Fluent Essays

The student will prepare a PowerPoint (Audio/Visual) presentation where he will design a briefing which will cover everything he or she discussed in the third research assignment “Examination of Emergency/Disaster Mitigation and Preparedness Critique”. Each section that was written and covered in the assignment needs to be discussed. As a refresher, the following will be needed in the briefing video in addition to the aforementioned. Comprehensive critique of the event regarding the use, or lack thereof, and effectiveness of mitigation and preparedness as both related to said event. First, the student will describe the event in detail. The student should use his or her first two research assignments to evaluate the results or actions stemming from the mitigation and recovery efforts of the disaster/emergency under examination. As a recap the student should attempt to address these issues: The following headings should be included as applicable and as each would apply to the event in question: mitigation overview, enabling and guiding policies and legislation, the local, state, and federal government role, the risk analysis process, Countermeasures selection (aka mitigation strategies); various risk assessment tools such as but not limited to CARVER, general mitigation strategies to include structural and non-structural (if you can’t tell what as or was not done as it pertain to your even you can still suggest what could have been done). How Continuity of Operations Planning helps with preparedness and fits into the mitigation process. Running head: MITIGATION MEASURES FOR THE UNIVERSITY 11 Disaster Mitigation for the University Quintin C. Strawder Dr. Jeffery Fox 25 September 2021 Table of Contents Risk Mitigation Measures for the University 3 Mitigation overview 3 Enabling and guiding policies and legislation 3 Legislation 3 Emergency guiding policies 4 The role of the locals, state, and federal government in mitigating disasters 5 Stages in risk assessment process 7 Risk analysis and mitigation strategies 7 Risk assessment tools 8 Mitigation measures for meteorological, hydrological, geological, and human risks 8 Meteorological 8 Hydrological 9 Geological risks 9 Human risks 9 Fitting Continuity of Operations Planning into cycle 9 References 10 Risk Mitigation Measures for the University Mitigation Overview Mitigation is efforts put in place to reduce the loss of life and/or properties by minimizing the impact of the disaster and emergencies. It is hard to predict emergencies and disasters with certainty; therefore, organizations tend to come up with mitigation measures to reduce the impact of the tragedy in case it happens (Abbott, 2008). There are two broad categories of mitigation measures that include structural and non-structural mitigation measures which limit the impact of the event of the disaster. Risks or emergencies common to universities include outbreaks of fire, earthquakes, and human accidents such as the collapse of the building and human made risks such as mass shootings. To have successful mitigation management, it is essential to ensure that the plan includes all possible activities that prevent an emergency, reduce the probability of emergency occurrence, and minimize the impact of the complex that the organization cannot avoid. This paper addresses emergency management mitigation for the university. Enabling and guiding policies and legislation Legislation According to Fire Services Acts 1981 and 2003 requires all employees in different institutions to meet the standards needed for fires safety within the organization., proper managing of fire safety. The organization needs to implement appropriate policies and guidelines to ensure that operational procedures conform to the legal requirements. Additionally, The Safety, Health, and Welfare at Work Act 2005 made it a legal requirement for all organizations to have plans for emergency remedies to reduce the danger associated with the predicted risks. It is a legal requirement for each department within the organization to have first aid kits that are essential in disasters by supporting first aid activities. There is also need for the organization ton be able for firefighting by installing fire extinguishers in different locations to respond to fire outbreak that minimizes the impact of the fire outbreak. It is also a legal requirement that each organization has the first assembly point where employees can meet at a time of disasters that is useful for counting and evacuating those affected by the catastrophe considering the selected place must be safe. According to the fire services act, it made it a responsibility of every individual working within the organization to implement measures that are proposed through the legislation as a way of preventing the breakout of fire that protects the life of workers within the organization and destruction of valuable assets owned by the organization. For the university management to comply with the legal requirement on fire safety, it is recommended that it appoint an officer to charge the quality assurance and risk mitigation office. The officer in charge of risk control is responsible for managing all the risks that may hurt the university. Emergency guiding policies There is a need for the university to train its employees on risk mitigation measures to understand how to report near misses at the workplace for proper mitigation measures to be implemented to reduce the probability of risk occurrence. The risk of collapse of the building within the organization The board of the university needs to understand its roles in ensuring that health and safety within the university are given the priority by initiating and implementing an administrative structure where duties are delegated down to ensure that all safety precautions are implemented and followed by all the employees with the main aim of ensuring that the workplace is safe and secure. Regularly, it is recommended that the board of directors within the university reviews its structures, including the building and training tools, to ensure that they are structurally okay and safe by providing that repairs are done regularly on worn out parts to ensure the safety of the building hence minimizing the risk of collapsing of the building. To ensure that the responsibility of ensuring the safety of the properties and people within the university is guaranteed, there is a need for proper coordination between the director of estates and facilities within the university, safety committee, and finance committee. The collaboration is essential because it allows smooth running and implementation of safety measures proposed by the safety committee. The university operates with a functional organizational structure where each department works with exclusive powers and responsibility but collaborates to meet the overall objectives of the university because the goals of the departments are derived from the universitys overall goals. The safety committee needs to focus on the formulation of strategies that ensure safety within the university. Before implementing, the fiancé department needs to determine where there are enough financial resources to implement the proposed changes. Therefore, the collaboration between the health and safety department and fiancé department determines the effectiveness of the disaster management practices where weak linkage results in poor implementation of disaster management. In contrast, strong association results in effective implementation of disaster management. To minimize the probability of fire breakout and other physical distress, each department must appoint a disaster warden responsible for identifying, reporting, and evaluating any possible risks that may negatively impact the university by destroying property and killing lives. The role of the locals, state, and federal government in mitigating disasters Locals within the community play an essential role in ensuring that the impact of disaster outbreaks is minimized hence having a positive effect on the organizations operation. The university should be encouraged to have a good reputation with the members of the public so that the locals can be involved directly during the emergency disasters by evacuating people in case of a collapsed building or help the university personnel and state personnel in fighting the fire in case there is fire outbreak. With an excellent reputation to the locals, the organization can get positive assistance from the community members during disasters (Coppola, 2015). Therefore, the university has a role of strengthening its relationship with the locals to result in a good corporation, sustainability, and robust disaster management mechanism. The state plays an essential role in guiding and facilitating recovery efforts in disasters that occurs within the local boundaries located within the jurisdiction of the state. Additionally, it helps the local governments when faced with a tragedy that negatively influences the regular operation of organizations situated in the state. Furthermore, the state help in providing the enabling environment that facilitates organizations within the state can implement measures that ensure safety. The state has officers in charge of assessing the buildings before being allowed to be used. The state also helps in the certification of different organizations based on the valuation report on safety. Therefore, to have adequate disaster management measures, the university needs to understand the role played by the state in promoting safety for its citizens. Lastly, the state is responsible for coming up with legislation that aims to reduce the probability of disaster occurrence. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is the body responsible for disaster management by the federal government to minimize the impact of the disaster on the community (Rivera, 2021). Its mandate involves the implementation of legislation aimed at mitigating the effects of the disaster. It responds to the request made by the affected states and provides the necessary support for the state, territories, tribes, and local jurisdiction affected by the disaster. The effective response by the federal government is planned through a national response framework that deals with safety regulation at the national level and acts to a disaster threatening the development of the states. Although the locals and the state mainly determine the responsibility of disaster management, the federal government plays the role of supplementing what the local and state governments implement to mitigate the predicted risks. In case the magnitude of the disaster is enormous and forms and locals are unable to control, it becomes the responsibility of the federal government to coordinate the 26 federal agencies responsible for disaster response and the Red Cross to ensure that the lives are protected through effective disaster response. Stages in the risk assessment process The first step is gathering data to improve emergency decisions during disaster management. The quality of the collected data determines the effectiveness of the selected decision as a mitigation measure to the disaster. Research and evidence gathering that aims at collecting the evidence that relates to the occurrence of the disaster. The evidence-based crowd should guide the data collection process so that when the disaster mitigation risks are implemented, they aim to address the real cause of the problem, resulting in the successful implementation of the disaster management process. Therefore, the quality of the collected data should be guided by research and evidence-based data collection method (Valcik, & Tracy, 2017). Critical thinking in risk analysis is an important stage that ensures that the collected data about the risks are correctly analyzed to ensure that the possible causes and alternative solutions are brainstormed and thoroughly discussed so that the optima mitigation measures can be selected to be used the implementation stage. Risk analysis and mitigation strategies Mitigation strategies through risk analysis are the next step. For effective risk mitigation measures, it is encouraged that both qualitative and quantitative methods need to be used to understand the risks well. Through quantitative risk analysis, the cost-benefit analysis is used to determine the positive impact of the risks and compare them to the adverse effects. When the negative influences out ways the positive impact then serious and immediate mitigation measure is needed. Through risk analysis, the organization has to rank the risks based on the effect it causes to the organization and stress the risk best on the ranking. The qualitative risk analysis analyzes the dangers in non-numerical figures and covers the impact of the risk on the organization. The third strategies are the countermeasure strategy of analyzing risks where the risk is identified and analyzed in terms of the best alternative strategies to neutralize the impact of the identified risk to the organization (Phillips, 2015). Risk assessment tools Risk assessment tools for the organization during disaster management include CARVER, which is the tool that evaluates and ranks the threats and opportunities that are associated with the risk so that the risk can be categorized and the best alternative solution decided. It is the best way of evaluating the organizations weaknesses and come up with the best possible course of overcoming them. Other alternative risk assessment tools to be used by the university to compare the result include Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA), risk matrix, decision tree method, and Bowtie model. Mitigation measures for meteorological, hydrological, geological, and human risks Meteorological The nowcasting method is the best for forecasting events few hours before by observing signs and live radar data to combine into numerical data prediction. Through accurate forecast about the climatic condition enables the university to implement strategies before the happening of the risks or implement risk reduction measures to minimize the impact of the unavoidable risks. Hydrological Geo-hydrological risk mitigation measures are the best strategies to mitigate hydrological risk. Data about hydrology is gathered and analyzed to identify the common dangers and mitigation measures put in place. Geological risks Structural measures are the best strategies for mitigating geological risks. The management needs to ensure that structural measures are implemented based on the requirement and impact of beach risk. Examples of structural measures include earthquake-resistant design, building codes, and retrofitting. Other strategies that best help in mitigating geological risks include early warning signs that must be taken seriously and prevention measures implemented early, construction of physical protection so that in case it happens, life and property are saved, and land use plan so that all measures are considered before the use of land to ensure proper drainage system that prevents risks from occurring. Human risks Human risks need to be mitigated by using individual training where people are trained on the importance of conserving the environment and the possible negative impact of not saving the environment. Additionally, it is essential to encourage people to identify risks at early stages and report for analysis and evaluation so that mitigation measures can be implemented to reduce the negative impact of the identified risks on the organization. Fitting Continuity of Operations Planning into the cycle Fitting Continuity of Operations Planning into the cycle is the next step of risk mitigation measures. Organizations need to identify critical departments and their prioritization so that each potential risk at different stages of operation and processes is analyzed and mitigation measures identified. The risks mitigation plan needs to include the scope objective and strategies that need to be implemented to solve the potential risks at each stage of operation. References Abbott, P. L. (2008). Natural disasters. (11th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Coppola, D. P. (2015). Introduction to international disaster management (3rd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. Phillips, B. D. (2015). Disaster recovery (2nd ed.). CRC Press. Rivera, J. D. (2021). Disaster and Emergency Management Methods: Social Science Approaches in Application. (1st ed.). Routledge. Valcik, N. A., & Tracy, P. E. (2017). Case studies in disaster response and emergency management. (2nd ed.). Routledge. Quintin C. Strawder Dr. Jeffery Fox 08 October 2021 Contents Mitigation overview 3 enabling and guiding policies and legislation 4 The local 4 The state 5 The federal 6 Preparation actions that must be taken. 7 Preparation-related activities 8 Emergency preparedness plans 8 Individual and community resilience concept 9 Different risks, dangers, and catastrophes have varying levels of preparation, including weather-related, hydrological, geological, and human-caused ones. 9 A strategy for boosting readiness while also making it easy to execute. 10 Continuity of operations 10 References 11 Mitigation overview Anticipating various types of risks is an important step in the planning process because it allows you to create effective mitigation strategies before anything bad occurs. It also includes analysing the plans for any potential shortfalls as part of being prepared (Sandler, 2016). Planned efforts include effective training of emergency managers, raising public awareness of emergencies, and putting in place efficient warning systems. Having a complete emergency management system in place includes planning ahead, responding to emergencies, recovering from them as well as mitigating and preventing further damage. To be successful, the whole management cycle must be optimized. It is the field of emergency management (also known as disaster management) that deals with and attempts to prevent catastrophes, both natural and artificial. Creating a framework to help communities minimize their susceptibility to risks and deal with catastrophes is the job of emergency management. It aims to develop communities that are less susceptible to risks and catastrophes and are better prepared to deal with them. Coordination and integration are key to safeguarding communities from huma-made acts of terrorism and natural disasters. catastrophes by mitigating their effects while also preparing, responding, and recovering from them. Preparation, reaction, and recovery all go hand in hand in order to minimize the damage caused by catastrophes. It may also include training for private people, “such as that provided by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in the United States”. Aspects of emergency management include anything from planning for catastrophes and conflicts to responding to terrorist attacks. Even while the discipline of emergency management focuses on studying and predicting potential disasters, it doesnt always work to prevent or remove the actual dangers. The Emergency Management Life Cycle is made up of four distinct phases. They are: Preparation, Response, and Recovery, as well as Mitigation and Reduction. A state of preparation to react to a catastrophe, crisis, or other emergency scenario is the best definition of preparedness in emergency management. Nevertheless, preparedness is more than just a matter of being ready when an emergency strikes; its a recurring topic in disaster management as a whole. Becoming more prepared is one way to reduce the damage that a catastrophe will do to individuals. Enabling and guiding policies and legislation To guarantee successful disaster management, the overall strategy calls for the development of a comprehensive framework with defined guiding policies. The law places a high priority on government and other key stakeholders ability to respond quickly in the event of a catastrophe (Sandler, 2016). Legislation and regulations are being passed to ensure that disaster management organizations are working to their maximum capacity. The Local In disaster management, the participation of local governments is critical, since they are on the front lines of the crisis at hand. A general-purpose government is one that serves many purposes, while a single-purpose government is common in the United States The local government has the power to impose regulations on land usage that have a disastrous effect on the environment as a whole. Building in high-risk locations has hazards, and the local government should take steps to minimize those risks by making sure property developers are aware of them. Under the 10th amendment to the US constitution, state and local governments have the right to safeguard public safety. To ensure that communities implement land use management measures, the local government issues the orders required. This extraterritorial jurisdiction enables local governments to set development restrictions on land outside of their own jurisdiction. Acquiring land for public benefit or at danger from private developer exploitation is another way the government utilizes acquisition (Kapucu, 2008). The local government ensures that the general population is informed of the dangers that may affect a specific neighbourhood, and thus helps to keep the community secure. It also makes use of regulatory authorities to keep private interests in check, thus safeguarding natural phenomena. The local government decides whether or not a place is affordable by imposing specialized taxes in hazardous regions and providing incentives in safe ones (Kapucu, 2008). To promote the adoption of mitigation measures in newly built properties, local governments may provide tax breaks to property owners. When a terrible catastrophe occurs, state statutes outline the state governments primary mandate. The State In order to create the required policies and programs, the state government must have control over a wide range of institutions, including local governments. State emergency managements main responsibilities include educating the public on disaster mitigation, managing hazardous materials, and preparing for severe weather. They also oversee evacuations and educate emergency managers. Several states in the United States have begun implementing and developing strategies to assist mitigate the dangers of climate change (Sandler, 2016). State governments are in charge of coordinating hazard mitigation and climate adaptation plans to achieve the desired results (Bea, 2005). Regulations may be imposed by the state on regions deemed particularly susceptible to natural catastrophes (Kapucu, 2008). The state may consider regions with a greater frequency of floods, erodible coasts, and an inlet danger zone to be particularly susceptible. Restrictive development permits are issued and a need for post-storm reconstruction is included in this rule. As a result, property developers in many states are obliged to install wetland mitigation measures before they may build near wetland regions. The Federal As a result, the federal government takes disaster preparedness and management very seriously. Various programs and incentives are in place to help identify high-risk locations and take action before damage is done. Disaster management by the federal government begins with the establishment of intergovernmental programs that provide funding to both state and local governments. Appropriations are primarily utilized by the federal government as a disaster relief mechanism. Public health and other critical security initiatives get funding via federal appropriations (Sandler, 2016). The money is distributed in a variety of ways, including loans, grants, and assistance, as well as by allocating it directly to local governments. The federal government sets limits and limitations on how the allotted funds may be used via grants and most assistance packages, which encourages collaboration between municipal and state governments. The federal governments decision to appropriate the money it needs to rebuild after a catastrophe is only one of several factors (Seaberg, 2017). A portion of the money set up for disaster recovery is earmarked for restoring the regions that were damaged or destroyed by the catastrophe itself. Its been said that government expenditures would help reduce future hazard losses, but thats not true since such programs dont address the root causes of disasters. The federal governments involvement also includes federal property management. There are about 600 million acres of federally owned land in the United States, making up the majority of the countrys total geographical area. Having so much property owned by the government serves one purpose: it keeps forests and grasslands under government control, making it easier for the government to deal with disasters like wildfires. In addition, the federal government has a significant role to play in floodplain management, which necessitates that all federal agencies take the required steps to reduce flood loss and flood damage overall. Preparation actions that must be taken Its critical to have concrete overview of the catastrophe (Chandrasekar, 2018). Steps vary depending on whether youre dealing with the municipal, state, or federal government. In order to be prepared, its crucial to get everyone involved in mobilizing resources. FEMA says that numerous actions during an emergency must be coordinated in order to guarantee the catastrophe is successfully handled, from issuing early warnings of possible dangers to evacuating those impacted. In order to be fully prepared, the following actions must be taken; The assessment of the possible danger that each hazard poses depends on where its located. Using pre-existing data, this method identifies regions that are vulnerable to natural disasters. coordination of emergency preparations to ensure a well-thought-out response strategy is in place Ensuring that people are aware of the activities they should engage in and the safest course of action they should follow in the event of an emergency Mobilization and stockpiling of the necessary resources for dealing with various kinds of catastrophes. Initiating a disaster early warning system to minimize the total damage caused by a catastrophe. assessing the risk of harm and recommending the most practical remedies Affected people should be evacuated to safer areas to ensure they are post-ready. During particular risks, all parties involved should be informed on what actions they need to take. Preparation-related activities Effective planning, public awareness and warning, training of emergency management, and assessments of disaster resilience and community resilience are some of the tasks involved in assuring preparation for an impending catastrophe. The key to successful disaster management is to coordinate these operations so that they work together seamlessly. Emergency preparedness plans A wide range of initiatives and programs are critical in ensuring that communities are disaster-ready. A wide range of actions are involved, from developing warning systems to providing emergency managers with training and coordinating evacuations for those who may be impacted. Volunteer activities and instructional programs, the majority of which are federally organized, are included in the preparation effort (Chandrasekar, 2018). The American Red Cross and other well-known volunteer organizations are often called upon to assist in disaster relief efforts. To date, the American Red Cross has provided humanitarian aid to more than 70,000 catastrophe victims annually and educated over 9 million individuals on basic safety practices only in the United States (Kapucu, 2008). As a result of the education and training programs, individuals are better prepared in case of catastrophe. The emergency manager will have the abilities he or she needs to cope with any situation thanks to the training program. In addition, the training programs that simulate real-life scenarios like tornadoes and terrorism, among other things, guarantee that the country is fully prepared for any catastrophe. Individual and community resilience concept Resisting catastrophe is adapting and overcoming a present calamity without compromising long-term development difficulties (Chandrasekar, 2018). Personal or community resilience is developed by the capacity to use lessons learned from previous events to prevent similar ones from happening again in the future (Reddick, 2011). The ability of a community to bounce back after a catastrophe depends on its knowledge of natural processes and the organization of its whole environment. In order for a community to be resilient, it must be well-prepared for natural catastrophes and have efficient recovery mechanisms in place. Different risks, dangers, and catastrophes have varying levels of preparation, including weather-related, hydrological, geological, and human-caused ones. Earths atmospheric imbalance causes meteorological catastrophes, while the water systems imbalance causes hydrological disasters (Tonouchi, 2019). The build-up of pressure over time causes geological catastrophes, while human activity causes human-caused disaster occurrences (Seaberg, 2017). Preparation varies depending on the intensity and location of the catastrophe. When it comes to metrological disaster preparation, it means talking to the specialists in the metrological departments and coming up with a well-informed strategy for dealing with the issue. The approach to a hydrological catastrophe is essentially identical to the approach to a metrological disaster in terms of making sure people are ready (Chandrasekar, 2018). In contrast to catastrophe preparation for humans, this does not need an evaluation based on pre-existing data, and therefore builds the necessary capability to reduce the coming calamity. A strategy for boosting readiness while also making it easy to execute. To promote and execute disaster preparation efforts, a variety of strategies may be employed, including offering incentives to the authorities charged with developing emergency management plans (Chandrasekar, 2018). Offering incentives helps the response team be more proactive in identifying regions at risk of catastrophe. Regularly checking to see whether the agencies in charge of ensuring readiness are accomplishing their goals. Securing the necessary resources for training programs and ensuring emergency managers get the necessary advanced training in disasters that need unique treatment. using the best techniques to educate the public on how to behave in the event of a catastrophe. The use of comprehensive and well-defined warning systems is also critical in ensuring that preparation levels are raised to an acceptable level. the ability to keep operations going Making a plan helps in being well-prepared. Continuity of operations In an emergency, a continuity of operation strategy seeks to guarantee that critical operations continue to be carried out (Seaberg, 2017). When an emergency strikes, the continuity of operations plans primary objective is to keep workers safe while also ensuring that the most critical operations continue uninterrupted. Decreased interruptions and reduced damages are ensured by maintaining operations in the long term. Maintaining operations guarantees readiness by preventing interruptions to critical tasks, which in turn keeps the degree of preparation for any foreseeable catastrophe on track. References Sandler, D., Schwab, A. K., & Brower, D. J. (2016). Hazard Mitigation and Preparedness (2nd Edition). Taylor & Francis. Chandrasekar, V., Chen, H., & Philips, B. (2018). Principles of high-resolution radar network for hazard mitigation and disaster management in an urban environment. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 96, 119-139. Reddick, C. (2011). Information technology and emergency management: preparedness and planning in US states. Disasters, 35(1), 45-61. Tonouchi, M. (2019). Disaster management in Japan and effective usage of meteorological information with a prompt report of typhoon Hagibis. Vietnam Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2019, 66-71. Kapucu, N. (2008). Collaborative emergency management: better community organizing, better public preparedness and response. Disasters, 32(2), 239-262. Bea, K. (2005, February). Emergency management preparedness standards: Overview and options for Congress. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON DC CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE. Seaberg, D., Devine, L., & Zhuang, J. (2017). A review of game theory applications in natural disaster management research. Natural Hazards, 89(3), 1461-1483. Emergency Management Preparedness Awareness Quintin C. Strawder Dr. Jeffery Fox 17 October 2021 Contents Overview of the Situational Awareness Plan 2 facilitating the implementation of governing laws and policies 3 Role of the local government 3 The function of the state government. 4 role of the federal government 5 Preparation actions that must be taken. 6 Preparation-related activities 7 Emergency preparedness plans 7 Individual and community resilience concept 8 Different risks, dangers, and catastrophes have varying levels of preparation, including weather-related, hydrological, geological, and human-caused ones. 9 A strategy for boosting readiness while also making it easy to execute. 9 Continuity of operations 10 References 11 Overview of the Situational Awareness Plan Anticipating various types of risks is an important step in the planning process because it allows you to create effective mitigation strategies before anything bad occurs. It also includes analysing the plans for any potential shortfalls as part of being prepared (Sandler, 2016). Planned efforts include effective training of emergency managers, raising public awareness of emergencies, and putting in place efficient warning systems. Having a complete emergency management system in place includes planning ahead, responding to emergencies, recovering from them as well as mitigating and preventing further damage. To be successful, the whole management cycle must be optimized. It is the field of emergency management (also known as disaster management) that deals with and attempts to prevent catastrophes, both natural and artificial. Creating a framework to help communities minimize their susceptibility to risks and deal with catastrophes is the job of emergency management. It aims to develop communities that are less susceptible to risks and catastrophes and are better prepared to deal with them. Coordination and integration are key to safeguarding communities from huma-made acts of terrorism and natural disasters. catastrophes by mitigating their effects while also preparing, responding, and recovering from them. Preparation, reaction, and recovery all go hand in hand in order to minimize the damage caused by catastrophes. It may also include training for private people, “such as that provided by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in the United States”. Aspects of emergency management include anything from planning for catastrophes and conflicts to responding to terrorist attacks. Even while the discipline of emergency management focuses on studying and predicting potential disasters, it doesnt always work to prevent or remove the actual dangers. The Emergency Management Life Cycle is made up of four distinct phases. They are: Preparation, Response, and Recovery, as well as Mitigation and Reduction. A state of preparation to react to a catastrophe, crisis, or other emergency scenario is the best definition of preparedness in emergency management. Nevertheless, preparedness is more than just a matter of being ready when an emergency strikes; its a recurring topic in disaster management as a whole. Becoming more prepared is one way to reduce the damage that a catastrophe will do to individuals. Facilitating the implementation of governing laws and policies To guarantee successful disaster management, the overall strategy calls for the development of a comprehensive framework with defined guiding policies. The law places a high priority on government and other key stakeholders ability to respond quickly in the event of a catastrophe (Sandler, 2016). Legislation and regulations are being passed to ensure that disaster management organizations are working to their maximum capacity. Role of the local government In disaster management, the participation of local governments is critical, since they are on the front lines of the crisis at hand. A general-purpose government is one that serves many purposes, while a single-purpose government is common in the United States The local government has the power to impose regulations on land usage that have a disastrous effect on the environment as a whole. Building in high-risk locations has hazards, and the local government should take steps to minimize those risks by making sure property developers are aware of them. Under the 10th amendment to the US constitution, state and local governments have the right to safeguard public safety. To ensure that communities implement land use management measures, the local government issues the orders required. This extraterritorial jurisdiction enables local governments to set development restrictions on land outside of their own jurisdiction. Acquiring land for public benefit or at danger from private developer exploitation is another way the government utilizes acquisition (Kapucu, 2008). The local government ensures that the general population is informed of the dangers that may affect a specific neighbourhood, and thus helps to keep the community secure. It also makes use of regulatory authorities to keep private interests in check, thus safeguarding natural phenomena. The local government decides whether or not a place is affordable by imposing specialized taxes in hazardous regions and providing incentives in safe ones (Kapucu, 2008). To promote the adoption of mitigation measures in newly built properties, local governments may provide tax breaks to property owners. When a terrible catastrophe occurs, state statutes outline the state governments primary mandate. The function of the state government. In order to create the required policies and programs, the state government must have control over a wide range of institutions, including local governments. State emergency managements main responsibilities include educating the public on disaster mitigation, managing hazardous materials, and preparing for severe weather. They also oversee evacuations and educate emergency managers. Several states in the United States have begun implementing and developing strategies to assist mitigate the dangers of climate change (Sandler, 2016). State governments are in charge of coordinating hazard mitigation and climate adaptation plans to achieve the desired results (Bea, 2005). Regulations may be imposed by the state on regions deemed particularly susceptible to natural catastrophes (Kapucu, 2008). The state may consider regions with a greater frequency of floods, erodible coasts, and an inlet danger zone to be particularly susceptible. Restrictive development permits are issued and a need for post-storm reconstruction is included in this rule. As a result, property developers in many states are obliged to install wetland mitigation measures before they may build near wetland regions. Role of the federal government As a result, the federal government takes disaster preparedness and management very seriously. Various programs and incentives are in place to help identify high-risk locations and take action before damage is done. Disaster management by the federal government begins with the establishment of intergovernmental programs that provide funding to both state and local governments. Appropriations are primarily utilized by the federal government as a disaster relief mechanism. Public health and other critical security initiatives get funding via federal appropriations (Sandler, 2016). The money is distributed in a variety of ways, including loans, grants, and assistance, as well as by allocating it directly to local governments. The federal government sets limits and limitations on how the allotted funds may be used via grants and most assistance packages, which encourages collaboration between municipal and state governments. The federal governments decision to appropriate the money it needs to rebuild after a catastrophe is only one of several factors (Seaberg, 2017). A portion of the money set up for disaster recovery is earmarked for restoring the regions that were damaged or destroyed by the catastrophe itself. Its been said that government expenditures would help reduce future hazard losses, but thats not true since such programs dont address the root causes of disasters. The federal governments involvement also includes federal property management. There are about 600 million acres of federally owned land in the United States, making up the majority of the countrys total geographical area. Having so much property owned by the government serves one purpose: it keeps forests and grasslands under government control, making it easier for the government to deal with disasters like wildfires. In addition, the federal government has a significant role to play in floodplain management, which necessitates that all federal agencies take the required steps to reduce flood loss and flood damage overall. Preparation actions that must be taken Its critical to have concrete overview of the catastrophe (Chandrasekar, 2018). Steps vary depending on whether youre dealing with the municipal, state, or federal government. To be prepared, its crucial to get everyone involved in mobilizing resources. FEMA says that numerous actions during an emergency must be coordinated to guarantee the catastrophe is successfully handled, from issuing early warnings of possible dangers to evacuating those impacted. In order to be fully prepared, the following actions must be taken; The assessment of the possible danger that each hazard poses depends on where its located. Using pre-existing data, this method identifies regions that are vulnerable to natural disasters. coordination of emergency preparations to ensure a well-thought-out response strategy is in place. Ensuring that people are aware of the activities they should engage in and the safest course of action they should follow in the event of an emergency Mobilization and stockpiling of the necessary resources for dealing with various kinds of catastrophes. Initiating a disaster early warning system to minimize the total damage caused by a catastrophe. Assessing the risk of harm and recommending the most practical remedies Affected people should be evacuated to safer areas to ensure they are post-ready. During particular risks, all parties involved should be informed on what actions they need to take. Preparation-related activities Effective planning, public awareness and warning, training of emergency management, and assessments of disaster resilience and community resilience are some of the tasks involved in assuring preparation for an impending catastrophe. The key to successful disaster management is to coordinate these operations so that they work together seamlessly. Emergency preparedness plans A wide range of initiatives and programs are critical in ensuring that communities are disaster-ready. A wide range of actions are involved, from developing warning systems to providing emergency managers with training and coordinating evacuations for those who may be impacted. Volunteer activities and instructional programs, the majority of which are federally organized, are included in the preparation effort (Chandrasekar, 2018). The American Red Cross and other well-known volunteer organizations are often called upon to assist in disaster relief efforts. To date, the American Red Cross has provided humanitarian aid to more than 70,000 catastrophe victims annually and educated over 9 million individuals on basic safety practices only in the United States (Kapucu, 2008). As a result of the education and training programs, individuals are better prepared in case of catastrophe. The emergency manager will have the abilities he or she needs to cope with any situation thanks to the training program. In addition, the training programs that simulate real-life scenarios like tornadoes and terrorism, among other things, guarantee that the country is fully prepared for any catastrophe. Individual and community resilience concept Resisting catastrophe is adapting and overcoming a present calamity without compromising long-term development difficulties (Chandrasekar, 2018). Personal or community resilience is developed by the capacity to use lessons learned from previous events to prevent similar ones from happening again in the future (Reddick, 2011). The ability of a community to bounce back after a catastrophe depends on its knowledge of natural processes and the organization of its whole environment. In order for a community to be resilient, it must be well-prepared for natural catastrophes and have efficient recovery mechanisms in place. Different risks, dangers, and catastrophes have varying levels of preparation, including weather-related, hydrological, geological, and human-caused ones. Earths atmospheric imbalance causes meteorological catastrophes, while the water systems imbalance causes hydrological disasters (Tonouchi, 2019). The build-up of pressure over time causes geological catastrophes, while human activity causes human-caused disaster occurrences (Seaberg, 2017). Preparation varies depending on the intensity and location of the catastrophe. When it comes to metrological disaster preparation, it means talking to the specialists in the metrological departments and coming up with a well-informed strategy for dealing with the issue. The approach to a hydrological catastrophe is essentially identical to the approach to a metrological disaster in terms of making sure people are ready (Chandrasekar, 2018). In contrast to catastrophe preparation for humans, this does not need an evaluation based on pre-existing data, and therefore builds the necessary capability to reduce the coming calamity. A strategy for boosting readiness while also making it easy to execute. To promote and execute disaster preparation efforts, a variety of strategies may be employed, including offering incentives to the authorities charged with developing emergency management plans (Chandrasekar, 2018). Offering incentives helps the response team be more proactive in identifying regions at risk of catastrophe. Regularly checking to see whether the agencies in charge of ensuring readiness are accomplishing their goals. Securing the necessary resources for training programs and ensuring emergency managers get the necessary advanced training in disasters that need unique treatment. using the best techniques to educate the public on how to behave in the event of a catastrophe. The use of comprehensive and well-defined warning systems is also critical in ensuring that preparation levels are raised to an acceptable level. The ability to keep operations going Making a plan helps in being well-prepared. Continuity of operations In an emergency, a continuity of operation strategy seeks to guarantee that critical operations continue to be carried out (Seaberg, 2017). When an emergency strikes, the continuity of operations plans primary objective is to keep workers safe while also ensuring that the most critical operations continue uninterrupted. Decreased interruptions and reduced damages are ensured by maintaining operations in the long term. Maintaining operations guarantees readiness by preventing interruptions to critical tasks, which in turn keeps the degree of preparation for any foreseeable catastrophe on track. References Sandler, D., Schwab, A. K., & Brower, D. J. (2016). Hazard Mitigation and Preparedness (2nd Edition). Taylor & Francis. Chandrasekar, V., Chen, H., & Philips, B. (2018). Principles of high-resolution radar network for hazard mitigation and disaster management in an urban environment. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 96, 119-139. 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