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Attached is the PDF of article for globalization strategy. Please look at the attached document and write a 600 word document in APA format and include the references. The document should consist of the following:Key Term: coercive forcesDEFINITION: a brief definition of the key term followed by the APA reference for the term; this does not count in the word requirement.SUMMARY: Summarize the article in your own words- this should be in the 150-word range. Be sure to note the articles author, note their credentials and why we should put any weight behind his/her opinions, research or findings regarding the key term.DISCUSSION: Using 350 words, write a brief discussion, in your own words of how the article relates to the selected chapter Key Term. A discussion is not rehashing what was already stated in the article, but the opportunity for you to add value by sharing your experiences, thoughts and opinions. This is the most important part of the assignment.REFERENCES: All references must be listed at the bottom of the submission--in APA format. (continued) Be sure to use the headers in your submission to ensure that all aspects of the assignment are completed as required. globalization_strategy.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview Globalization Strategies and the Economics Dispositif: Insights from Germany and the UK Author(s): Jens Maesse Source: Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung , Vol. 43, No. 3 (165), Special Issue: Economists, Politics, and Society. New Insights from Mapping Economic Practices Using Field-Analysis (2018), pp. 120-146 Published by: GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26491531 REFERENCES Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26491531?seq=1&cid=pdfreference#references_tab_contents You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung This content downloaded from 12.139.107.194 on Thu, 07 Nov 2019 15:14:42 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Globalization Strategies and the Economics Dispositif: Insights from Germany and the UK Jens Maesse ∗ Abstract: »Globalisierungsstrategien und das ökonomische Dispositif: Einblicke aus Deutschland und Großbritannien«. This contribution analyses current transformations in the field of economics as a reconfiguration of various academic cultures embedded in globalised hierarchies. The theoretical argument points to the rules and modalities which constitute the field of economics as a dispositif that covers different local academic fields and reaches into other areas of the global political economy. Drawing on empirical data from German and UK economics, the study shows how national fields respond to global pressures and create a global class society of economists. I will analyse, first, how academic hierarchies develop in two different countries and, second, how discourses of excellence constitute academic cultures within these hierarchies. On the basis of wide-ranging empirical data, the analysis develops new theoretical reflections about the logic of academic fields under globalisation. As a result, three different scientific cultures emerge that characterise the current field of academic economics: “native transnationals,” “migration transnationals,” and “local transnationals.” Keywords: Economic expert discourses, dispositif analysis, discourse studies, globalisation, world system theory. 1. Introduction Academic fields typically tend to form an autonomous space of institutionalised positions, funds, publications, recruitment strategies, research methods, knowledge areas, and debates (Bourdieu 1988). Economics seems to be an exception, since it is systematically embedded in non-academic fields and closely connected to the field of social power positions in the state and the economy (Lebaron 2014; MacKenzie 2006; Schmidt-Wellenburg 2013, 2018). This trans-epistemic nature of economics impacts academic life, career paths, publication cultures, and the distribution of power and prestige within the discipline. ∗ Jens Maesse, Institut für Soziologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Karl-Glöckner-Str. 21E, D-35394 Gießen, Germany; jens.maesse@sowi.uni-giessen.de. Historical Social Research 43 (2018) 3, 120-146 │ published by GESIS DOI: 10.12759/hsr.43.2018.3.120-146 This content downloaded from 12.139.107.194 on Thu, 07 Nov 2019 15:14:42 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Against this background, my paper analyses current transformations in the field of economics as a reconfiguration of various academic cultures embedded in globalised hierarchies. The general theoretical argument points to the rules and modalities which constitute the field of economics as a dispositif that covers different local academic fields and reaches, through trans-epistemic orientation, into other areas of the globalised political economy. Drawing on empirical data from German and UK economics, collected and analysed in the FED project,1 the study shows how local fields respond to global pressures and reconfigure as a global trans-epistemic dispositif. First, I will show how academic hierarchies develop in two different countries. Second, I will analyse how discourses of excellence constitute academic cultures within these hierarchies. The analysis develops new theoretical reflections on the logic of academic fields under globalisation, on the basis of wide-ranging empirical data. I will propose the idea of economics as a hybrid social field that is dislocated from national fields and rearticulated in local fields, as well as global tendencies. To understand and grasp this hybrid character not simply as a stage in transition but as a fully developed social form, the paper will apply the Foucauldian term of economics dispositif (Foucault 1980). A dispositif is not a homogenous space or field, rather it regulates the heterogeneity between different regions, subfields, discursive translations, and capital conversions. This results in split and spectral battlefields among different academic cultures, between the local and the global, the academic and the political, the economic and media logic. The paper will elaborate the global transformations of economics by taking into account the full complexities that constitute them through four interrelated dynamics, as illustrated in Figure 1. In a first step (section 2), the transepistemic interconnectedness that ties the economics discipline to the wider political economy will be explained. Since discourses of excellence are an indirect effect of these trans-epistemic relations, section 3 will describe the global emergence of excellence myths and explore how they are adopted in local contexts of the UK and Germany. The second part of section 3 will investigate how discourses of excellence influenced the formation of an academic class society, as reflected in strong academic hierarchies in the UK and weak but visible inequalities in the German-speaking world. In a last step, section 4 will conclude by describing how three different academic cultures emerged from the special field structure of economics that is now better understood as a globalised dispositif. 1 Financial Expert Discourse, based in Mainz (Germany, 2011-2013) and Warwick (UK, 20132015), funded by the Volkswagen Foundation. HSR 43 (2018) 3 │ 121 This content downloaded from 12.139.107.194 on Thu, 07 Nov 2019 15:14:42 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Figure 1: The Constituttion of the Gloobalised Economics Dispositif 2. TTheoretical and Histori cal Backgro ound: Globalisation, H Hybridity, and the Placce of the Ecconomics Discipline in C Current Cap pitalism The currrent field of economics is an integral and im mportant part of global capi-talism. Itts analysis can nnot be detacheed from some initial reflectio ons on the rolee of econoomic expert discourses d withhin an increasingly heterog geneous sociall fabric. The T social undeer globalisatioon is involved in permanent rearticulationss between the global and d the local (Roobertson 1992 2) in all spherees of social ac-tion. Acccording to worrld system theeory (Arrighi 1994), 1 globalissation emergedd through the rise of cap pitalism, as a ssocio-economiic system, from m the very be-ginning, that was neverr restricted to nnational culturral (values and beliefs), polit-ical (govvernmental in nstitutions, thee state) and social boundarries (particularr classes). Globalisation n is, rather, cconstructed arround trans-naational centre-n only influeence economicc peripheryy structures off power and innequality that not productioon but also shaape cultural lifeestyles in different regions off every specificc historicaal structure. Accademic and noon-academic fiields, cultures and discoursess are in coonstant interacttion with the ruuling hegemon nic logic at a specific time inn history. Therefore, thee global social order is not a fixed system m, it is rather a dynamic process of co onstant exchannges, networkss, interactions, and transfor-mations (Foucault 200 08; Hardt and N Negri 2001). Studies S of glob balisation ana-lyse whaat type and forrm globalisatioon in each fielld takes, becau use the currentt world iss already a result of multipple globalisatio on dynamics, that has beenn evolvingg for many centturies (Braudell 1985). HSR 43 ((2018) 3 │ 122 This content downloaded from 12.139.107.194 on Thu, 07 Nov 2019 15:14:42 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Accordingly, my analysis will not raise questions of whether economics is global or not. It is particularly interested in the historical mode of globalisation that leads to certain changes in the discursive logic and field structure in German-speaking and UK economics departments. The current historical mode seems to be dominated by a combination of discourses of excellence, as well as the construction of an academic class society of significant hierarchies between researchers and departments (Maesse 2017). Against this backdrop, I study the globalisation dynamics of economics departments by focusing on certain transformations in a complex trans-epistemic constellation encompassing local academic structures and global academic and non-academic pressures. These transformations are driven by academisation and governmentalisation dynamics that will be outlined in the remaining part of this section. From an empirical viewpoint, economics departments are regarded as a cultural aspect of the current capitalist system that produces symbolic capital for legitimation discourses (Fitzgerald and O’Rourke 2016). As economics is closely connected to institutions within the field of power (Coats 1993; Lebaron 2001) and, therefore, to the current form of economic globalisation, it is also captured by actual trends of cultural globalisation (Maesse 2015a). This is why, from a theoretical starting point, Bourdieusian field theory will be further developed with Foucauldian discourse concepts. Whereas the late 19th and early 20th centuries were characterised by a high degree of socioinstitutional integration attempts, the current form of globalisation seems to be marked by trends of de-differentiation and hybridisation. Heterogeneity, ambiguity, hybridity, and transversal communications become more important. Field theory accounts for the material and fixed power relations of the social structure. Accordingly, fields are sites for fixing meanings, creating hierarchies and institutionalising social relations. Discourses, on the other hand, open up fields for complex and heterogeneous meaning-making processes. Thus, in economic expert discourses in Europe and beyond, fields cannot exist without discourses, since the latter make economics languages relevant in many contexts within academia, politics, administration, business, and so forth. And discourses need fields as a socio-material base. Only when field logics and discourses interact do hybrid cultures come into existence and start to evolve as a result of global interactions. Hence, I use a discourse-field concept, drawing on both Foucault and Bourdieu (Maesse and Hamann 2016), to grasp current academic cultures in economics. HSR 43 (2018) 3 │ 123 This content downloaded from 12.139.107.194 on Thu, 07 Nov 2019 15:14:42 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Figure 2: Trans-Epistem mic Field of Ecoonomics •elitism/ symbolic capital •multiple references// popular capital academicc world media world businesss world politicaal world •authorization/ economic capital •academissm/ political capital Source: Maesse (2015a, 290 0). The conccept of the tran ns-epistemic fi field of econom mic expert disccourses will bee applied in i order to stud dy how globallisation strateg gies affect econ nomics depart-ments. This T concept helps us to unccover the instittutional morph hology that ac-counts foor the formatio on of hybrid aacademic cultu ures in econom mics under thee current globalisation g regime. r Howeever, globalisaation in econo omics is not a process based b solely on o the internall dynamics off academic lifee; rather, locall fields resspond to globaalisation proceesses of culturee, the economy y, and politicall institutioons. These processes take plaace within a political p and so ocial constella-tion that is marked by a high degree oof “academisaation” (when acctors in societyy mic, and mediaa use acaddemic credentials as power ddevices in pollitical, econom discoursees) and “goverrnmentalisationn” (when the relations of ex xchange, trans-lation, annd communicaation between different subfields of the trans-epistemic t c field are intensified). Therefore, T acaademic fields of o economics are deeply in-volved inn the political economy. e Acadeemisation accou unts for the rolle of economiccs language, sym mbols, models,, conceptss, rhetoric, acto ors and so forthh at play in so ociety; it refers to an ongoingg trend tow wards the proliferation of sym mbolic capitalss, based on acaademic creden-tials, thaat are used for the ascription of social reco ognition and th he constructionn of legitim mation in polittics, media, andd the economy y (Collins 1979 9; Reitz 2017) . As a ressult, the univerrsity system seerves, among other things, as a source off power (S Schmidt-Welleenburg 2017) aand provides the t rest of socciety with cre-dentials (Lebaron 2006 6). As such, itt provides society with the cultural c meanss from acaademia to creeate “expert poositions” as discursive d hegemonies (con-trasting with w this, see th he Argentine ccase in Herediaa 2018, in this issue). HSR 43 ((2018) 3 │ 124 This content downloaded from 12.139.107.194 on Thu, 07 Nov 2019 15:14:42 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Motivated through academization, governmentalisation highlights the tendency that brings the economics discipline closer to political and economic institutions (Dezalay and Garth 2009; Fourcade 2006; MacKenzie 2006). As historical studies on the emergence of economic knowledge have shown (Desrosières 1998; Morgan 1990; Speich Chassé 2013), economics was developed in the 20th century as a political science and had a huge impact on the formation of ministries, policies, central banks, financial markets, and other institutions of the political economy (Hall 1989). The economics discipline is subjected to a certain pressure of expectations by governmentalisation. Whereas academisation explains how economics affects society, governmentalisation takes society’s influence on economics into account. The trans-epistemic field grasps these horizontal exchange mechanisms. It illustrates how the academic world of economics is embedded within the global political economy and it accounts for the power strategies that economic experts use when they take positions in media and policy discourse (Fitzgerald and O’Rourke 2016). It can explain why the economics discipline was rearticulated as an “elitism dispositif” at the end of the 20th century (Maesse 2017). The idea of the trans-epistemic field was developed to show and illustrate how a discursive economy of academic signs and symbols, models and languages, expert statements, theories, paradigms, and other cultural goods from economics circulate through the institutional contexts of academia, politics, media, and the economy. It accounts for the hidden but constitutive discursive and institutional morphology that makes the formation of economic experts as hegemonic actors in many fields of society possible. Whereas former studies on the trans-epistemic field investigated the horizontal interrelationships of economics with society (Maesse 2013, 2015a), as well as internal hierarchisation logics and the formation of an elite culture (Maesse 2017), this article will take into account the different academic cultures that emerge as hybrids from globalisation dynamics. The following section draws on results from empirical studies on German-speaking and British economics (Maesse 2015b, 2016) to reflect theoretically on how academic discourses and institutions in economics react to trends of globalisation. These global transformations are themselves already a result of ongoing and accelerating governmentalisation and academisation processes. Thus, trans-epistemic embeddedness is an important prerequisite to situate the following analysis. 3. Forces of Academic Globalisation Sociological theory has analysed how social change appears under globalisation (Robertson 1992). According to the general model, shared by institutionalism, world system theory and cultural studies alike, social transformations are regarded as effects of local responses to global pressures. Whereas institutional HSR 43 (2018) 3 │ 125 This content downloaded from 12.139.107.194 on Thu, 07 Nov 2019 15:14:42 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms theories (Schofer and Meyer 2005) explain these changes in terms of institutionalised values of a modern world polity, my study follows power-related approaches to global culture and world system theory (Arrighi 1994; Hardt and Negri 2001). The latter point to the role played by powerful social groups, discourses, and techniques, which are embedded within structures of inequality and domination. These groups are usually located at hegemonic centres of a world capitalist system, whereas global transformations appear at peripheral and semi-peripheral sites (Dezalay and Garth 2009). From the perspective of (semi-)peripheral institutions, the centre serves as a role model for “legitimate,” “unavoidable,” or “competitive” forms of social change (Münch 2014). Accordingly, hegemonic institutions are usually idealised, decontextualized, and presented as exemplary role models for social change to local institutions. Different groups and diverse contexts start to interact with each other and enter into discourses on political reform and social change. When dynamics of global change start, dialectics of institutional reactivity begin to operate (Espeland and Sauder 2007). The decontextualised model of the centre institution (i.e. certain journal rankings, ratings, and impact-measurement rules) serves as a normative discursive model that is interpreted by subordinate institutions in terms of diverse re-contextualisations (i.e. the “Diamond List” in the UK, the “Handelsblatt Rankings” of economists in Germany). This leads to particular hybrid academic forms, because it changes the way institutions perceive themselves and how reputation, quality, and academic best practice are attributed to certain academic researchers. Therefore, globalisation is not only a process of power and domination, but also based on discourse and cultural translation. Both, power and discourse create new socio-symbolic forms of hybridity in globally dislocated fields. In the first part of this section, I will outline how global models operate as pressure technologies; in the second part, I will look at how German-speaking and British universities have responded through local interpretations to global trends. Both pressures and interpretative responses will be captured as “forces of academic globalisation.” 3.1 Global Pressures within Academia 3.1.1 The Formalist Orthodoxy: A Globalised Style of Economic Reasoning In the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries, the economics discipline was characterised, worldwide, by a high degree of local and ... Purchase answer to see full attachment