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attached PPT from:Lawrence, A. & Weber, J. (2020).Business Society:Stakeholders, Ethics, Public Policy, 16th ed.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:McGraw Hill.Your initial post should be at least 450+ words and in APA format (including Times New Roman with font size 12 and double spaced). Your initial post should be based upon the assigned reading for the week, so the textbook should be a source listed in your reference section and cited within the body of the text. Reflect on the assigned readings for the week. Identify what you thought was the most important concept(s), method(s), term(s), and/or any other thing that you felt was worthy of your understanding.Also, provide a graduate-level response to each of the following questions:Identify and compare the four reasons why governments turn to regulation as a way to solve their problems.Prepare a strong argument in favor of and in opposition to businesses being involved in the political process.Briefly describe the public policy process of a foreign country and its implication on the business political activity in that country. chapter_9___sustainable_development_andglobal__business.pptx chapter_8___influencing_the_political_environment.pptx chapter_7___businessgovernment_relations.pptx Unformatted Attachment Preview Chapter 9 Sustainable Development and Global Business ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. of McGraw-Hill Education. Ch. 9: Key Learning Objectives 9-1 Understanding how business and society interact within the natural environment. 9-2 Defining sustainable development. 9-3 Recognizing the ways in which population growth and economic development interact with the world’s ecological crisis. 9-4 Examining common environmental issues, including climate change, that are shared by all nations and businesses. 9-5 Analyzing the steps both large and small businesses can take globally to reduce ecological damage and promote sustainable development. 9-6 Describing the leading global codes of environmental conduct. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 9-2 Business and Society in the Natural Environment Business and society operate within constraints of the planet and its resources. Natural Capital: World’s stocks of natural assets, including its geology, soil, air, water and all living things. • For human society to survive over time it must operate sustainably, so that natural resources are preserved for future generations. Preserving our common ecosystem is an urgent imperative for governments, business, and society. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 9-3 Business, Society and the Natural Environment: An Interactive System Figure 9.1 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Access the text alternative for these images. ©20XX McGraw-Hill Education. 9-4 Sustainable Development Development that “meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Sustainable development requires that human society use natural resources at a rate that can be continued over an indefinite period. Sustainable development is about fairness. The benefits and burdens of the use of natural resources must be distributed equitably: • Between developed and developing countries. • Between present and future generations. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 9-5 Threats to the Earth’s Ecosystem Humanity has entered a new era, called the Anthropocene, in which human activity has become the dominant influence on climate and the environment. Businesses now face: • Limited supplies of critical resources. • Unpredictable weather changes. • Increased political risk. But business also have great opportunities: • Established firms and innovative entrepreneurs who can figure out how to address environmental challenges can both help society and enjoy great commercial success. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 9-6 Forces of Change Accelerating Ecological Crisis Two critical factors have combined to accelerate the ecological crisis facing the world community and to make sustainable development more difficult: • • The population explosion. Economic development. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 9-7 Population Explosion A major driver of environmental degradation is the exponential growth of the world’s population. Many more people would be added during the second 50 years than during the first, even though the rate of growth would stay the same. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 9-8 Economic Development Another source of pressure on the Earth’s resource base is the rapid industrialization of many countries. Advantages: • Reducing poverty and slowing population growth. • Development is often accompanied by rising incomes. Disadvantages: • Economic development has also contributed to the growing ecological crisis. • Rising incomes bring higher rates of consumption and waste. • In many instances, environmental regulations have lagged the pace of development. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 9-9 Population of the World and Major Areas Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 9.2 Access the text alternative for these images. ©20XX McGraw-Hill Education. 9-10 The Earth’s Carrying Capacity The Earth’s resource base is essentially finite, or bounded. If human societies use up resources faster than they can be replenished, and create waste faster than it can be dispersed, environmental devastation will be the inevitable result. Human society is already overshooting the carrying capacity of the Earth’s ecosystem. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 9-11 Ecological Footprint A method to measure the Earth’s carrying capacity and how far human society has overshot it. It refers to the amount of land and water a human population needs to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its wastes, given prevailing technology. • Society is now using resources and producing waste at greater than one and a half times what the ecosystem can sustainably support. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 9-12 How can human society restore balance between Earth’s carrying capacity and society’s demands? Technological innovation: Develop new technologies to produce energy, food, and other necessities of human life more efficiently and with less waste. Changing patters of consumption: Individuals and organizations concerned about environmental impact could decide to consume less or choose less harmful products and services. “Getting the prices right”: Some economists have called for public policies that impose taxes on environmentally harmful products or activities. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 9-13 Global Environmental Issues Commons: a shared resource, such as land, air, or water that a group of people use collectively. • Paradox of the commons: if all individuals attempt to maximize their own private advantage in the short term, the commons may be destroyed, and all users, present and future, lose. • The only solution is restraint, either voluntary or through mutual agreement. Tragedy of the commons: freedom in a commons brings ruin to all. → Example: Fishing grounds. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 9-14 Five Global Problems: 1. Climate Change Climate Change: Changes in the Earth’s climate caused by increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide and other pollutants produced by human activity. Causes include: • Burning of fossil fuels. • Increased emissions of nitrous oxides. • Black carbon. • Deforestation. • Beef production. The Convention on Climate Change is an international treaty that limits emissions of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 9-15 Global Warming Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 9.3 Access the text alternative for these images. ©20XX McGraw-Hill Education. 9-16 Five Global Problems: 2. Ozone Depletion Ozone: bluish gas, composed of three bonded oxygen atoms, that floats in a thin layer in the stratosphere between 9 and 28 miles above the planet. Causes: chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), manufactured chemicals formerly widely used as refrigerants, insulation, solvents, and propellants in spray cans. In 1987, world leaders negotiated the Montreal Protocol, agreeing to cut CFC production. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 9-17 Five Global Problems: 3. Resource Scarcity Fresh Water • Only about one-tenth of 1 percent of the Earth’s water is in lakes, rivers, and accessible underground supplies, and thus available for human use. • Fresh water is renewable. • By the early 2010s, water shortages had already caused the decline of local economies and in some cases had contributed to regional conflicts. Arable Land • World’s arable land is threatened with decline from soil erosion, loss of nutrients, water scarcity, salinization, and poor drainage. →Example: Loss of arable land can lead to migration and civil unrest. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 9-18 Five Global Problems: 4. Decline of Biodiversity Biodiversity: the number and variety of species and the range of their genetic makeup. Scientists estimate that species extinction is occurring at 100 to 1,000 times the normal, background rate due to pollution and habitat destruction. Genetic diversity is vital to each species’ ability to adapt and survive and has many benefits for human society as well. A leading cause: Destruction of rain forests, particularly in the tropics. • The reasons for destruction of rain forests include commercial logging, cattle ranching, and conversion of forest to plantations to produce cash crops. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 9-19 The Convention on Biological Diversity By 2018 it had been ratified by all U.N. members except the United States. Commits these countries: • To draw up national strategies for conservation. • To protect ecosystems and individual species. • To take steps to restore degraded areas. It also allows countries to share in the profits from sales of products derived from their biological resources. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 9-20 Five Global Problems: 5. Threats to Marine Ecosystems Marine Ecosystems: oceans, salt marshes, lagoons, and tidal zones that border them, as well as diverse communities of life they support. • Salt water covers 70 percent of the earth’s surface and supports many species. Key threats to these ecosystems: • Exploitation of fish populations. • Decline of coral reefs. • Coastal development in ecologically fragile areas. • Ocean acidification. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 9-21 Response of the International Business Community The international business community plays a critical role in addressing the ecological challenges. Numerous voluntary initiatives are being undertaken by companies around the world to put the principle of sustainable development into practice. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 9-22 Voluntary Business Initiatives 1 Life cycle analysis • Involves collecting information on the lifelong environmental impact of a product, from extraction of raw material to manufacturing to its distribution, use, and ultimate disposal. Industrial ecology • Refers to designing factories and distribution systems as if they were self-contained ecosystems. Extended product responsibility • Occurs when companies take continuing responsibility for the environmental impact of the products and services, even after they are sold. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 9-23 Voluntary Business Initiatives 2 Carbon neutrality • An organization or individual produces net zero emission of greenhouse gases; this is usually accomplished by a combination of energy efficiencies and carbon offsets. Technology cooperation • Sustainable development through long-term partnerships between companies in developed and developing countries to transfer environmental technologies. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 9-24 Codes of Environmental Conduct Some of the leading universal codes include the following: • Business Charter for Sustainable Development – developed by the International Chamber of Commerce. • CERES Principles – developed by the Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies. • ISO 14000 – a series of voluntary standards developed by the ISO, an international group based in Switzerland. • The Greenhouse Gas Protocol – to help businesses measure and manage their greenhouse gas emissions. Many executives are championing the idea that corporations have moral obligations to future generations. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 9-25 Because learning changes everything. www.mheducation.com ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. ® Chapter 8 Influencing the Political Environment ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Ch. 8: Key Learning Objectives 8-1 Understanding the arguments for and against business participation in the political process. 8-2 Knowing the types of corporate political strategies and the influences on an organization’s development of a particular strategy. 8-3 Assessing the tactics businesses can use to be involved in the political process. 8-4 Examining the role of the public affairs department and its staff. 8-5 Recognizing the challenges business faces in managing business–government relations in different countries. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 8-2 Business as a Political Participant This debate involves the question of whether, and to what extent, business should legitimately participate in the political process. This justice and fairness argument becomes even stronger when one considers the significant financial consequences that government actions may have on business. Businesses see themselves as countervailing forces in the political arena. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 8-3 The Arguments for and Against Political Involvement by Business From Figure 8.1 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Why Business Should Be Involved Why Business Should Not Be Involved A pluralistic system invites many participants. Managers are not qualified to engage in political debate. Economic stakes are high for firms. Business is too big, too powerful—an elephant dancing among chickens. Business counterbalances other social interests Business is too selfish to care about the common good. Business is a vital stakeholder of government. Business risks its credibility by engaging in partisan politics. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 8-4 Corporate Political Strategy Involves the activities taken by organizations to acquire, develop, and use power to obtain an advantage • To further a firm’s economic survival or growth. May target limiting a competitor’s progress or ability to compete. May exercise the business’s right to a voice in government affairs • Such as participation in the presidential advisory council. Companies develop an ongoing political strategy. → Example: Technology firms supporting the Honest Ads Act. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 8-5 Types of Corporate Political Strategy Three strategic types: Information strategy • Businesses seek to provide government policymakers with information to influence their actions. Financial-incentives strategy • Businesses provide incentives to influence government policymakers to act in a certain way. Constituency-building strategy • Businesses seek to gain support from other affected organizations to better influence government policymakers to act in a way that helps them. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 8-6 Business Strategies for Influencing Government Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 8.2 Access the text alternative for these images. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 8-7 Promoting an Information Strategy: Lobbying 1 Lobbying: direct contact with a government official to influence the thinking/actions of that person on an issue or public policy. Lobbyists role: • Communicate with and try to persuade others to support an organization’s interest. Revolving door: when businesses hire former government officials as lobbyists and political advisors. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 8-8 Promoting an Information Strategy: Lobbying 2 Under U.S. law and EU directive, lobbying activities are severely limited and disclosed publicly. Lobbying firms and organizations employing in-house lobbyists must: • Register with the government. • Must file regular reports on their earnings or expenses. • Indicate the issues and legislation that were the focus of their efforts. These rules are to guarantee that politicians are free from undue influence and represent the public interest. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 8-9 Total Federal Lobbying Spending and Number of Lobbyists, 1998 to 2017 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 8.3 Access the text alternative for these images. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 8-10 Promoting an Information Strategy: Direct Communications Businesses invite officials to participate in activities that will improve government officials’ understanding of management and employee concerns. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 8-11 The Business Roundtable Organization of CEOs of leading corporations (founded in 1972). Promote direct communication between business and policymakers. Studies various public policy issues. Advocates for laws it believes “foster vigorous economic growth and a dynamic global economy.” ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 8-12 Promoting an Information Strategy: Expert Witness Testimony Businesses provide facts, anecdotes, or data: • to educate or influence government leaders at public forums like congressional hearings. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 8-13 Promoting a Financial Incentive Strategy: Political Action Committees Independently incorporated organizations. Solicit contributions and channel those funds to candidates seeking political office. Active in industries that are highly regulated. → Example: financial services and health care industries. Disadvantage: • Contributions are capped at fairly low levels. • Companies cannot give money directly to their affiliated PACs. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 8-14 Political Action Committee Activity Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 8.4 Access the text alternative for these images. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 8-15 Promoting a Financial Incentive Strategy: Super-PACs As long as PACs did not contribute directly to other bodies, they could accept unlimited contributions from individuals/ unions/ corporations. To support particular candidates or parties. →Example: the Senate Majority PAC and the Congressional Leadership Fund. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 8-16 Promoting a Financial Incentive Strategy: Tax-exempt Organizations Tax-exempt Organizations: a third mechanism businesses can use to direct money to election campaigns. • Dark money: contributions made to the organizations where the donors’ names and amount of their contributions were not reported to the Federal Election Commission. • Have no contribution or spending limits. Soft money: unlimited contributions to political parties by individuals or organizations for partybuilding activities was prohibited in 2002. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 8-17 Promoting a Financial Incentive Strategy: Direct Contribution by Corporations Citizens United v. the Federal Election Commission • Decision allowed companies for the first time to contribute directly to political campaigns. • Critics said it would “corrupt democracy.” McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission • Abolished all limits on election spending by corporations as well as unions. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 8-18 Promoting a Financial Incentive Strategy: Executive and Employee Personal Contributions Encourage their executives/ employees to make personal contributions to the campaigns of candidates whom they are interested in. Individuals are able to significantly influence the political process if they have money. → Example: Fewer than 400 families contributed almost half of the money for candidates in the 2016 presidential campaign. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 8-19 Promoting a Financial Incentive Strategy: Economic leverage When a business uses its economic power to threaten to leave a city, state, or country unless a desired political action is taken. To persuade a government body to act in a certain way that would favor the business. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 8-20 Promoting a Constituency Building Strategy 1 Often called a Grassroots Strategy • Objective is to shape policy by ... Purchase answer to see full attachment