Fluent Essays

Modifying a Document For this assignment, you are provided with a sample research. (look at  attachement) You need to take the sample research  and modify the document so it conforms to the APA format. Review the PDF document and search for errors in APA formatting.  Write  two-page APA pape  identifying and discussing at least 4 to 5 changes that need to be made, specifying why these changes need to be made.  Cross reference your APA manual for format information. Support your responses with examples. Cite any sources in APA format. Page 1 of 19 PSY2061 Research Methods Lab © 2013 South University Homeschooling Trends in Metro Atlanta Judy A. Walker Reinhardt College August 2004 Page 2 of 19 PSY2061 Research Methods Lab © 2013 South University Homeschooling Trends in Northern Metro Atlanta The mere mention of homeschooling elicits emotions from both ends of the spectrum. There seems to be no middle of the road. People are either in favor or not in favor of this growing trend to homeschool their children. Has this always been the case? Actually, before the mid-1800s homeschooling was the norm and not the exception! History tells us that public schools came into existence as a result of political and religious influences. Besides teaching academics, the public school was an ideal forum to promote patriotism and moral values (1998 Kleist-Tesch). Then, a hundred years later in the 1960s and 1970s, protesters of social and religious values formed communes and once again homeschooling was revived. The founder of this homeschooling movement, John Holt, objected to the quality of education and emphasized child-centered education. In the 1970s and 1980s, with the impact of fundamentalist Christianity and the revival of conservatism, homeschooling again gained popularity. This time it was as an objection to what was being taught in the public schools (Kleist-Tesch 1998). Is that still the reason people choose to homeschool today? The purpose of this study was to discover not only the reason people homeschool, but also the homeschooling trends in Page 3 of 19 PSY2061 Research Methods Lab © 2013 South University the northern counties of the Metro Atlanta area. Specifically, this researcher set out to determine the following: 1) the demographics of Metro Atlanta homeschooling families; 2)the reasons families make the choice to homeschool; 3) the different teaching methods used by homeschoolers along with the rewards and challenges; and 4) how the primary educator creates balance in his/her life. Nationwide there have been few reported studies on the demographics of homeschooling families (2002 Bauman). Of those studies, the statistical report published in 1999 by Patricia Lines, a former Department of Education researcher, and the National Center for Education Statistics (2001 Bielick) are the largest and most inclusive to date. It is clear that more and more people are homeschooling and it seems that the demographics are changing. This study added to the body of knowledge by collecting demographic information specific to the Northern Metro Atlanta area. Nationwide, accurate statistics have been difficult to obtain on homeschooling. Possible reasons for this difficulty are that some families are not trusting and/or willing to provide information (2000 Lines). This bias might be decreased by specifically targeting known groups and networks of Page 4 of 19 PSY2061 Research Methods Lab © 2013 South University homeschoolers. This method increased the likelihood of collecting data from a diverse group of homeschoolers. In the National Center for Education Statistics technical report published in 2001, it was reported that a greater number of homeschoolers as compared to nonhomeschoolers are white and non-Hispanic. Though no significant difference in household annual income, the parents of homeschoolers have a higher level of education (2001 Bielick). Furthermore, homeschoolers are more likely to be from religious, conservative, and two-parent families, with usually two children being homeschooled and another younger, non-school-age child in the family (Lines 2000). In Georgia, there is a paucity of demographic data on homeschooling families. The Georgia Department of Education keeps statistics only on the number of children being homeschooled in each county of the state. As of the end of the 2002-2003 school year, 31,732 children were being homeschooled in Georgia, representing a 67\% increase over the 1998-1999 figure of 21,132 homeschooled children (Ga. Dept. of Education 2004). No further demographic data are available. Although there are several reasons for homeschooling, dissatisfaction with the academic quality of public schools appears to be the number one reason (2000 Anderson; Lines 2000). Encountering different standards when moving from one state to another state has been an incentive for initiating homeschooling. Aileen Dodd, in her August 2003 article in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, relayed the story of a family moving from Virginia to Gwinnett County in Georgia. They had no choice but to homeschool because Gwinnett County, one of the most advanced school systems in the state (2003 Dodd), was not equipped to deal with Page 5 of 19 PSY2061 Research Methods Lab © 2013 South University their children who were multiple grades ahead. Another example of dissatisfaction with the academic quality of public schools is the case of third-grader Myles M. who begged his parents not to send him to school and wanted instead “just to read” (Anderson 2000). Myles’ teacher was pleased when his parents removed him from public school to begin homeschooling. Because the school curriculum was structured to teach to the 40 th percentile, Myles was not being challenged enough to keep his attention. This situation occurred in Massachusetts (2000 Anderson) but it is not unique to that state. As the trend to homeschool continues to rise, the public education system remains under attack (Anderson 2000). The 2002-2003 SAT scores released in August of 2003 showed Georgia, for the second year in a row, has the lowest scores among all states (Tofig 2003). This study helped to determine the proportion of families that are choosing to homeschool because of their belief that the Georgia school system is below par. Today, families choose to homeschool for one of several reasons, not only because of an objection to the quality of education or the content of what is being taught. Other reasons for homeschooling include special needs or disability, behavioral problems, unsuitable learning environment (i.e., trailer classrooms), unsafe learning environment (i.e., drugs and violence) or because of the parents career choices. This study revealed the most common reasons Metro Atlantans choose homeschooling. Most people are not aware of the resources available to homeschooling families to assist in teaching and learning. Times have changed since the days of sitting at the kitchen table. Homeschooling methods today include, besides the traditional parent-child instruction, study groups, field trips, tutors, and Internet interaction, among others (Anderson 2000; Kleist- Tesch 1998; Lines 2000). There are several avenues available for homeschooling families. Page 6 of 19 PSY2061 Research Methods Lab © 2013 South University Preset curriculums are available and can be strictly followed. A parent may also choose to use a mixed design, using the preset curriculum part of the day and adding study groups, tutoring, Internet interaction, or field trips to supplement the remainder of the day. An alternate method called “unschooling” is also popular among some homeschoolers. Unschooling is a method of learning in which there is little adult direction. The child is open to explore his own interests. The present study characterized the teaching methods used by parents in the Northern Metro Atlanta area. Lastly, burnout among homeschoolers happens quite often. Fatigue and discouragement can set in rapidly when the desired results are not there. Some homeschoolers have found that teaching for six weeks and then taking a week off helps to beat the fatigue. Also, common-sense health habits are necessary for the body to work efficiently. Besides physical needs, some homeschoolers find time alone for spiritual renewing to keep their balance. (Miller 1999). Metro Atlanta homeschool educators are not immune from burnout. This study sought the methods used to create balance in the parent- homeschooler’s life. Method Participants and Design There were 40 participants in this study, each of which was the primary home educator in the family. 1 All participants were from one of the northern Metro Atlanta counties. Race, education level, religious affiliation, political party, county of residence, and family income level were relevant to this study, but age and gender were not relevant. 1 One participant reported that she, another female, and one male were life partnered and shared equally in homeschooling. Page 7 of 19 PSY2061 Research Methods Lab © 2013 South University The study employed a questionnaire designed to obtain demographic information on the participants, the reasons homeschooling was chosen, the preferred teaching method, rewards and challenges of both the teaching method and of homeschooling overall, and how balance was achieved. Distribution was accomplished by hand and via e-mail. Procedure A two-page questionnaire was constructed (see Appendix A). In lieu of a consent form, a preamble at the top of the survey stated the purpose of the survey. Further, to deter any participant from feeling threatened about the intent of the survey, the participants were informed that the study was being performed under the direction of the researcher’s college professor, herself a homeschooling parent, thus setting a nonthreatening stage. The preamble also stated that the study was voluntary and anonymous. The first section of the questionnaire asked for demographic information: gender, marital status, race, years of college for adults, county of residence, religious affiliation, political party, ages of children being homeschooled, grade equivalent for each child, and the family’s annual household income. It was emphasized to participants that the question seeking household income was optional; however, any and all questions were optional. The next section of the questionnaire listed fifteen (15) common reasons for homeschooling. 2 (See Appendix A.) The participants were asked to check the reason or reasons that applied to their family and were asked to rate the reasons as 1st, 2nd, or 3rd if more than one. A space was also provided to explain any reason not included in the list. The next section of the survey inquired into teaching methods. The participants were asked to choose the method typically used: 1) mix of preset curriculum and own design; 2) strictly preset curriculum; or 3) “unschooling” method, and were then asked to comment on the rewards and challenges of the method. This section also asked the Page 8 of 19 PSY2061 Research Methods Lab © 2013 South University participant to list any groups, activities, or classes the homeschooled child attends; however, this information was later determined not to be relevant for this study and therefore not analyzed. The last set of questions asked for the participant’s opinion regarding the overall rewards and challenges of homeschooling and asked how the primary homeschooling parent kept balance in his/her life. 2 The list of common reasons was obtained from a study by Kurt J. Bauman of the U. S. Census Bureau titled “Home Schooling in the United States: Trends Page 9 of 19 PSY2061 Research Methods Lab © 2013 South University To reduce the risk of any emotional upset, the participants were also given a contact phone number for questions. They were also given the opportunity to obtain the results by requesting the results on the completed questionnaire. Further, debriefing was offered through an invitation to attend a presentation of the results. Participants were solicited by posting messages on three homeschooling networks in North Atlanta and by handing them out at two homeschooling events attended by the assisting professor. Being a member of AAEN (Atlanta Alternative Education Network), the assisting professor posted a message on that website’s message board. A list of Georgia’s homeschooling groups found at the Georgia Home Educator’s Association Web site (www.ghea.org) provided the contacts for the other two networks, GHEIN (Georgia Home Education Inclusive Network) and C.H.E.E.R. (Christian Homeschooling Encouragement and Education Resource). The message posted sought volunteers to participate in this survey of homeschooling trends. Those interested sent an e-mail to the researcher expressing an interest. The researcher e- mailed the two-page questionnaire the same day to the participant. The participant then had the opportunity to either and Characteristics” (Bauman 2002). The format was altered to include a ranking column and the table format of the chart was adjusted for clarity. Page 10 of 19 PSY2061 Research Methods Lab © 2013 South University fax the completed survey back to the researcher or mail it to the researcher’s home. For those questionnaires handed out at the homeschooling events, a preaddressed envelope, including the college’s return mail address, was provided. No postage was paid, but anonymity was a priority. The cutoff date for receiving completed questionnaires was five weeks from commencement. As the completed surveys were received, they were assigned an identification number. Each response field on the survey was then given an 8-letter code name and a chart was created to code the data. For open-ended questions, the answers were analyzed for trends in response and categories for the responses were determined. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies, means, and standard deviations, were obtained. The only fields analyzed further than obtaining the frequency of occurrence were the number of children homeschooled, the oldest child being homeschooled, and the highest grade level. These fields also were analyzed for the mean and standard deviation. A copy of the code sheet with response choices is attached as Appendix B and the open-ended category responses are attached as Appendix C. Discussion Page 11 of 19 PSY2061 Research Methods Lab © 2013 South University The present findings strongly show that the number one reason families in Northern Metro Atlanta choose to homeschool is a belief that they can give their child a better education at home. Similarly, the desire for quality in education and child-centered education is also the number one reason among the homeschooling families nationwide. In analyzing the data related to reasons, there was a concern that the improper use of the word “rate” instead of “rank” in the instructions for ranking the reasons in order of importance may have caused confusion. Because the percentage ranking “better education at home” was so high, this concern was dismissed. For those who may have been confused or did not follow directions, the answers were coded as invalid and not analyzed. Further, the remaining descriptive statistical findings indicate that these homeschooling families fall right in line demographically with the national trends—white, religious, conservative, educated, married, with no significance difference in annual income and on average, homeschooling two children. Even though the demographics of the subject area are similar, given that this was a very narrow study, with only 40 participants out of thousands in the pool and the participants self-selecting to participate in the study, the results cannot be generalized to the whole Northern Metro Atlanta area. Page 12 of 19 PSY2061 Research Methods Lab © 2013 South University Although the idea that targeting networks of homeschoolers would decrease the lack of trust and unwillingness to participate found in previous studies was a valid thought, for this study the number of participants was disappointing. Perhaps the timing of the study, end of spring, and typically the end of the school year, was not ideal for soliciting participation. There may have been an air of “burnout” and uninterest at that time of year and for that reason this researcher would recommend distributing future surveys at a different time of year. It can also be said that given the choice to participate or not is not a random sampling of the homeschooling population. Indeed, the optimistic, passionate expressions revealed on the surveys are hopefully typical of all homeschooling families, but this researcher believes only the passionate would elect to participate. The qualitative analysis of the responses to the open-ended questions (rewards/challenges/balance) was a huge task for a novice researcher. A seasoned researcher may have been better able to categorize the responses more succinctly. However, with this study as a guide, a recommendation for future studies would be to list suggested rewards, challenges, and ways of creating balance so that descriptive statistics could be obtained for that data as well. Page 13 of 19 PSY2061 Research Methods Lab © 2013 South University All in all, although small in size, this research study was helpful in realizing the characteristics and trends of some homeschoolers in Northern Metro Atlanta and, more importantly, relayed the passion and commitment of these parents. A new respect for this sector of society is deservedly earned. Statistical Findings Demographics To analyze the results of the demographic section of the survey, the frequency was calculated for each response. The marital status of the participants was married for 37 out of 40, or 92.5\%. The other categories of separated, divorced, or life partnered were equally split at 2.5\%. The ethnic group for 36 participants, or 90\%, was Caucasian. Blacks and Hispanics were represented by one participant in each ethnic group, or 2.5\% of the total. The remaining 5\% was classified as “other.” Most frequently the home educator’s own education level was that of a college graduate. Forty-seven and a half percent (47.5\%) of the participants were college graduates. Thirty percent (30\%) had some college and 22.5\% had years of education beyond a 4-year degree. The participants were widely scattered among the northern Atlanta counties with 23.1\% in Gwinnett County, 20.5\% in DeKalb Page 14 of 19 PSY2061 Research Methods Lab © 2013 South University County, 17.9\% in Cobb County, 12.8\% in Forsyth County, 7.7\% in Fulton, 5.1\% in Cherokee, and 12.8\% from other nearby counties. One participant did not list a county of residence. Religious affiliation was split with 62.5\% Protestant, 7.5\% Catholic, and 30\% categorized as “other.” It should be noted that “other” included no religious affiliation as well as Eastern religions. The political affiliation of the participants was heavily Republican. Sixty-two and a half percent (62.5\%) reported that they were Republican, while only 10\% reported being Democrats. Five participants (12.5\%) were Libertarian, one participant (2.5\%) was an Independent, and five (12.5\%) reported being nonpartisan. The number of children being homeschooled ranged from 1 to 4, with the largest percentage, 42.5\% teaching two children at home. The next frequent number of children being homeschooled was one. Thirty-five percent (35\%) were homeschooling a single child. Remarkably, 20\% were homeschooling three children and one participant (2.5\%) was homeschooling four children. The average number of children being homeschooled was 1.9 and the standard deviation was .810. The survey asked for the ages of the children being homeschooled but for this study only the oldest child was analyzed. The ages ranged from 4 to 17, with the most frequent age being 11. The average age of the oldest child was 9.55 and the standard deviation was 3.146. Fifteen percent of the oldest child category were 11 years old. In descending order according to frequency, the remaining results were as follows: 12.5\%, 9 years old; 12.5\%, 6 years old; 10\%, 7 years old; 10\% 6 years old; 7.5\%, 13 years old; 7.5\%, 12 years old; 7.5\%, 10 years old, 5\%, 5 years Page 15 of 19 PSY2061 Research Methods Lab © 2013 South University old; and 2.5\%, 4, 14, 15, 16, or 17 years old. Likewise, although the survey asked for the grade level of the children, for purposes of this study only the oldest grade was analyzed. The average highest grade level was fourth grade and the standard deviation was 3.108. The frequency results were as follows: 5\% were at the kindergarten level; 20\% were at the first grade level; 7.5\% were at the second grade level; 12.5\% were at the third grade level; 12.5\% were at the fourth grade level; 7.5\% were at the fifth grade level; 12.5\% were at the sixth grade level; 7.5\% were at the seventh grade level; 7.5\% were at the eighth grade level; 5\% were at the eleventh grade level; and 2.5\% was at the twelfth grade level. The annual family income was an optional question. Thirty-eight of the 40 participants responded to that question. Those responses were quite evenly split with 25\% being between $25,000–$49,000; 22.5\% being between $50,000–$74,000; 22.5\% being between $75,000– $99,000; and 25\% being over $100,000. Reasons To analyze the results of the reasons for choosing homeschooling section of the survey, the frequency was calculated for each of the 15 given reasons. Of those given reasons, the 40 participants selected reasons with the following frequency: REASONS FREQUENCY Can give better education at home 33 Religious reasons 13 Poor learning environment fourteen Object to what school teaches 14 School does not challenge child twelve Family reasons 9 Child has special needs/disability six To develop character/morality 28 Other problem w/available school five Student behavioral problems two Want private school/cannot afford it 6 Child has temporary illness zero Parent’s career zero Page 16 of 19 PSY2061 Research Methods Lab © 2013 South University Transportation/distance/convenience 2 Could not get into desired school one The given reasons were ranked as first, second, or third choice. If the participant chose not to rank the reasons, the answer was coded with 999. If the participant used first, second, or third more than once, the answer was coded as invalid and 998 was entered. Thirty percent (30\%) of the responses ranking the reasons listed Can give child better education at home as the number one reason for choosing homeschooling. The number two reason for choosing homeschooling was the same response, and the third place ranking was Poor learning environment at school. See Appendix D. Only 9 participants listed an additional/different reason with no two answers the same. The different reasons listed were safety, family, food allergies, gifted child, children should be with parents, school hours too long, not a second choice, grew up wanting to homeschool, and freedom. Teaching Method and Rewards/Challenges There was no question that the mixed teaching method was the favorite method with 90\% of the participants choosing that method. Seven and one-half percent (7.5\%) of the participants chose the preset method and just one or 2.5\% of the participants used the unschooling method. The rewards and challenges were asked for both the method used and also homeschooling overall. The most popular method being the mixed design, it was not unexpected that the reward most often cited was “flexibility” (44\%). Next in line was “variety” with 13.9\% and “seeing the child’s ability to learn increase” was third with 11\%. The most challenging aspects of the chosen method were equally divided among three challenges all relating to time: time element, time to prepare, and Page 17 of 19 PSY2061 Research Methods Lab © 2013 South University designing curriculum. Each were given as a response 13.6\% of the time. The most prevalent overall reward was a tie at 17.5\% for both “time together” and “raising own child.” And, the most cited challenge of homeschooling as a whole was— patience! Balance Maintaining balance in the homeschooler’s life was not only difficult to categorize but also difficult for most homeschoolers to achieve. Thirty two and a half percent (32.5\%) of the participants could not give a valid method of relaxing or breaking away from the parent/teacher role. However, a larger total percentage found balance in support from friends (25\%) and in involvement in outside interests (25\%). Page 18 of 19 PSY2061 Research Methods Lab © 2013 South University References Anderson, B.C. 2000. An A for home schooling. City Journal. Retrieved March 12, 2004, from http://www.cityjournal.org/html/10_3_an_a_for_home.html Bauman, K. J. (2002, May 16). Home schooling in the United States: Trends and Characteristics. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 10/26). Retrieved March 12, 2004 from http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v10n26.html Bielick, S., Chandler, K. and Broughman, S. “Homeschooling in the United States: 1999.” NCES Technical Report, 2001-033. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2001. http://nces.ed.gov/ pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2001033 dodd, d. a. (2003, August 22). The rise of homeschooling: thousands take the opportunity to tailor their children’s education. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Gwinnett Section, p. JJ1. Georgia Department of Education (2004). Untitled. Atlanta, Georgia. Received March 15, 2004. Kleist-Tesch, J. M. (1998). Homeschoolers and the Public Library. Journal of Youth Services in Libraries. Page 19 of 19 PSY2061 Research Methods Lab © 2013 South University Lines, P. “Homeschooling Comes of Age.” The Public Interest 140 (2000a): 74-85. EJ 609 191. http://www.discovery.org/viewDB/ index.php3?program=Misc\%26command=view\%26id=2 Lines, P. (1999). “Homeschoolers: Estimating Numbers and Growth.” Web edition. Washington, D.C.: Office of Education Research and Improvement, U. S. Department of Education. Miller, C. (1999. “Beating Homeschool Burnout.” Classical Christian Homeschooling. http://www.classicalhomeschooling.org /homeschooling/burnout.html Tofig, Dana (2003, August 26). Georgia ranks 50 th in SAT scores for second straight year. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. http://www.ajc.com/metro/content/metro/0803/26satga.html