Lab assignment fluid mechanics - Civil Engineering
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory 1 Experiment 2: An Introduction to Hydrostatic Pressure Introduction Part I: Barometer Measurements Theory Barometers are used to determine the atmospheric pressure at their given location. These devices typically consist of a glass tube filled with mercury (or some other fluid), with one end closed and the other open to the atmosphere. Above the fluid, an excellent vacuum is needed. The surface height at which the fluid rests above the fluid reservoir indicates atmospheric pressure according to the scale on the tube. Apparatus The setup of this experiment consists of the world’s tallest barometer. Procedure 1. Record the measurements indicated by the lab (mercury) barometer. 2. Guided Discovery: To make efficient use of lab time, the group will go through a guided discovery process to see the various unusual features of the barometer. 3. Record the measurement indicated by the Bennett Barometer. The purpose of this experiment is to explore the concept of hydrostatic pressure. The lab is separated into two parts. First students will explore how a barometer functions using the concept of hydrostatic pressure. Next they will use a Mariotte Bottle to understand how the surrounding environment of a fluid affects the hydrostatic pressure it imparts on other objects. 2 Part II: Mariotte Bottle Theory The Marriotte Bottle, invented around 1670, is a device capable of providing a stream of water with constant pressure and flow rate using the hydrostatic pressure developed between the air vent, and the fluid outlet. This deceptively simple apparatus combines water head pressure and atmospheric pressure into a practical and instructive device. Note that the orifice flow rate depends on the pressure head, not the height of the free water surface. Apparatus Students will use a modified Mariotte Bottle with multiple openings and the central air tube and external scale acting as a manometer to investigate the transient behavior of the device. Procedure 1. Guided Discovery: To make efficient use of lab time, the group will go through a guided discovery process to see the various unusual features of the Mariotte Bottle. 2. Next break up into small groups. Make predictions of how the Mariotte Bottle will behave with regards to the worksheet questions among your lab partners. 3. Repeat the guided discovery using a meter stick or attached scale to answer the worksheet questions. Figure 1. Mariotte Bottle Apparatus Fluid Mechanics Laboratory W2A 1/4 Lab 2A Worksheet Please write answers to the following questions in the space below. Attach any figures or calculations to the end. Turn in the completed packet to your lab TA one week following the experiment at the start of lab class. Mariotte Bottle 1. Complete the attached Table 1 (or prepare your own and attach it) noting what happens when the stopper above, below, and at the same height of the vent tube is removed. Use the manometer measurements to clearly explain this behavior. 2. Complete the attached Table 2 (or prepare your own and attach it) to calculate the flow rate when a stopper below the vent tube is removed. Is it constant? Perform at least three trials. How would the theoretical flow rate be determined (see your text and describe using the features of the Mariotte bottle)? Fluid Mechanics Laboratory W2A 2/4 3. Complete the attached Table 3 (or prepare your own and attach it) to illustrate what happens when you move the vent tube up or down. What trend do you observe? Explain why this occurs. 4. Explain how the Mariotte Bottle works making use of the following terms: Atmospheric Pressure, Absolute Pressure, Partial Vacuum, and Water Head Pressure. 5. What are the height limitations of the Mariotte Bottle? How is this affected by elevation? 6. Explain why the Mariotte Bottle is used to fertilize agricultural crops and with the Double Ring Soil Infiltrometer. Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Barometer Measurements 7. Using the measurements of both barometers and the known density of mercury, calculate the density of the fluid in the Bennett Barometer. 8. Draw a figure that illustrates the pressure distribution (gauge pressure) within the Bennett Barometer. Clearly indicate the pressure at the top and bottom of the tube and formulate an equation that describes the pressure as a function of height above the bottom of the tube. What is the hydrostatic pressure (roughly) just at the bottom of the tube? Fluid Mechanics Laboratory W2A 4/4 Table 1: Effect of air vent height relative to stopper height in a Mariotte Bottle. Position of Vent Tube Fluid Outlet Height (cm) Air Vent Height (cm) Water Behavior Observations Manometer Observations Above stopper hole At stopper hole Below stopper hole Table 2: Flow rate of water from Mariotte Bottle with constant pressure head. Trial Volume of Water (mL) Time (s) Flow Rate (mL/s) Table 3: Flow rate of water from Mariotte Bottle with varying pressure head. Pressure Head Height (cm) Volume of Water (mL) Time (s) Flow Rate (mL/s) iPad pro 2018 iPad pro 2018 Strong flow iPad pro 2018 Flow stopped iPad pro 2018 Weak flow than stop iPad pro 2018 12.6 iPad pro 2018 9.4 iPad pro 2018 18.5 iPad pro 2018 9.4 iPad pro 2018 9.4 iPad pro 2018 28.4 iPad pro 2018 iPad pro 2018 1 iPad pro 2018 2 iPad pro 2018 3 iPad pro 2018 153 iPad pro 2018 205 iPad pro 2018 202 iPad pro 2018 2.12 iPad pro 2018 2.17 iPad pro 2018 1.40 iPad pro 2018 109.2 iPad pro 2018 94.47 iPad pro 2018 95.28 iPad pro 2018 13.3 iPad pro 2018 9 iPad pro 2018 2.5 iPad pro 2018 156 iPad pro 2018 188 iPad pro 2018 150 iPad pro 2018 1.65 iPad pro 2018 2.44 iPad pro 2018 4.38 iPad pro 2018 90.9 iPad pro 2018 77.05 iPad pro 2018 35.62
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