations.
____ Not observed
____ Cannot perform under pressure, completely stops work
____ Continues to work but gets nervous, slows down and makes errors
____ Occasionally gets flustered but continues to work, slows down but does accurate work
____ May get nervous but continues to do accurate work at a normal pace
____ Demonstrates self‐control, performs all tests accurately
Susan J. Beck, Ph.D., MLS(ASCP)
CM
and Vicky A. LeGrys, D.A., MT(ASCP)
Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Copyright 2014: The American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science
6
A rating scale with less detail is shown in Figure 3 below. This form is easier to use and may be more
practical for the clinical laboratory because it requires less time to complete. It is more open to
interpretation than the rating scale with descriptions of each trait because evaluators’ perceptions of
general terms like average or above average will vary. A space for comments on the ratings or the
addition of open‐ended questions can add to the specificity of the information provided by the
evaluator.
Figure 3
EVALUATION FORM
Student: _________________________
Instructor: __________________________
Date: __________________________
Use the following scale to rate the student’s performance on each characteristic:
1 = Poor
2 = Below average
3 = Average
4 = Above average
5 = Outstanding
N = Not observed
1. Preparation for daily assignments....................................... 1 2 3 4 5 N
2. Organization and efficiency of work.................................... 1 2 3 4 5 N
3. Ability to concentrate on work at hand................................ 1 2 3 4 5 N
4. Willingness to work on problems until they are resolved..... 1 2 3 4 5 N
5. Observance of safety rules and laboratory policies............. 1 2 3 4 5 N
6. Willingness to help others with work.................................... 1 2 3 4 5 N
7. Ability to work independently................................................ 1 2 3 4 5 N
8. Willingness to accept constructive criticism ......................... 1 2 3 4 5 N
9. Ability to work cooperatively with others............................. 1 2 3 4 5 N
10. Adherence to dress code....................................................... 1 2 3 4 5 N
11. Quality of work performed................................................... 1 2 3 4 5 N
12. Ability to handle stressful situations.................................... 1 2 3 4 5 N
Please comment on any items rated poor, below average or outstanding.
Comments:
Susan J. Beck, Ph.D., MLS(ASCP)
CM
and Vicky A. LeGrys, D.A., MT(ASCP)
Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Copyright 2014: The American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science
7
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