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Paper Topic: On heroicShow the Machiavellian, The Prince, influence on Shakespeares King Lear, the characters and plot itself, and be careful not to analyze The Prince so much that there is no space for the play!4 pages, double spaced king_lear.pdf the_prince_by_nicolo_machiavelli.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview Folger Shakespeare Library http://www.folgerdigitaltexts.org Contents Front Matter From the Director of the Folger Shakespeare Library Textual Introduction Synopsis Characters in the Play ACT 1 Scene 1 Scene 2 Scene 3 Scene 4 Scene 5 ACT 2 Scene 1 Scene 2 Scene 3 Scene 4 ACT 3 Scene 1 Scene 2 Scene 3 Scene 4 Scene 5 Scene 6 Scene 7 ACT 4 Scene 1 Scene 2 Scene 3 Scene 4 Scene 5 Scene 6 Scene 7 ACT 5 Scene 1 Scene 2 Scene 3 From the Director of the Folger Shakespeare Library It is hard to imagine a world without Shakespeare. Since their composition four hundred years ago, Shakespeare’s plays and poems have traveled the globe, inviting those who see and read his works to make them their own. Readers of the New Folger Editions are part of this ongoing process of “taking up Shakespeare,” finding our own thoughts and feelings in language that strikes us as old or unusual and, for that very reason, new. We still struggle to keep up with a writer who could think a mile a minute, whose words paint pictures that shift like clouds. These expertly edited texts are presented to the public as a resource for study, artistic adaptation, and enjoyment. By making the classic texts of the New Folger Editions available in electronic form as Folger Digital Texts, we place a trusted resource in the hands of anyone who wants them. The New Folger Editions of Shakespeare’s plays, which are the basis for the texts realized here in digital form, are special because of their origin. The Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, DC, is the single greatest documentary source of Shakespeare’s works. An unparalleled collection of early modern books, manuscripts, and artwork connected to Shakespeare, the Folger’s holdings have been consulted extensively in the preparation of these texts. The Editions also reflect the expertise gained through the regular performance of Shakespeare’s works in the Folger’s Elizabethan Theater. I want to express my deep thanks to editors Barbara Mowat and Paul Werstine for creating these indispensable editions of Shakespeare’s works, which incorporate the best of textual scholarship with a richness of commentary that is both inspired and engaging. Readers who want to know more about Shakespeare and his plays can follow the paths these distinguished scholars have tread by visiting the Folger either in-person or online, where a range of physical and digital resources exists to supplement the material in these texts. I commend to you these words, and hope that they inspire. Michael Witmore Director, Folger Shakespeare Library Textual Introduction By Barbara Mowat and Paul Werstine Until now, with the release of the Folger Digital Texts, readers in search of a free online text of Shakespeare’s plays had to be content primarily with using the Moby™ Text, which reproduces a latenineteenth century version of the plays. What is the difference? Many ordinary readers assume that there is a single text for the plays: what Shakespeare wrote. But Shakespeare’s plays were not published the way modern novels or plays are published today: as a single, authoritative text. In some cases, the plays have come down to us in multiple published versions, represented by various Quartos (Qq) and by the great collection put together by his colleagues in 1623, called the First Folio (F). There are, for example, three very different versions of Hamlet, two of King Lear, Henry V, Romeo and Juliet, and others. Editors choose which version to use as their base text, and then amend that text with words, lines or speech prefixes from the other versions that, in their judgment, make for a better or more accurate text. Other editorial decisions involve choices about whether an unfamiliar word could be understood in light of other writings of the period or whether it should be changed; decisions about words that made it into Shakespeare’s text by accident through four hundred years of printings and misprinting; and even decisions based on cultural preference and taste. When the Moby™ Text was created, for example, it was deemed “improper” and “indecent” for Miranda to chastise Caliban for having attempted to rape her. (See The Tempest, 1.2: “Abhorred slave,/Which any print of goodness wilt not take,/Being capable of all ill! I pitied thee…”). All Shakespeare editors at the time took the speech away from her and gave it to her father, Prospero. The editors of the Moby™ Shakespeare produced their text long before scholars fully understood the proper grounds on which to make the thousands of decisions that Shakespeare editors face. The Folger Library Shakespeare Editions, on which the Folger Digital Texts depend, make this editorial process as nearly transparent as is possible, in contrast to older texts, like the Moby™, which hide editorial interventions. The reader of the Folger Shakespeare knows where the text has been altered because editorial interventions are signaled by square brackets (for example, from Othello: “ If she in chains of magic were not bound, ”), half-square brackets (for example, from Henry V: “With blood and sword and fire to win your right,”), or angle brackets (for example, from Hamlet: “O farewell, honest soldier. Who hath relieved/you?”). At any point in the text, you can hover your cursor over a bracket for more information. Because the Folger Digital Texts are edited in accord with twenty-first century knowledge about Shakespeare’s texts, the Folger here provides them to readers, scholars, teachers, actors, directors, and students, free of charge, confident of their quality as texts of the plays and pleased to be able to make this contribution to the study and enjoyment of Shakespeare. Synopsis King Lear dramatizes the story of an aged king of ancient Britain, whose plan to divide his kingdom among his three daughters ends tragically. When he tests each by asking how much she loves him, the older daughters, Goneril and Regan, flatter him. The youngest, Cordelia, does not, and Lear disowns and banishes her. She marries the king of France. Goneril and Regan turn on Lear, leaving him to wander madly in a furious storm. Meanwhile, the Earl of Gloucester’s illegitimate son Edmund turns Gloucester against his legitimate son, Edgar. Gloucester, appalled at the daughters’ treatment of Lear, gets news that a French army is coming to help Lear. Edmund betrays Gloucester to Regan and her husband, Cornwall, who puts out Gloucester’s eyes and makes Edmund the Earl of Gloucester. Cordelia and the French army save Lear, but the army is defeated. Edmund imprisons Cordelia and Lear. Edgar then mortally wounds Edmund in a trial by combat. Dying, Edmund confesses that he has ordered the deaths of Cordelia and Lear. Before they can be rescued, Lear brings in Cordelia’s body and then he himself dies. Characters in the Play LEAR, king of Britain GONERIL, Lear’s eldest daughter DUKE OF ALBANY, her husband OSWALD, her steward REGAN, Lear’s second daughter DUKE OF CORNWALL, her husband CORDELIA, Lear’s youngest daughter KING OF FRANCE, her suitor and then husband DUKE OF BURGUNDY, her suitor EARL OF KENT FOOL EARL OF GLOUCESTER EDGAR, his elder son EDMUND, his younger and illegitimate son CURAN, gentleman of Gloucester’s household OLD MAN, a tenant of Gloucester’s KNIGHT, serving Lear GENTLEMEN Three SERVANTS MESSENGERS DOCTOR CAPTAINS HERALD Knights in Lear’s train, Servants, Officers, Soldiers, Attendants, Gentlemen ACT 1 Scene 1 Enter Kent, Gloucester, and Edmund. FTLN 0001 FTLN 0002 FTLN 0003 FTLN 0004 FTLN 0005 FTLN 0006 FTLN 0007 FTLN 0008 FTLN 0009 FTLN 0010 FTLN 0011 FTLN 0012 FTLN 0013 FTLN 0014 FTLN 0015 FTLN 0016 FTLN 0017 FTLN 0018 FTLN 0019 FTLN 0020 FTLN 0021 FTLN 0022 FTLN 0023 I thought the King had more affected the Duke of Albany than Cornwall. GLOUCESTER It did always seem so to us, but now in the division of the kingdom, it appears not which of the dukes he values most, for equalities are so weighed that curiosity in neither can make choice of either’s moiety. KENT Is not this your son, my lord? GLOUCESTER His breeding, sir, hath been at my charge. I have so often blushed to acknowledge him that now I am brazed to ’t. KENT I cannot conceive you. GLOUCESTER Sir, this young fellow’s mother could, whereupon she grew round-wombed and had indeed, sir, a son for her cradle ere she had a husband for her bed. Do you smell a fault? KENT I cannot wish the fault undone, the issue of it being so proper. GLOUCESTER But I have a son, sir, by order of law, some year elder than this, who yet is no dearer in my account. Though this knave came something saucily to the world before he was sent for, yet was his mother fair, there was good sport at his making, 7 KENT 5 10 15 20 9 FTLN 0024 FTLN 0025 FTLN 0026 FTLN 0027 FTLN 0028 FTLN 0029 FTLN 0030 FTLN 0031 FTLN 0032 FTLN 0033 King Lear ACT 1. SC. 1 and the whoreson must be acknowledged.—Do you know this noble gentleman, Edmund? EDMUND No, my lord. GLOUCESTER My lord of Kent. Remember him hereafter as my honorable friend. EDMUND My services to your Lordship. KENT I must love you and sue to know you better. EDMUND Sir, I shall study deserving. GLOUCESTER He hath been out nine years, and away he shall again. (Sennet.) The King is coming. 25 30 Enter King Lear, Cornwall, Albany, Goneril, Regan, Cordelia, and Attendants. LEAR FTLN 0034 FTLN 0035 FTLN 0036 Attend the lords of France and Burgundy, Gloucester. GLOUCESTER I shall, my lord. 35 He exits. LEAR FTLN 0037 FTLN 0038 FTLN 0039 FTLN 0040 FTLN 0041 FTLN 0042 FTLN 0043 FTLN 0044 FTLN 0045 FTLN 0046 FTLN 0047 FTLN 0048 FTLN 0049 FTLN 0050 FTLN 0051 FTLN 0052 FTLN 0053 FTLN 0054 Meantime we shall express our darker purpose.— Give me the map there. He is handed a map. Know that we have divided In three our kingdom, and ’tis our fast intent To shake all cares and business from our age, Conferring them on younger strengths, while we Unburdened crawl toward death. Our son of Cornwall And you, our no less loving son of Albany, We have this hour a constant will to publish Our daughters’ several dowers, that future strife May be prevented now. The two great princes, France and Burgundy, Great rivals in our youngest daughter’s love, Long in our court have made their amorous sojourn And here are to be answered. Tell me, my daughters— Since now we will divest us both of rule, 40 45 50 11 FTLN 0055 FTLN 0056 FTLN 0057 FTLN 0058 FTLN 0059 King Lear Interest of territory, cares of state— Which of you shall we say doth love us most, That we our largest bounty may extend Where nature doth with merit challenge. Goneril, Our eldest born, speak first. ACT 1. SC. 1 55 GONERIL FTLN 0060 FTLN 0061 FTLN 0062 FTLN 0063 FTLN 0064 FTLN 0065 FTLN 0066 FTLN 0067 FTLN 0068 FTLN 0069 FTLN 0070 FTLN 0071 FTLN 0072 FTLN 0073 FTLN 0074 FTLN 0075 Sir, I love you more than word can wield the matter, Dearer than eyesight, space, and liberty, Beyond what can be valued, rich or rare, No less than life, with grace, health, beauty, honor; As much as child e’er loved, or father found; A love that makes breath poor, and speech unable. Beyond all manner of so much I love you. CORDELIA, aside What shall Cordelia speak? Love, and be silent. LEAR, pointing to the map Of all these bounds, even from this line to this, With shadowy forests and with champains riched, With plenteous rivers and wide-skirted meads, We make thee lady. To thine and Albany’s issue Be this perpetual.—What says our second daughter, Our dearest Regan, wife of Cornwall? Speak. 60 65 70 75 REGAN FTLN 0076 FTLN 0077 FTLN 0078 FTLN 0079 FTLN 0080 FTLN 0081 FTLN 0082 FTLN 0083 FTLN 0084 FTLN 0085 FTLN 0086 FTLN 0087 I am made of that self mettle as my sister And prize me at her worth. In my true heart I find she names my very deed of love; Only she comes too short, that I profess Myself an enemy to all other joys Which the most precious square of sense possesses, And find I am alone felicitate In your dear Highness’ love. CORDELIA, aside Then poor Cordelia! And yet not so, since I am sure my love’s More ponderous than my tongue. 80 85 13 King Lear ACT 1. SC. 1 LEAR FTLN 0088 FTLN 0089 FTLN 0090 FTLN 0091 FTLN 0092 FTLN 0093 FTLN 0094 FTLN 0095 FTLN 0096 FTLN 0097 FTLN 0098 To thee and thine hereditary ever Remain this ample third of our fair kingdom, No less in space, validity, and pleasure Than that conferred on Goneril.—Now, our joy, Although our last and least, to whose young love The vines of France and milk of Burgundy Strive to be interessed, what can you say to draw A third more opulent than your sisters’? Speak. CORDELIA Nothing, my lord. LEAR Nothing? CORDELIA Nothing. 90 95 LEAR FTLN 0099 Nothing will come of nothing. Speak again. CORDELIA FTLN 0100 FTLN 0101 FTLN 0102 Unhappy that I am, I cannot heave My heart into my mouth. I love your Majesty According to my bond, no more nor less. 100 LEAR FTLN 0103 FTLN 0104 FTLN 0105 FTLN 0106 FTLN 0107 FTLN 0108 FTLN 0109 FTLN 0110 FTLN 0111 FTLN 0112 FTLN 0113 FTLN 0114 FTLN 0115 FTLN 0116 FTLN 0117 FTLN 0118 FTLN 0119 How, how, Cordelia? Mend your speech a little, Lest you may mar your fortunes. CORDELIA Good my lord, You have begot me, bred me, loved me. I return those duties back as are right fit: Obey you, love you, and most honor you. Why have my sisters husbands if they say They love you all? Haply, when I shall wed, That lord whose hand must take my plight shall carry Half my love with him, half my care and duty. Sure I shall never marry like my sisters, To love my father all. LEAR But goes thy heart with this? CORDELIA Ay, my good lord. LEAR So young and so untender? CORDELIA So young, my lord, and true. 105 110 115 15 King Lear ACT 1. SC. 1 LEAR FTLN 0120 FTLN 0121 FTLN 0122 FTLN 0123 FTLN 0124 FTLN 0125 FTLN 0126 FTLN 0127 FTLN 0128 FTLN 0129 FTLN 0130 FTLN 0131 FTLN 0132 FTLN 0133 FTLN 0134 FTLN 0135 FTLN 0136 FTLN 0137 FTLN 0138 FTLN 0139 FTLN 0140 FTLN 0141 FTLN 0142 FTLN 0143 FTLN 0144 FTLN 0145 FTLN 0146 FTLN 0147 FTLN 0148 FTLN 0149 FTLN 0150 FTLN 0151 FTLN 0152 FTLN 0153 Let it be so. Thy truth, then, be thy dower, For by the sacred radiance of the sun, The mysteries of Hecate and the night, By all the operation of the orbs From whom we do exist and cease to be, Here I disclaim all my paternal care, Propinquity, and property of blood, And as a stranger to my heart and me Hold thee from this forever. The barbarous Scythian, Or he that makes his generation messes To gorge his appetite, shall to my bosom Be as well neighbored, pitied, and relieved As thou my sometime daughter. KENT Good my liege— LEAR Peace, Kent. Come not between the dragon and his wrath. I loved her most and thought to set my rest On her kind nursery. To Cordelia. Hence and avoid my sight!— So be my grave my peace as here I give Her father’s heart from her.—Call France. Who stirs? Call Burgundy. An Attendant exits. Cornwall and Albany, With my two daughters’ dowers digest the third. Let pride, which she calls plainness, marry her. I do invest you jointly with my power, Preeminence, and all the large effects That troop with majesty. Ourself by monthly course, With reservation of an hundred knights By you to be sustained, shall our abode Make with you by due turn. Only we shall retain The name and all th’ addition to a king. The sway, revenue, execution of the rest, 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 17 FTLN 0154 FTLN 0155 FTLN 0156 FTLN 0157 FTLN 0158 FTLN 0159 King Lear ACT 1. SC. 1 Belovèd sons, be yours, which to confirm, This coronet part between you. KENT Royal Lear, Whom I have ever honored as my king, Loved as my father, as my master followed, As my great patron thought on in my prayers— 155 LEAR FTLN 0160 The bow is bent and drawn. Make from the shaft. 160 KENT FTLN 0161 FTLN 0162 FTLN 0163 FTLN 0164 FTLN 0165 FTLN 0166 FTLN 0167 FTLN 0168 FTLN 0169 FTLN 0170 FTLN 0171 FTLN 0172 FTLN 0173 FTLN 0174 Let it fall rather, though the fork invade The region of my heart. Be Kent unmannerly When Lear is mad. What wouldst thou do, old man? Think’st thou that duty shall have dread to speak When power to flattery bows? To plainness honor’s bound When majesty falls to folly. Reserve thy state, And in thy best consideration check This hideous rashness. Answer my life my judgment, Thy youngest daughter does not love thee least, Nor are those empty-hearted whose low sounds Reverb no hollowness. LEAR Kent, on thy life, no more. 165 170 KENT FTLN 0175 FTLN 0176 FTLN 0177 FTLN 0178 FTLN 0179 My life I never held but as a pawn To wage against thine enemies, nor fear to lose it, Thy safety being motive. LEAR Out of my sight! 175 KENT FTLN 0180 FTLN 0181 FTLN 0182 FTLN 0183 FTLN 0184 FTLN 0185 See better, Lear, and let me still remain The true blank of thine eye. LEAR Now, by Apollo— KENT Now, by Apollo, king, Thou swear’st thy gods in vain. LEAR O vassal! Miscreant! 180 185 19 FTLN 0186 ALBANY/CORNWALL King Lear ACT 1. SC. 1 Dear sir, forbear. KENT FTLN 0187 FTLN 0188 FTLN 0189 FTLN 0190 Kill thy physician, and thy fee bestow Upon the foul disease. Revoke thy gift, Or whilst I can vent clamor from my throat, I’ll tell thee thou dost evil. 190 LEAR FTLN 0191 FTLN 0192 FTLN 0193 FTLN 0194 FTLN 0195 FTLN 0196 FTLN 0197 FTLN 0198 FTLN 0199 FTLN 0200 FTLN 0201 FTLN 0202 FTLN 0203 Hear me, recreant; on thine allegiance, hear me! That thou hast sought to make us break our vows— Which we durst never yet—and with strained pride To come betwixt our sentence and our power, Which nor our nature nor our place can bear, Our potency made good, take thy reward: Five days we do allot thee for provision To shield thee from disasters of the world, And on the sixth to turn thy hated back Upon our kingdom. If on the tenth day following Thy banished trunk be found in our dominions, The moment is thy death. Away! By Jupiter, This shall not be revoked. 195 200 KENT FTLN 0204 FTLN 0205 FTLN 0206 FTLN 0207 FTLN 0208 FTLN 0209 FTLN 0210 FTLN 0211 FTLN 0212 FTLN 0213 Fare thee well, king. Sith thus thou wilt appear, Freedom lives hence, and banishment is here. To Cordelia. The gods to their dear shelter take thee, maid, That justly think’st and hast most rightly said. To Goneril and Regan. And your large speeches may your deeds approve, That good effects may spring from words of love.— Thus Kent, O princes, bids you all adieu. He’ll shape his old course in a country new. He exits. Flourish. Enter Gloucester with France, and Burgundy, and Attendants. GLOUCESTER FTLN 0214 Here’s France and Burgundy, my noble lord. 205 210 21 FTLN 0215 FTLN 0216 FTLN 0217 FTLN 0218 FTLN 0219 FTLN 0220 FTLN 0221 FTLN 0222 FTLN 0223 FTLN 0224 FTLN 0225 FTLN 0226 FTLN 0227 FTLN 0228 FTLN 0229 FTLN 0230 King Lear ACT 1. SC. 1 My lord of Burgundy, We first address toward you, who with this king Hath rivaled for our daughter. What in the least Will you require in present dower with her, Or cease your quest of love? BURGUNDY Most royal Majesty, I crave no more than hath your Highness offered, Nor will you tender less. LEAR Right noble Burgundy, When she was dear to us, we did hold her so, But now her price is fallen. Sir, there she stands. If aught within that little seeming substance, Or all of it, with our displeasure pieced And nothing more, may fitly like your Grace, She’s there, and she is yours. BURGUNDY I know no answer. LEAR 215 220 225 230 LEAR FTLN 0231 FTLN 0232 FTLN 0233 FTLN 0234 FTLN 0235 FTLN 0236 FTLN 0237 Will you, with those infirmities she owes, Unfriended, new-adopted to our hate, Dowered with our curse and strangered with our oath, Take her or leave her? BURGUNDY Pardon me, royal sir, Election makes not up in such conditions. 235 LEAR FTLN 0238 FTLN 0239 FTLN 0240 FTLN 0241 FTLN 0242 FTLN 0243 FTLN 0244 FTLN 0245 FTLN 0246 FTLN 0247 FTLN 0248 ... Purchase answer to see full attachment