Fluent Essays

Please see attached. 2 Question 1 (1 point)   Some parts of the brain that belong to the  limbic system are the Question 1 options: a)  amygdala and hippocampus b)  basal ganglia and cingulate cortex. c)  thalamus and hypothalamus. d)  pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata. Question 2 (1 point)   According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, we feel fear when Question 2 options: a)  we have learned that fear responses lead to rewards. b)  we see others showing fear. c)  we feel the fight-or-flight response is underway. d)  we judge that a threat is present. Question 3 (1 point)   Which is NOT an important principle of the study devoted to the biological bases of behavior (behavioral neuroscience, psychobiology, physiological psychology): Question 3 options: a)  the nervous system controls and responds to body functions and directs behavior b)  nervous system structure and function are determined by both genes and environment throughout life c)  every behavior can be explained solely by reference to the brain d)  the brain is the foundation of the mind, making learning, memory, language, and other processes possible  Question 4 (1 point)   Which of the following is NOT true about amnesia? Question 4 options: a)  It may involve an inability to form new memories. b)  It is always caused by brain damage. c)  It may involve an inability to retrieve old memories. d)  Amnesic patients typically recover within a few days. Question 5 (1 point)   Stages of sleep are easily distinguished by Question 5 options: a)  changes in respiration b)  the quality and quantity of dreams c)  changes in the electrical activity of the brain d)  changes in consciousness Question 6 (1 point)   The sodium-potassium pump helps to maintain Question 6 options: a)  the exocytosis of neurotransmitters b)  the resting membrane potential c)  new growth in axons d)  circulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brainstem Question 7 (1 point)   Study of the function of the living human brain is difficult for all the following reasons,  EXCEPT Question 7 options: a)  it is unethical to induce brain damage in humans for the purpose of research b)  brain damage is rarely the same from case to case c)  a damaged brain gives us little information about brain structure and function in the living brain d)  it is difficult to obtain the brain of a person who has suffered brain damage Question 8 (1 point)   The knee-jerk or myotatic reflex occurs when Question 8 options: a)  muscle spindles are stretched b)  Golgi tendon organs are stretched c)  muscles contract d)  the spinal cord is injured Question 9 (1 point)   Psychological disorders are often explained by referring to heredity, mental processing and social relationships together. This type of explanation follows the Question 9 options: a)  Cannon-Bard model b)  James-Lange model c)  dandelion-orchid model d)  biopsychosocial model Question 10 (1 point)   The increasing permanence of a memory is referred to as Question 10 options: a)  tolerance b)  consolidation c)  encoding d)  law of mass action Question 11 (1 point)   Hair cells transduce (choose most complete correct answer) Question 11 options: a)  sound intensity and frequency b)  sound intensity and frequency and head movement c)  head movement and acceleration d)  vibration, compass direction, and bodily twist Question 12 (1 point)   Oxytocin is associated with which of the following emotions? Question 12 options: a)  fear and anxiety b)  love and trust c)  disgust d)  decorticate rage Question 13 (1 point)   The semicircular canals contain hair cells that sense Question 13 options: a)  dizziness b)  where the gaze is directed c)  head movement and acceleration d)  static head position Question 14 (1 point)   Retinotopic, tonotopic, and somatotopic representation are all forms of Question 14 options: a)  mapping receptors onto separate regions of sensory cortex b)  organization of cerebral cortical neurons into columns c)  sensory plasticity d)  development repeating sequences of events also found in evolution Question 15 (1 point)   The persistence across many generations of a psychological disorder that is heavily influenced by heredity suggests that the behavior disorder may once have been Question 15 options: a)  adaptive b)  learned c)  considered normal d)  epigenetic Question 16 (1 point)   The basal ganglia include Question 16 options: a)  amygdala, hippocampus, and cingulate gyrus b)  frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes c)  caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus d)  midbrain, pons, and medulla Question 17 (1 point)   An inability to form new permanent (long-term) memories is called Question 17 options: a)  anterograde amnesia b)  retrograde amnesia c)  transient global amnesia d)  tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon Question 18 (1 point)   Stress hormones of the adrenal glands are Question 18 options: a)  corticotropin-releasing hormone and ACTH b)  acetylcholine and serotonin c)  androgens and estrogens d)  epinephrine/norepinephrine and cortisol Question 19 (1 point)   Which of the following patterns would you diagnose as Brocas aphasia? Question 19 options: a)  Impaired speech production in patients who are aware of the difficulty b)  Impaired speech comprehension in patients who are unaware of the difficulty c)  Inability to remember the names of things d)  Ability to speak more than one language Question 20 (1 point)   Which of the following is most likely to be the major neuronal process underlying consolidation? Question 20 options: a)  lateral inhibition b)  receptor adaptation c)  long-term potentiation d)  glycolysis Question 21 (1 point)   Based on the study of patient H.M., it has been concluded that Question 21 options: a)  short-term memories are stored within the hippocampus b)  the hippocampus is required for retrieval of long-term memories c)  the hippocampus converts short-term memories into long-term memories d)  long-term memories are stored within the hippocampus Question 22 (1 point)   Which of the following is true of learning? Question 22 options: a)  Learning and memory are synonymous. b)  Long-term memories are related to the electrical activity of the brain c)  Learning involves the modification of the nervous system by experience. d)  Learning is possible in the absence of memory. Question 23 (1 point)   Verbal behavior is said to be a lateralized function of the left hemisphere in that Question 23 options: a)  most language problems are noted after damage to the right rather than to the left hemisphere b)  most language problems are noted after damage to the left rather than to the right hemisphere c)  right-handed persons are more likely to have their language center located within the right hemisphere d)  electrical stimulation of the left hemisphere has a smaller effect on language than does similar stimulation of the right hemisphere Question 24 (1 point)   When your friend tells you she has just won a new car, you are likely to experience Question 24 options: a)  misattribution of emotion to a bodily complaint b)  the fight-or-flight response c)  chronic inflammation d)  the spillover effect Question 25 (1 point)   A failure of memory consolidation occurs most commonly in Question 25 options: a)  stressful circumstances b)  anterograde amnesia c)  retrograde amnesia d)  the hypothalamus Question 26 (1 point)   Damage to the basal ganglia would be expected to produce difficulties in Question 26 options: a)  speech perception b)  emotional experience c)  understanding social rules d)  motor movements Question 27 (1 point)   The idea that our emotions result from bodily changes such as adrenaline secretion is called the Question 27 options: a)  Cannon-Bard theory of emotion b)  James-Lange theory of emotion c)  Klüver-Bucy theory of emotion d)  saltatory conduction of thought Question 28 (1 point)   If one neuron is intensely stimulated by another, the transmission of action potentials between them may be facilitated. This is called Question 28 options: a)  synaptic facilitation b)  long-term potentiation c)  heterosynaptic facilitation d)  long-term depression Question 29 (1 point)   Memories are stored Question 29 options: a)  in the hippocampus b)  in the basal ganglia c)  in the cerebellum d)  at numerous locations in the brain Question 30 (1 point)   Saying that schizophrenia has a genetic basis means that Question 30 options: a)  there is a gene that is responsible for schizophrenia b)  schizophrenic parents will have schizophrenic children c)  a twin of a schizophrenic person has a greater than average chance of developing schizophrenia d)  some races are more schizophrenic than others Question 31 (1 point)   Post-concussion syndrome may include Question 31 options: a)  anterograde amnesia b)  the fight-or-flight response c)  improved consolidation d)  repetitive or prolonged behavior called perseveration Question 32 (1 point)   Severe stress Question 32 options: a)  impairs learning but helps retrieval b)  helps learning but impairs retrieval c)  impairs both learning and retrieval d)  helps both learning and retrieval Question 33 (1 point)   Stress that disturbs the momentary resting state of the body is usually Question 33 options: a)  bad b)  good c)  sometimes bad and sometimes good d)  a side effect of chronic inflammation Question 34 (1 point)   Memory loss resulting from stress most often affects Question 34 options: a)  episodic memory b)  semantic memory c)  procedural memory d)  memories stored in the cerebellum Question 35 (1 point)   The patient known as H.M. demonstrated which important aspects of amnesia? Question 35 options: a)  Plasticity in recovering from significant brain damage; importance of past experience in forming memories; reliance of emotional regulation on frontal cortex b)  Importance of youth in surviving major brain damage; dependence of brain plasticity on the Y chromosome. c)  Involvement of the hippocampus in memory; ability of one kind of learning, such as mirror drawing, to survive amnesia affecting other kinds of learning. d)  Confirmation of the amygdala as a fear center and of prefrontal cortex as a inhibitor of the amygdala. Question 36 (1 point)   The role of neural reorganization in recovery of function after brain damage can be described as Question 36 options: a)  controversial, but it is assumed to play some role b)  recently well-understood c)  well-understood only in lower mammals d)  well-established Question 37 (1 point)   In the cochlea, the basilar membrane discriminates among different sound frequencies by Question 37 options: a)  shortening its length for low frequencies and lengthening for high frequencies b)  inhibiting hair cells. c)  showing more resonance in the left ear than in the right ear. d)  vibrating more to high sound frequencies at its base than at its apex. Question 38 (1 point)   The bodily change most likely to contribute to depression is Question 38 options: a)  dehydration b)  resilience c)  chronic inflammation d)  acute inflammation Question 39 (1 point)   The parts of the brain that participate in the stress response belong to the Question 39 options: a)  hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis b)  limbic system c)  reptilian brain d)  pyramidal motor system Question 40 (1 point)   Chronic stress attacks synapses in the brain with the help of Question 40 options: a)  lateral inhibition b)  epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol c)  sleep deprivation d)  cytokines and microglia Question 41 (20 points)   Why is it misleading to explain psychological disorders such as depression by attributing them to either heredity or experience, but not both? Use evidence in your answer. Question 41 options: Paragraph Question 42 (20 points)   Describe evidence from studies of (a) neuronal recording and (b) lesions of brain structures that the hippocampus is involved in memory consolidation. Question 42 options: Paragraph Question 43 (20 points)   Using the attached graph (see below), describe each step in the action potential. Include the ions responsible, in which direction they are moving, and other details necessary for the action potential to move down the axon. Be sure to label each part of your answer with the correct letter on the graph below.  Question 43 options: Paragraph Lato (Recommended) 19px (Default)