Fluent Essays

Read Chapters 4, 13, and 14 of the class textbooks and review the attached PowerPoint presentations. Once done answer the following questions. Discuss various theories of health promotion, including Pender’s Health Promotion Model, The Health Belief Model, the Transtheoretical Theory, and the Theory of Reasoned Action. List and discuss health behaviors for health promotion and disease prevention. Apply and discuss the principles of transcultural nursing to community health nursing.Apply and discuss the basic concepts of critical theory to environmental health nursing problems.As stated in the syllabus present your assignment in an APA format word document, APA required font attached to the forum in the discussion tab of the blackboard titled “Week 4 discussion questions” and the SafeAssign exercise in the assignment tab of the blackboard which is a mandatory requirement. A minimum of 2 evidence-based references (besides the class textbook) no older than 5 years must be used. You must post two replies on different dates to any of your peers sustained with the proper references no older than 5 years as well and make sure the references are properly quoted in your assignment. The replies cannot be posted on the same day, I must see different dates in the replies. A minimum of 800 words is required and not exceeding 1,000 words (excluding the first and reference page). Please make sure to follow the instructions as given and use either spell-check or Grammarly before you post your assignment. chapter_014.pptx chapter_013.pptx chapter_004.pptx Unformatted Attachment Preview Chapter 14 Environmental Health Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Environmental Health Is …    ... all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person and all the related factors impacting behaviors. … encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health. … targeted toward preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments. – WHO (2013) Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 Environmental Health   The purpose of environmental health is to ensure the conditions of human health and provide healthy environments for people to live, work, and play. Accomplished through… ➢ Risk assessment ➢ Prevention ➢ Intervention Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 Using a Critical Theory Approach      Uses “thinking upstream” framework. Raises questions about oppressive situations. Involves community members in the definition and solution of problems. Facilitates interventions that reduce healthdamaging effects of environments. Asks critical questions about clients’ work and home environments to help discern the contributions of specific hazards to health. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 Benefits of an Environmental Health History     Increased awareness of environmental/ occupational factors Improved timelines and accuracy of diagnosis Prevents disease and aggravation of conditions Identifies potential work-related environmental hazards and/or environmental hazards in and around clients’ homes Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5 I PREPARE Environmental Exposure History ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● I – Investigate potential exposures P – Present work R – Residence E – Environmental concerns P – Past work A – Activities R – Referrals and Resources E – Educate Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 Figure 14-1 From U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Healthy People 2010, ed 2, Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7 Areas of Environmental Health       Built environment Work-related exposures Outdoor air quality Healthy homes Water quality Food, safety, and waste management Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8 Built Environment  The connection between people, communities, and their surrounding environments that affects health behaviors and habits, interpersonal relationships, cultural values, and customs Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9 Built Environment: Examples      Drunk driving Second-hand smoke Noise exposure Urban crowding Technological hazards Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10 Work-Related Exposure  Poor working conditions that result in potential injury or illness Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11 Work-Related Exposure: Examples     Asbestosis Asthma Lung cancer Agricultural accidents Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12 Outdoor Air Quality  The purity of the air and the presence of air pollution Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 13 Outdoor Air Quality: Examples      Gaseous pollutants Greenhouse effect Destruction of the ozone layer Aerial spraying of herbicides and pesticides Acid rain Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 14 Healthy Home  The availability, safety, structural strength, cleanliness, and location of shelter, and indoor air quality Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 15 Healthy Home: Examples      Homelessness Rodent and insect infestation Poisoning from lead-based paint Sick building syndrome Unsafe neighborhoods Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 16 Water Quality   The availability, volume, mineral content levels, toxic chemical pollution, and pathogenic microorganism levels The balance between water contaminants and existing capabilities to purify water for human use and plant and wildlife sustenance Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 17 Water Quality: Examples      Contamination of drinking supply by human waste Oil spills in the world’s waterways Pesticide or herbicide infiltration of ground water Aquifer contamination by industrial pollutants Heavy metal poisoning of fish Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 18 Food Safety  Availability, accessibility, and relative costs of healthy food free from contamination of harmful herbicides, pesticides, and bacteria Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 19 Food Safety: Examples      Malnutrition Bacterial food poisoning Food adulteration Disrupted food chains by ecosystem destruction Carcinogenic chemical food additives FDA food safety campaign: http://www.fightbac.org/safe-food-handling http://www.foodsafety.gov/ Figure 14-5 Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 20 Waste Management  The handling of waste materials resulting from industry, municipal processes, and human consumption as well as efforts to minimize waste production Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 21 Waste Management: Examples      Use of nonbiodegradable plastics Poorly designed solid waste dumps Inadequate sewage systems Transport and storage of hazardous waste Illegal industrial dumping Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 22 Waste Management: Examples (Cont.)      Nuclear facility emissions Radioactive hazardous wastes Radon gas seepage in homes and schools Nuclear testing Excessive exposure to x-rays Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 23 Effects of Environmental Hazards Figure 14-6 From Environmental Protection Agency: Air Pollution and Health Risk. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/3_90_022.html. Retrieved March 27, 2013. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 24 Emerging Issues in Environmental Health         Environmental public health infrastructure Natural disasters Global climate change Ozone depletion Fossil fuel burning Marine dumping Active land mine abandonment in war-torn areas Destruction of tropical rain forests Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 25 Critical Community Health Nursing Practice       Approach environmental health at the population level Take a stand; advocate for change Ask critical questions Facilitate community involvement Form coalitions Using collective strategies Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 26 Chapter 13 Cultural Diversity and Community Health Nursing Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Cultural Competence   Cultural competence is respecting and understanding the values and beliefs of a certain cultural group so that one can function effectively in caring for members of that cultural group. Culturally competent community health nursing requires that the nurse understand… ➢ ➢ ➢ Lifestyle Value system Health and illness behaviors of diverse individuals, families, groups, and communities Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 Standards of Practice for Culturally Competent Nursing Care 1. 2. 3. 4. Social Justice Critical Reflection Knowledge of Cultures Culturally Competent Practice 5. Cultural Competence in Health Care Systems and Organizations 6. Patient Advocacy and Empowerment 7. Multicultural Workforce 8. Education and Training in Culturally Competent Care 9. Cross-Cultural Communication 10. Cross-Cultural Leadership 11. Policy Development 12. Evidence-Based Practice and Research From: Expert Panel on Global Nursing and Health (2010) Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 Population Trends  In 1970 ➢  By 2010 ➢  Minority groups increased to 36\% of population By 2025 ➢  Minority groups were 16\% of population More than half of all children will be minorities By 2050 ➢ ➢ More than 54\% of total population will be minorities First time in U.S. history that minorities will make up a majority of the population Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 Population Trends (Cont.)  By 2060, projected demographic trends: ➢ White 44\% ➢ Hispanic 30\% ➢ African American 15\% ➢ Asian 9\% ➢ American Indians & Alaska Natives 2\% Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5 Immigration to the United States   Since 1991, more than 13 million legal immigrants In 2010, almost 40 million foreign-born individuals in the United States (12.9\% of population) from: ➢ Latin America 53.1\% ➢ Asia 28.2\% ➢ Europe 12.1\% ➢ Other regions 9\% Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 Diversity Among Nurses  Minorities are generally underrepresented by nursing workforce (HRSA, 2009): ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢  White/non-Hispanic 81.8\% African American 4.2\% Hispanic 1.7\% Asian and Pacific Islander 3.1\% Native American and Alaska Native 0.3\% Minority groups tend to be geographically distributed in the United States. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7 Cultural Perspectives and Healthy People 2020    Developed a set of national health targets…eliminating racial and ethnic disparities in health Embraced and focused on ways to close the gaps in health outcomes Focused on disparities among racial and ethnic minorities, women, youth, older adults, people of low income and education, and people with disabilities Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8 Health Disparities AHCRQ (2005) reveals that:  Cancer mortality rates are 35\% higher in African Americans than in whites.  African Americans with diabetes are seven times more likely to have amputations and develop renal failure than are whites with diabetes.  30\% of Hispanics and 20\% of African Americans lack a usual source of health care (compared with less than 16\% of whites). Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9 Health Disparities (Cont.) AHCRQ (2005) reveals that:  Hispanic children are nearly three times as likely as non-Hispanic white children to have no usual source of health care.  African Americans (16\%) and Hispanic Americans (13\%) are more likely to rely on hospitals or clinics for health care than are whites (8\%). Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10 Addressing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care  Disparities can be reduced or eliminated when adults have: ➢ ➢ Health insurance and A medical home – Commonwealth Fund, 2007 Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11 Transcultural Nursing  “…a formal area of study and practice focused on a comparative analysis of different cultures and subcultures in the world with respect to cultural care, health and illness beliefs, values, and practices with the goal of using this knowledge to provide culturespecific and culture-universal nursing care to people.” – Leininger (1978) Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12 Transcultural Nursing Terminology  Culture specific refers to the “particularistic values, beliefs, and patterning of behavior that tend to be special, ‘local,’ or unique to a designated culture and which do not tend to be shared with members of other cultures” – Leininger (1991)  Culture universal refers to the “commonalties of values, norms of behavior, and life patterns that are similarly held among cultures about human behavior and lifestyles and form the bases for formulating theories for developing cross-cultural laws of human behavior” – Leininger (1978) Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 13 Transcultural Nursing Terminology (Cont.)  Ethnocentrism is a person’s tendency to view his or her own way of life as the most desirable, acceptable, or best, and to act in a superior manner toward another culture.  Cultural imposition is a person’s tendency to impose his or her own beliefs, values, and patterns of behavior on individuals from another culture. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 14 Leininger’s Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality   Describes, explains, and projects nursing similarities and differences focused primarily on human care and caring in human cultures. Uses world view, social structure, language, ethnohistory, environmental context, and the generic or folk and professional systems to provide a comprehensive and holistic view of influences in cultural care and well-being. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 15 Leininger’s Sunrise Model depicting the theory of cultural care diversity and universality Figure 13-1 From Leininger MM: Culture, care, diversity, and universality: a theory of nursing, New York, 1991, National League for Nursing Press. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 16 Overview of Culture   Culture refers to the complex whole, including knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by virtue of the fact that one is a member of a particular society (Tylor, 1871). Culture represents a person’s way of perceiving, evaluating, and behaving within his or her world, and it provides the blueprint for determining his or her values, beliefs, and practices. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 17 Overview of Culture (Cont.) Four basic characteristics of culture—it is: 1. Learned from birth through the processes of language acquisition and socialization 2. Shared by members of the same cultural group 3. Adapted to specific conditions related to environmental and technical factors and to the availability of natural resources 4. Dynamic – Sir Edward Tylor, 1871 Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 18 Subculture    A fairly large aggregate of people who share characteristics that are not common to all members of the culture Enables them to be a distinguishable subgroup May be based on ethnicity, religions, occupation, health-related characteristics, age, gender, sexual preferences, or geographic location Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 19 Culture and Formation of Values  Common human problems related to values and norms: ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ What is the character of innate human nature (human nature orientation)? What is the relationship of the human to nature (personnature orientation)? What is the temporal focus of human life (time orientation)? What is the mode of human activity (activity orientation)? What is the mode of human relationships (social orientation)? Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 20 Human-Nature Orientation   Innate human nature may be good, evil, or a combination of good and evil. The dominant U.S. cultural group chooses to believe the best about a person until that person proves otherwise. – Kohls (1984) Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 21 Person-Nature Orientation    Destiny, in which people are subjugated to nature in a fatalistic, inevitable manner. Harmony, in which people and nature exist together as a single entity. Mastery, in which people are intended to overcome natural forces and put them to use for the benefit of humankind. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 22 Time Orientation    The focus may be on the past, with traditions and ancestors playing an important role in the client’s life. The focus may be on the present, with little attention paid to the past or the future. The focus may be on the future, with progress and change highly valued. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 23 Activity Orientation    Being, in which a spontaneous expression of impulses and desires is largely nondevelopmental in nature. Growing, in which the person is selfcontained and has inner control, including the ability to self-actualize. Doing, in which the person actively strives to achieve and accomplish something that is regarded highly. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 24 Social Orientation    Lineal relationships: Exist by virtue of heredity and kinship ties. Follow an ordered succession and have continuity through time. Collateral relationships: Focus primarily on group goals—and family orientation is important. Individual relationships: Personal autonomy and independence dominate; group goals become secondary. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 25 Culture and the Family  Cross-cultural differences may exist in: ➢ Structural differences ➢ Functional diversity ➢ Socialization context ➢ Sex roles and parenting values Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 26 Culture and Socioeconomic Factors  Socioeconomic status (SES) is a composite of the economic status of a family or unrelated individuals based on: ➢ Income ➢ Wealth ➢ Occupation ➢ Educational attainment ➢ Power Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 27 Culture and Socioeconomic Factors (Cont.)  Poverty guidelines ➢ Determined by comparing pretax cash income with the poverty threshold adjusted for family size and composition issued annually by USDHHS. ➢ The U.S. Census Bureau (2012) reported that the poverty rate in 2011 was 15\% • African American population—27.6\% • Asian population—12.3\% • Hispanic population—25.3\% • Children under 6 years—24.5\% Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 28 Culture and Socioeconomic Factors (Cont.) ... 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