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Discussion 1:  ONE COPY Answer the following questions 1. What are Object-Oriented Concepts 2. What is Use Case Modeling and UML 3. What is an Activity Diagram - what would it look like when documenting the activities in Washing a Car or Fast-Food Purchases?  400 words apa  plagiarism  grammar Discussion 2 : ONE COPY Answer the following questions  4. What is a Sequence Diagram - what would it look like when documenting the sequences in Washing a Car or Fast-Food Purchases? 5. What is a Communication/Collaboration Diagram - what would it look like when documenting the communications between players when Washing a Car or Fast-Food Purchases? 6. What is a StateChart Diagram? apa  400 words. plagiarism  grammar System s A nalysis and D esign K enneth E. K endall Julie E. K endall T E N T H E D IT IO N GLOBAL EDITION GLOBAL EDITION This is a special edition of an established title widely used by colleges and universities throughout the world. Pearson published this exclusive edition for the benefit of students outside the United States and Canada. If you purchased this book within the United States or Canada, you should be aware that it has been imported without the approval of the Publisher or Author. G L O B A L E D IT IO N The tenth edition of Systems Analysis and Design presents the latest systems development methods, techniques, and tools in a clear, concise, and engag- ing manner. Designed to help the reader visually capture a system, the book demonstrates how meaningful information systems can be created through the creative application of concepts and rules. The book also presents the following pedagogical features that enable stu- dents to apply key concepts to real-world situations: • Consulting Opportunities are minicases that address and encourage in-depth discussions of significant and emerging topics in information systems. • Stylized visual aids such as conceptual diagrams, computer displays, and paperforms are designed to aid students in understanding complex subject matter. • HyperCase 2.10 is Web-based, interactive software that presents an original vir- tual organization in a colorful, three-dimensional graphics environment that allows students to immerse themselves in organizational life. • HyperCase Experiences are challenging exercises in each chapter that help students solve difficult organizational problems such as the development of new systems, the merging of departments, the hiring of employees, security, ecommerce, and disaster recovery planning. Kenneth E. Kendall • Julie E. Kendall Systems Analysis and Design TENTH EDITION Kendall_10_1292281456_Final.indd 1 06/08/19 3:06 PM 1 SYSTEMS, ROLES, AND DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGIES 1.1 Healthy Hiring: Ecommerce Help Wanted 41 2 UNDERSTANDING AND MODELING ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS 2.1 The E in Vitamin E Stands for Ecommerce 59 2.2 Where There’s Carbon, There’s a Copy 78 2.3 Pyramid Power 79 3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT 3.1 The Sweetest Sound I’ve Ever Sipped 88 3.2 Veni, Vidi, Vendi, or, “I Came, I Saw, I Sold” 100 3.3 We’re Off to See the Wizards 104 3.4 Food for Thought 109 3.5 Goal Tending 126 4 INFORMATION GATHERING: INTERACTIVE METHODS 4.1 Strengthening Your Question Types 146 4.2 Skimming the Surface 149 4.3 A Systems Analyst, I Presume? 155 4.4 The Unbearable Questionnaire 159 4.5 Order in the Courts 162 5 INFORMATION GATHERING: UNOBTRUSIVE METHODS 5.1 Trapping a Sample 174 5.2 A Rose by Any Other Name...Or Quality, Not Quantities 176 6 AGILE MODELING, PROTOTYPING, AND SCRUM 6.1 Is Prototyping King? 195 6.2 Clearing the Way for Customer Links 198 6.3 To Hatch a Fish 204 6.4 This Prototype Is All Wet 206 7 USING DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS 7.1 There’s No Business Like Flow Business 249 8 ANALYZING SYSTEMS USING DATA DICTIONARIES 8.1 Want to Make It Big in the Theatre? Improve Your Diction(ary)! 267 9 PROCESS SPECIFICATIONS AND STRUCTURED DECISIONS 9.1 Kit Chen Kaboodle, Inc. 280 9.2 Kneading Structure 284 9.3 Saving a Cent on Citron Car Rental 289 9.4 A Tree for Free 293 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITIES Kendall_10_1292281456_ifc_Final.indd 1 31/07/19 4:02 PM 10 OBJECT-ORIENTED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN USING UML 10.1 Around the World in 80 Objects 302 10.2 Recycling the Programming Environment 312 10.3 Developing a Fine System That Was Long Overdue: Using Object-Oriented Analysis for the Ruminski Public Library System 332 10.4 C-Shore++ 335 11 DESIGNING EFFECTIVE OUTPUT 11.1 Your Cage or Mine? 344 11.2 A Right Way, a Wrong Way, and a Subway 346 11.3 Should This Chart Be Barred? 349 11.4 Is Your Work a Grind? 357 11.5 A Field Day 362 12 DESIGNING EFFECTIVE INPUT 12.1 This Form May Be Hazardous to Your Health 388 12.2 Squeezin’ Isn’t Pleasin’ 389 13 DESIGNING DATABASES 13.1 Hitch Your Cleaning Cart to a Star 410 13.2 Storing Minerals for Health, Data for Mining 436 13.3 Losing Prospects 438 14 HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION AND UX DESIGN 14.1 School Spirit Comes in Many Sizes 453 14.2 I’d Rather Do It Myself 454 14.3 Don’t Slow Me Down 455 14.4 Waiting to Be Fed 466 14.5 When You Run A Marathon, It Helps to Know Where You’re Going 470 14.6 Hey, Look Me Over (Reprise) 477 15 DESIGNING ACCURATE DATA ENTRY PROCEDURES 15.1 It’s a Wilderness in Here 492 15.2 Catching a Summer Code 494 15.3 To Enter or Not to Enter: That Is the Question 501 16 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND IMPLEMENTATION 16.1 The Quality of MIS Is Not Strained 516 16.2 Write Is Right 521 16.3 Cramming for Your Systems Test 525 16.4 You Can Lead a Fish to Water…But You Can’t Make It Drink 536 16.5 The Sweet Smell of Success 543 16.6 Mopping Up with the New System 546 A01_KEND1452_10_GE_FM.indd 1 06/08/19 4:36 PM Introductory MIS Experiencing MIS, 8/e Kroenke & Boyle ©2020 Using MIS, 10/e Kroenke & Boyle ©2018 Management Information Systems, 16/e Laudon & Laudon ©2020 Essentials of MIS, 13/e Laudon & Laudon ©2019 Processes, Systems, and Information: An Introduction to MIS, 3/e McKinney & Kroenke ©2019 Information Systems Today, 8/e Valacich & Schneider ©2018 Introduction to Information Systems, 3/e Wallace ©2018 Database Hands-on Database, 2/e Conger ©2014 Modern Database Management, 13/e Hoffer, Ramesh & Topi ©2020 Database Concepts, 8/e Kroenke, Auer, Vandenberg & Yoder ©2018 Database Processing, 15/e Kroenke, Auer, Vandenberg & Yoder ©2019 Systems Analysis and Design Modern Systems Analysis and Design, 8/e Hoffer, George & Valacich ©2017 Decision Support Systems Business Intelligence, Analytics, and Data Science, 4/e Sharda, Delen & Turban ©2018 Business Intelligence and Analytics: Systems for Decision Support, 10/e Sharda, Delen & Turban ©2014 Data Communications & Networking Applied Networking Labs, 2/e Boyle ©2014 Digital Business Networks Dooley ©2014 Business Data Networks and Security, 11/e Panko & Panko ©2019 Electronic Commerce E-commerce 2019: Business. Technology. Society, 15/e Laudon & Traver ©2020 Enterprise Resource Planning Enterprise Systems for Management, 2/e Motiwalla & Thompson ©2012 Project Management Project Management: Process, Technology and Practice Vaidyanathan ©2013 OTHER MIS TITLES OF INTEREST A00_KEND5554_10_SE_IFC.indd 1 07/12/17 3:30 pmA01_KEND1452_10_GE_FM.indd 2 06/08/19 4:36 PM SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN A01_KEND1452_10_GE_FM.indd 3 06/08/19 4:36 PM This page is intentionally left blank. Kenneth E. Kendall RUTGERS UNIVERSITY School of Business–Camden Camden, New Jersey Julie E. Kendall RUTGERS UNIVERSITY School of Business–Camden Camden, New Jersey SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN T E N T H E D I T I O N G L O B A L E D I T I O N Harlow, England • London • New York • Boston • San Francisco • Toronto • Sydney • Dubai • Singapore • Hong Kong Tokyo • Seoul • Taipei • New Delhi • Cape Town • Sao Paulo • Mexico City • Madrid • Amsterdam • Munich • Paris • Milan A01_KEND1452_10_GE_FM.indd 5 06/08/19 4:36 PM Vice President, IT & Careers: Andrew Gilfillan Senior Portfolio Manager: Samantha Lewis Managing Producer: Laura Burgess Associate Content Producer: Stephany Harrington Portfolio Management Assistant: Madeline Houpt Assistant Acquisitions Editor, Global Edition: Rosemary Iles Associate Project Editor, Global Edition: Aurko Mitra Content Producer, Global Edition: Sonam Arora Director of Product Marketing: Brad Parkins Product Marketing Manager: Heather Taylor Product Marketing Assistant: Jesika Bethea Field Marketing Manager: Molly Schmidt Field Marketing Assistant: Kelli Fisher Cover Image: LIUSHENGFILM/Shutterstock Vice President, Product Model Management: Jason Fournier Senior Product Model Manager: Eric Hakanson Lead, Production and Digital Studio: Heather Darby Digital Studio Course Producer: Jaimie Noy Media Production Manager, Global Edition: Vikram Kumar Senior Manufacturing Controller, Global Edition: Kay Holman Program Monitor: Freddie Domini, SPi Global Full-Service Project Management: Cenveo® Publisher Services Cover Designer, Global Edition: Lumina Datamatics Inc. 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Pearson Education Limited KAO Two KAO Park Hockham Way Harlow Essex CM17 9SR United Kingdom and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsonglobaleditions.com © Pearson Education Limited 2020 The rights of Kenneth E. Kendall and Julie E. Kendall to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Systems Analysis and Design, 10th Edition, ISBN 978-0-13-478555-4, by Kenneth E. Kendall and Julie E. Kendall, published by Pearson Education © 2019. All rights reserved. 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The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners. ISBN 10: 1-292-28145-6 ISBN 13: 978-1-292-28145-2 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Typeset by Cenveo® Publisher Services A01_KEND1452_10_GE_FM.indd 6 06/08/19 4:36 PM http://www.pearsonglobaleditions.com http://www.pearsoned.com/permissions/ To the memory of Julia A. Kendall and Edward J. Kendall, whose lifelong example of working together will inspire us forever. A01_KEND1452_10_GE_FM.indd 7 06/08/19 4:36 PM This page is intentionally left blank. PART I SYSTEMS ANALYSIS FUNDAMENTALS 1 SYSTEMS, ROLES, AND DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGIES 39 2 UNDERSTANDING AND MODELING ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS 57 3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT 86 PART II INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS 4 INFORMATION GATHERING: INTERACTIVE METHODS 141 5 INFORMATION GATHERING: UNOBTRUSIVE METHODS 170 6 AGILE MODELING, PROTOTYPING, AND SCRUM 193 PART III THE ANALYSIS PROCESS 7 USING DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS 225 8 ANALYZING SYSTEMS USING DATA DICTIONARIES 255 9 PROCESS SPECIFICATIONS AND STRUCTURED DECISIONS 279 10 OBJECT-ORIENTED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN USING UML 299 PART IV THE ESSENTIALS OF DESIGN 11 DESIGNING EFFECTIVE OUTPUT 339 12 DESIGNING EFFECTIVE INPUT 381 13 DESIGNING DATABASES 409 14 HUMAN–COMPUTER INTERACTION AND UX DESIGN 448 PART V QUALITY ASSURANCE AND IMPLEMENTATION 15 DESIGNING ACCURATE DATA ENTRY PROCEDURES 485 16 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND IMPLEMENTATION 512 GLOSSARY 553 ACRONYMS 561 INDEX 563 9 BRIEF CONTENTS A01_KEND1452_10_GE_FM.indd 9 06/08/19 4:36 PM This page is intentionally left blank. PART I SYSTEMS ANALYSIS FUNDAMENTALS 39 1 SYSTEMS, ROLES, AND DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGIES 39 Need for Systems Analysis and Design 40 Roles of a Systems Analyst 40 Systems Analyst as Consultant 40 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 1.1 Healthy Hiring: Ecommerce Help Wanted 41 Systems Analyst as Supporting Expert 41 / Systems Analyst as Agent of Change 41 / Qualities of a Systems Analyst 42 The Systems Development Life Cycle 42 Identifying Problems, Opportunities, and Objectives 43 / Determining Human Information Requirements 43 / Analyzing System Needs 44 MAC APPEAL 44 Designing the Recommended System 45 / Developing and Documenting Software 45 / Testing and Maintaining the System 45 / Implementing and Evaluating the System 45 / The Impact of Maintenance 46 / Using CASE Tools 47 The Agile Approach 48 Exploration 49 / Planning 49 / Iterations to the First Release 50 / Productionizing 50 / Maintenance 50 Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design 50 Object-Oriented Similarities to SDLC 50 Choosing Which Systems Development Method to Use 52 Developing Open Source Software 53 Why Organizations Participate in Open Source Communities 53 / The Role of the Analyst in Open Source Software 53 HYPERCASE EXPERIENCE 1 54 SUMMARY 54 KEYWORDS AND PHRASES 55 REVIEW QUESTIONS 55 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 56 2 UNDERSTANDING AND MODELING ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS 57 Organizations as Systems 58 Interrelatedness and Interdependence of Systems 58 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 2.1 The E in Vitamin E Stands for Ecommerce 59 Virtual Organizations and Virtual Teams 59 / Taking a Systems Perspective 60 / Enterprise Systems: Viewing the Organization as a System 60 Depicting Systems Graphically 62 Systems and the Context-Level Data Flow Diagram 62 / Systems and the Entity-Relationship Model 63 11 CONTENTS A01_KEND1452_10_GE_FM.indd 11 06/08/19 4:36 PM 12 C O N T E N T S Use Case Modeling 68 MAC APPEAL 69 Use Case Symbols 70 / Use Case Relationships 70 / Developing System Scope 71 / Developing Use Case Diagrams 72 / Developing Use Case Scenarios 72 / Use Case Levels 72 / Creating Use Case Descriptions 76 / Why Use Case Diagrams Are Helpful 77 Levels of Management 77 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 2.2 Where There’s Carbon, There’s a Copy 78 Implications for Information Systems Development 78 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 2.3 Pyramid Power 79 Collaborative Design 79 Organizational Culture 80 Technology’s Impact on Culture 80 HYPERCASE EXPERIENCE 2 81 SUMMARY 82 KEYWORDS AND PHRASES 82 REVIEW QUESTIONS 82 PROBLEMS 83 GROUP PROJECTS 84 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 85 3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT 86 Project Initiation 87 Problems in an Organization 87 / Defining the Problem 87 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 3.1 The Sweetest Sound I’ve Ever Sipped 88 Selection of Projects 91 Determining Feasibility 92 Determining Whether It Is Possible 92 / Estimating Workloads 93 Ascertaining Hardware and Software Needs 94 Inventorying Computer Hardware 94 / Evaluating Computer Hardware for Purchase 96 / Renting Time and Space in the Cloud 96 / Evaluation of Vendor Support for Computer Hardware 98 / Understanding the Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) Option 98 / Creating Custom Software 99 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 3.2 Veni, Vidi, Vendi, or, “I Came, I Saw, I Sold” 100 Purchasing COTS Software 100 / Using the Services of a SaaS Provider 101 / Evaluation of Vendor Support for Software and SaaS 102 Identifying, Forecasting, and Comparing Costs and Benefits 103 Forecasting 103 / Identifying Benefits and Costs 103 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 3.3 We’re Off to See the Wizards 104 Comparing Costs and Benefits 105 Managing Time and Activities 106 The Work Breakdown Structure 106 / Time Estimation Techniques 107 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 3.4 Food for Thought 109 Project Scheduling 109 Using Gantt Charts for Project Scheduling 110 / Using PERT Diagrams 111 A01_KEND1452_10_GE_FM.indd 12 06/08/19 4:36 PM C O N T E N T S 13 Controlling a Project 114 Estimating Costs and Preparing the Budget 114 MAC APPEAL 115 Managing Risk 116 / Managing Time Using Expediting 117 / Controlling Costs Using Earned Value Management 119 Managing the Project Team 122 Assembling a Team 122 / Communication Strategies for Managing Teams 122 HYPERCASE EXPERIENCE 3.1 123 Setting Project Productivity Goals 124 / Motivating Project Team Members 124 / Managing Ecommerce Projects 124 / Creating a Project Charter 125 The Systems Proposal 125 What to Include in a Systems Proposal 125 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 3.5 Goal Tending 126 Using Figures for Effective Communication 127 HYPERCASE EXPERIENCE 3.2 130 SUMMARY 130 KEYWORDS AND PHRASES 132 REVIEW QUESTIONS 132 PROBLEMS 133 GROUP PROJECTS 138 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 138 PART II INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS 141 4 INFORMATION GATHERING: INTERACTIVE METHODS 141 Interviewing 142 Five Steps in Interview Preparation 142 / Question Types 143 / Arranging Questions in a Logical Sequence 145 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 4.1 Strengthening Your Question Types 146 Writing the Interview Report 148 Listening to Stories 148 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 4.2 Skimming the Surface 149 Stories Are Made Up of Elements 149 / Reasons for Telling Stories 151 Joint Application Design 151 Conditions That Support the Use of JAD 152 / Who Is Involved? 152 / Where to Hold JAD Meetings 152 HYPERCASE EXPERIENCE 4.1 153 Accomplishing a Structured Analysis of Project Activities 153 / Potential Benefits of Using JAD in Place of Traditional Interviewing 154 / Potential Drawbacks of Using JAD 154 Using Questionnaires 154 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 4.3 A Systems Analyst, I Presume? 155 Planning for the Use of Questionnaires 155 / Writing Questions 155 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 4.4 The Unbearable Questionnaire 159 Designing Questionnaires 160 / Administering Questionnaires 161 A01_KEND1452_10_GE_FM.indd 13 06/08/19 4:36 PM 14 C O N T E N T S CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 4.5 Order in the Courts 162 HYPERCASE EXPERIENCE 4.2 163 SUMMARY 163 KEYWORDS AND PHRASES 164 REVIEW QUESTIONS 165 PROBLEMS 165 GROUP PROJECTS 168 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 169 5 INFORMATION GATHERING: UNOBTRUSIVE METHODS 170 Sampling 171 The Need for Sampling 171 / Sampling Design 171 / The Sample Size Decision 173 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 5.1 Trapping a Sample 174 Analyzing Quantitative Documents 175 Systematically Examining Qualitative Documents 175 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 5.2 A Rose by Any Other Name . . . Or Quality, Not Quantities 176 Analyzing Qualitative Documents 179 Systematically Examining Qualitative Documents 179 HYPERCASE EXPERIENCE 5.1 180 Using Text Analytics 181 Observing a Decision Maker’s Behavior 182 Observing a Typical Manager’s Decision-Making Activities 183 Observing the Physical Environment 184 Structured Observation of the Environment (STROBE) 184 MAC APPEAL 186 Applying STROBE 186 SUMMARY 187 HYPERCASE EXPERIENCE 5.2 188 KEYWORDS AND PHRASES 189 REVIEW QUESTIONS 189 PROBLEMS 189 GROUP PROJECTS 191 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 191 6 AGILE MODELING, PROTOTYPING, AND SCRUM 193 Prototyping 194 Kinds of Prototypes 194 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 6.1 Is Prototyping King? 195 The Users’ Role in Prototyping 196 Agile Modeling 196 Values and Principles of Agile Modeling 196 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 6.2 Clearing the Way for Customer Links 198 Activities, Resources, and Practices of Agile Modeling 199 / The Agile Development Process 203 A01_KEND1452_10_GE_FM.indd 14 06/08/19 4:36 PM C O N T E N T S 15 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 6.3 To Hatch a Fish 204 Scrum 205 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 6.4 This Prototype Is All Wet 206 Roles Played in Scrum 206 / The Product Backlog 207 / The Sprint Cycle 207 / Other Unique Scrum Features 208 / Kanban 210 / Scrum Advantages and Disadvantages 211 DevOps: A Cultural Shift for App Development 212 Comparing Agile Modeling and Structured Methods 213 Lessons Learned from Agile Modeling 213 / Improving Efficiency in Knowledge Work: SDLC versus Agile 214 MAC APPEAL 216 Risks Inherent in Organizational Innovation 218 HYPERCASE EXPERIENCE 6 220 SUMMARY 220 KEYWORDS AND PHRASES 221 REVIEW QUESTIONS 221 PROBLEMS 222 GROUP PROJECTS 223 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 224 PART III THE ANALYSIS PROCESS 225 7 USING DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS 225 The Data Flow Approach to Human Requirements Determination 226 Conventions Used in Data Flow Diagrams 226 Developing Data Flow Diagrams 227 Creating the Context Diagram 227 / Drawing Diagram 0 (The Next Level) 228 / Creating Child Diagrams (More Detailed Levels) 230 / Checking Diagrams for Errors 230 Logical and Physical Data Flow Diagrams 232 Developing Logical Data Flow Diagrams 235 / Developing Physical Data Flow Diagrams 236 / Partitioning Data Flow Diagrams 238 A Data Flow Diagram Example 240 Developing the List of Business Activities 241 / Creating a Context-Level Data Flow Diagram 241 / Drawing Diagram 0 241 / Creating a Child Diagram 242 / Creating a Physical Data Flow Diagram from the Logical DFD 242 / Partitioning the Physical DFD 244 Partitioning Websites 246 Communicating Using Data Flow Diagrams 247 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 7.1 There’s No Business Like Flow Business 249 HYPERCASE EXPERIENCE 7 250 SUMMARY 250 KEYWORDS AND PHRASES 251 REVIEW QUESTIONS 251 PROBLEMS 252 GROUP PROJECTS 253 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 254 A01_KEND1452_10_GE_FM.indd 15 06/08/19 4:36 PM 16 C O N T E N T S 8 ANALYZING SYSTEMS USING DATA DICTIONARIES 255 The Data Dictionary 256 Need for Understanding the Data Dictionary 256 The Data Repository 256 Defining the Data Flows 257 / Describing Data Structures 259 / Logical and Physical Data Structures 259 / Data Elements 261 / Data Stores 264 Creating a Data Dictionary 265 Analyzing Input and Output 265 / Developing Data Stores 266 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 8.1 Want to Make It Big in the Theatre? Improve Your Diction(ary)! 267 Using a Data Dictionary 268 Using Data Dictionaries to Create XML 270 / XML Document Type Definitions 272 / XML Schemas 273 HYPERCASE EXPERIENCE 8 274 SUMMARY 274 KEYWORDS AND PHRASES 275 REVIEW QUESTIONS 275 PROBLEMS 276 GROUP PROJECTS 278 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 278 9 PROCESS SPECIFICATIONS AND STRUCTURED DECISIONS 279 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 9.1 Kit Chen Kaboodle, Inc. 280 Overview of Process Specifications 280 Process Specification Format 281 Structured English 282 Writing Structured English 282 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 9.2 Kneading Structure 284 Data Dictionary and Process Specifications 285 Decision Tables 286 Developing Decision Tables 288 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 9.3 Saving a Cent on Citron Car Rental 289 Checking for Completeness and Accuracy 290 Decision Trees 292 Drawing Decision Trees 292 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 9.4 A Tree for Free 293 Choosing a Structured Decision Analysis Technique 294 SUMMARY 294 HYPERCASE EXPERIENCE 9 295 KEYWORDS AND PHRASES 295 REVIEW QUESTIONS 295 PROBLEMS 295 GROUP PROJECTS 297 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 298 A01_KEND1452_10_GE_FM.indd 16 06/08/19 4:36 PM C O N T E N T S 17 10 OBJECT-ORIENTED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN USING UML 299 Object-Oriented Concepts 300 Objects 300 / Classes 300 / Inheritance 301 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 10.1 Around the World in 80 Objects 302 CRC Cards and Object Think 302 Interacting During a CRC Session 304 Unified Modeling Language (UML) Concepts and Diagrams 304 Use Case Modeling 307 Activity Diagrams 309 Creating Activity Diagrams 311 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 10.2 Recycling the Programming Environment 312 Repository Entries for an Activity Diagram 312 Sequence and Communication Diagrams 313 Sequence Diagrams 313 / Communication Diagrams 315 Class Diagrams 316 Method Overloading 317 / Types of Classes 317 / Defining Messages and Methods 318 Enhancing Sequence Diagrams 318 A Class Example for the Web 319 / Presentation, Business, and Persistence Layers in Sequence Diagrams 321 Enhancing Class Diagrams 321 Relationships 322 / Generalization/Specialization (Gen/Spec) Diagrams 325 Statechart Diagrams 328 A State Transition Example 329 Packages and Other UML Artifacts 330 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 10.3 Developing a Fine System That Was Long Overdue: Using Object-Oriented Analysis for the Ruminski Public Library System 332 Putting UML to Work 332 The Importance of Using UML for Modeling 334 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 10.4 C-Shore++ 335 SUMMARY 335 HYPERCASE EXPERIENCE 10 336 KEYWORDS AND PHRASES 336 REVIEW QUESTIONS 337 PROBLEMS 337 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 338 PART IV THE ESSENTIALS OF DESIGN 339 11 DESIGNING EFFECTIVE OUTPUT 339 Output Design Objectives 340 Designing Output to Serve the Intended Purpose 340 / Designing Output to Fit the User 340 / Delivering the Appropriate Quantity of Output 340 / Making Sure the Output Is Where It Is Needed 340 / Providing Output on Time 340 / Choosing the Right Output Method 341 A01_KEND1452_10_GE_FM.indd 17 06/08/19 4:36 PM 18 C O N T E N T S Relating Output Content to Output Method 341 Output Technologies 341 / Factors to Consider When Choosing Output Technology 341 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 11.1 Your Cage or Mine? 344 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 11.2 A Right Way, a Wrong Way, and a Subway 346 Realizing How Output Bias Affects Users 347 Recognizing Bias in the Way Output Is Used 347 / Avoiding Bias in the Design of Output 348 Designing Printed Output 348 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 11.3 Should This Chart Be Barred? 349 Designing Output for Displays 350 Guidelines for Display Design 350 / Using Graphical Output in Screen Design 351 / Dashboards 351 / Infographics 353 Designing a Website 354 Responsive Web Design 355 / Flat Web Design 355 / General Guidelines for Designing Websites 356 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 11.4 Is Your Work a Grind? 357 Specific Guidelines for Website Design 358 MAC APPEAL 360 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 11.5 A Field Day 362 Web 2.0 Technologies 362 Social Media Design 363 Guidelines for Social Media Design 364 Designing Apps for Smartphones and Tablets 365 Set Up a Developer Account 366 / Choose a Development Process 366 / Be an Original 366 / Determine How You Will Price the App 366 / Follow the Rules 367 / Design Your Icon 367 / Choose an Appropriate Name for the App 367 / Design for a Variety of Devices 367 / Design the Output for the App 368 / Design the Output a Second Time for a Different Orientation 369 / Share a Prototype of Your Work 369 / Design the App’s Logic 369 / Design Movement 370 / Create the User Interface Using Gestures 370 / Protect Your Intellectual Property 370 / Market Your App 371 Output Production and XML 371 Ajax 373 HYPERCASE EXPERIENCE 11 374 SUMMARY 374 KEYWORDS AND PHRASES 375 REVIEW QUESTIONS 375 PROBLEMS 376 GROUP PROJECTS 379 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 380 12 DESIGNING EFFECTIVE INPUT 381 Good Form Design 382 Making Forms Easy to Fill In 382 / Meeting the Intended Purpose 385 / Ensuring Accurate Completion 385 / Keeping Forms Attractive 385 / Controlling Business Forms 385 A01_KEND1452_10_GE_FM.indd 18 06/08/19 4:36 PM C O N T E N T S 19 Good Display and Web Forms Design 386 Keeping the Display Simple 386 / Keeping the Display Consistent 387 / Facilitating Movement 387 / Designing an Attractive and Pleasing Display 387 / Using Icons in Display Design 387 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 12.1 This Form May Be Hazardous to Your Health 388 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITY 12.2 Squeezin’ Isn’t Pleasin’ 389 Graphical User Interface Design 389 / Form Controls and Values 392 / Hidden Fields 392 / Event-Response Charts 393 / Dynamic Web Pages 395 / Three-Dimensional Web Pages 395 / Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) 397 MAC APPEAL 399 Using Color in Display Design 399 Website Design 400 SUMMARY 402 HYPERCASE EXPERIENCE 12 403 KEYWORDS AND PHRASES 404 REVIEW QUESTIONS 404 PROBLEMS 405 GROUP …