Fluent Essays

Answer the question based on pdf fileAll the requirements are in the docx filekeep it simple any question please ask me _surveyi_egyptian_summer_1_.pdf survey_i_quiz_3_2.docx Unformatted Attachment Preview Ancient Egypt Why are we still fascinated with Ancient Egypt? • • • • Egypt has long fascinated the West. The Ancient Greeks and the Romans knew and admired Egypt. Napoleon’s incursion into Egypt in the late 18th century brought artifacts and knowledge back to France and stimulated interest throughout Europe. European—sponsored excavations have been going in Egypt since the 19th century (partage system – equal division of discovered artifacts between Egypt and European institutions in charge of the archeological digs) a lot of Egyptian artifacts ended up in Western Museums) • • Napoleon’s campaign in Egypt (1798-1801): to “free” Egyptian people from the Ottoman rule and to establish a French colony Military disaster (Napoleon was forced to withdraw by the British army), but it gave a birth to Egyptology • • • 500 civilians accompanied the army, among them a group of scholars, mathematicians, astronomers, civil engineers, naturalists, and mining engineers, architects, draftsmen, men of letters, and 22 printers equipped with Latin, Greek and Arabic characters. Average age – 25 years old The scholars were charged with finding the vestiges of Ancient Egypt. Under the guidance of newly established Commission of Science and Art and Egyptian Institute, Egyptian artifacts were systematically catalogued and meticulously drawn. After the defeat of Napoleon’s Army, the members of the Egyptian Commission were required to hand over their work to the British forces. They had to surrender artifacts, but took their writings and drawings back to France. The scientific results of Napoleon’s expedition to Egypt were published in volumes of the “Description de l’Egypte,” beginning in 1809. Rosetta Stone; 196 BC; Granodiorite; 45 in × 28.5 in × 11 in (1123 mm × 757 mm × 284 mm) https://www.khanacademy.org/hum anities/world-history/world-historybeginnings/ancient/v/rosetta-stone196-b-c-e Rosetta Stone; 196 BC; Granodiorite; 45 in × 28.5 in × 11 in (1123 mm × 757 mm × 284 mm) • • • • • Inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis in 196 BCE on behalf of King Ptolemy V. The decree appears in three scripts: the upper text is Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the middle portion Demotic script, and the lowest in Ancient Greek It provided the key to the modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs. It was rediscovered in 1799 by the French expedition to Egypt. British troops defeated the French in Egypt in 1801, and the original stone came into British possession in accordance with the Treaty of Alexandria. Current location – The British Museum, London • • Text on the Rosetta Stone It is a copy of a decree passed in 196 BCE by a council of Egyptian priests celebrating the anniversary of the coronation of Ptolemy V Epiphanes as king of Egypt. The text begins by cataloging some of the king’s noble deeds and accomplishments, such as the giving of gifts to the temple and the restoration of peace to Egypt after a rebellion. In return for these services to Egypt, the council of priests pledges a series of actions to bolster Ptolemy V Epiphanes’ royal cult, such as the construction of new statues, better decorations for his shrines, and festivals for his birthday and day of accession to the throne. Finally, the decree states that it should be inscribed in stone in hieroglyphics, the demotic script, and Greek and placed in temples throughout Egypt. A giant copy of the Rosetta Stone by Joseph Kosuth in Figeac, France, the birth place of Jean-François Champollion Rosetta Stone • Jean-François Champollion deciphered the Egyptian texts in 1822 -- established a scientific basis for studying Egyptian civilization -- Egyptian civilization was created by Nile (the most important contributor to economic life) -- Complex society (multiple ethnicities) -- Each year from July to November, the river flooded much of the land in the Nile valley -- Fertile soil – ideal conditions for farming -- Need for centralized power – complex system of irrigation -- Abundant natural resources (yet lack of timber – stone architecture) Societal Structure Palette of King Narmer, ca. 30002920 BCE, Slate / Egyptian/Predynastic Last Judgment of Hu-Nefer, from his tomb at Thebes, Egypt, Dynasty 19, ca. 1290-1280 BCE. Painted papyrus Palette of King Narmer, ca. 30002920 BCE, Slate; 25 in x 16.5 (64 cm x 42 cm) / Egyptian/Predynastic http://smarthistory.org/palette-of-king-narmer/ Palette of King Narmer, ca. 30002920 BCE, Slate; 25 in x 16.5 (64 cm x 42 cm) / Egyptian/Predynastic • Function: ceremonial object (large scale) used for grinding eye paint Palette of King Narmer, ca. 30002920 BCE, Slate; 25 in x 16.5 (64 cm x 42 cm) / Egyptian/Predynastic • • • • Narmer appears as the main character in the various scenes of the palette. He is depicted as the unifier, protector, and the leader. Hieratic scale signals the status of individuals within the society Egyptian conventional representation of a human figure. Use of twisted perspective (combination of frontal and profile views). The aim is to represent each body part from the most characteristic angle. • • • • • Upper image: phonetic representation of Narmer’s name: symbols nr (catfish) and mr(chisel) Narmer wears the White Crown of Upper Egypt and bull’s tail – symbol of royal power. Barefoot -- Narmer is standing on a sacred ground God Horus (falcon) offers his protection. The king tames his enemy, who is naked (debased). • • • • • On the top register Narmer is wearing a crown of Lower Egypt. (unification of Egypt). He is accompanied by a sandal bearer, minister, and standard bearers. The decapitated bodies of his enemies are placed in two neat rows. Horus is watching over. In the center, the intertwining necks of two feline creatures form the cup of the palette. In the bottom register a bull (the king) stands over a fallen enemy outside the wall of the fortress. Mastaba Tombs • Mastaba, (Arabic: “bench”) rectangular superstructure of ancient Egyptian tombs, built of mud brick or, later, stone, with sloping walls and a flat roof. A deep shaft descended to the underground burial chamber. Mummification • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiL-KYJfD9o • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4PLBpLBuCY Imhotep, Stepped Pyramid and mortuary precinct of Djoser, Saqqara, Egypt, Dynasty III, ca. 2630-2611 BCE / Early Dynastic • Functioned as a tomb complex, a stairway to the sun god Ra. First, it was planned as a single-story mastaba tomb, later Imhotep enlarged upon the concept. End result: a stepped pyramid with 6 mastaba-like elements of decreasing size placed on top of each other. • • • Employs the most elementary structural techniques and the purest geometric forms. The body was buried in the burial chamber underneath the pyramid, to which it was connected by a shaft. The adjacent funerary temple was used for continuing worship of the dead king. In the form of his ka statue, the king was to observe the rituals through peepholes in the wall between a serdab (where the statue was placed) and the temple The Old Kingdom (2575 BCE (first pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty 2134 BCE (Eight Dynasty) Bent Pyramid, Pharaoh Sneferu (2575 to 2551 BC), c. 2600 BC Called the Bent Pyramid because of the change in angle from 54 degrees to 43 degrees approximately half way to its peak. --Original height - 344 feet (105 meters). -- Significant in the evolution of pyramid making in ancient Egypt: it was the first pyramid to have been constructed as a true pyramid, with smooth sides, not a step pyramid. Great Pyramids, Giza, Egypt Pyramids of Menkaure (2490-2472 BCE Khufu (2551-2528 BCE) Khafre (2520-2494 BCE) • https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-arthistory/ancient-mediterranean-ap/ancient-egyptap/a/old-kingdom-the-great-pyramids-of-giza Great Pyramids, Giza, Egypt Pyramids of Menkaure (2490-2472 BCE Khufu (2551-2528 BCE) Khafre (2520-2494 BCE) • • • • • Pharaoh Khufu began the first Giza pyramid project, circa 2550 B.C. His Great Pyramid is the largest in Giza (481 feet //147 meters). For centuries, it was the tallest structure made by human hands in the world Khufus son, Pharaoh Khafre, built the second pyramid at Giza, circa 2520 B.C. His necropolis also included the Sphinx The third of the Giza Pyramids is considerably smaller than the first two. Built by Pharaoh Menkaure circa 2490 B.C. Each massive pyramid is but one part of a larger complex, including a palace, temples, solar boat pits, and other features. Ancient Greeks designated the pyramids as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World (last remaining one) Great Pyramids, Giza, Egypt Pyramids of Menkaure (2490-2472 BCE Khafre (2520-2494 BCE) Khufu (2551-2528 BCE) • • Consists of a square base and 4 sloping triangular faces. The angled sides of pyramid meant to represent the slanting rays of sun; the deceased king was to climb up the rays to join the sun god Ra. Desire of rulers to commemorate themselves as divine beings. Khufu’s tomb (the largest) • • • • • At the base, the length of one side is 775 feet Area: 13 acres Present height: 450 feet Consists of 2.3 million blocks of stone, 2.5 tons each The pyramids were not built by the slaves: the builders were skilled, well-fed Egyptian workers who lived in a nearby temporary city Model of the Pyramid Complex. 1. P of Menkaure; 2. P of Khafre 7. P of Khufu • The site follows the sun’s east-west path. The pyramids are oriented to the points of compass. Built on the west side of the Nile (symbol of death, where the sun falls into the underworld) • Next to each pyramid was a funerary temple connected by causeway. The body was entombed in a vault deep inside the pyramid. • Great Sphinx, Giza, Egypt, Dynasty IV, 2520-2494 BCE, Sandstone • • Symbol of divine kingship. Composite creature – head of a ruler and the body of a lion. Part of the Khafre’s funerary complex and pyramid Could also be read as a giant hieroglyph “King departs” • • • Monumental sculpture: It measures 240 ft (73 m) long from paw to tail, 66.31 ft (20.21) high from the base to the top of the head. Scholars believe that it was built during the reign of the Pharaoh Khafre (c. 2558–2532 BC) Monolith carved into the bedrock of the plateau Khafre, ca. 2520-2494 BCE, Diorite; 66 inches (168 cm) x 22.5 inches (57 cm) • Medium/material: diorite, extremely hard and durable stone. • Valuable stone: brought 400 miles down the Nile from royal quarries. • Technique: the subtractive method. -- First: drawing the front, back, and two profile views of Khafre on the four vertical faces of the stone -- Second: chiseling away the excess stone on all four sides -- The last step: sculpting specific details Khafre, ca. 2520-2494 BCE, Diorite • • • • Function: resting place for pharaoh’s ka – the life force – to ensure immortality and permanence (hence, block-like quality of the sculpture: no negative spaces) Rigid posture and gaze Clothing -- a linen headdress (nemes) with the cobra of kingship and a false beard – clothing signals his royalty and divinity Not an actual portrait – the sitter is idealized – emphasis on perfection: athletic body, youthful appearance, perfect proportions Khafre, ca. 2520-2494 BCE, Diorite • • • Throne is formed by two stylized lions’ bodies – another symbol of royal power intertwined lotus (symbol of Upper Egypt) and papyrus plants (symbol of Lower Egypt) signify the unification of Egypt – political symbolism Khafre’s head is protected by God Horus (falcon). Horus (patron and protector of Egypt) was specifically related to the ruling pharaoh who was regarded as a manifestation of Horus in life and Osiris in death Seated Scribe, Dynasty V, 24502350 BCE. Painted Limestone Dimensions: 21.1 in (53.7 cm) × 17 in (44 cm) × 14 in (35 cm) https://www.khanacade my.org/humanities/apart-history/ancientmediterraneanap/ancient-egyptap/v/the-seated-scribec-2620-2500-b-c-e Inlaid eyes: rock crystal, magnesite, copper-arsenic alloy Nipples are made of wood Meticulously executed hands – contrast with a less detailed body Seated Scribe, Dynasty V, 2450-2350 BCE. Painted Limestone • • • • The identity of the sitter is unknown Discovered near a tomb of a high ranking official It was a common practice to the royals and high ranking officials to commission the representations of scribes so that their skills could be utilized in the afterlife. Scribes -- rather high social status: they were highly regarded and well-paid Seated Scribe, Dynasty V, 2450-2350 BCE. Painted Limestone • • • • • Seated figure dressed in a white kilt Cross-legged position – his work posture Holding a papyrus and perhaps a brush (now missing) Emphasis on his professional traits Soft, unfit body, yet animated and attentive gaze Khafre, ca. 2520-2494 BCE, Diorite Seated Scribe, Dynasty V, 2450-2350 BCE. Painted Limestone Menkaure and his Wife, ca. 2490-2472 BCE. Graywacke; Height: 4 feet 67/8 inches (139.5 cm) • https://www.khanacademy.org/humanitie s/ap-art-history/ancient-mediterraneanap/ancient-egypt-ap/a/king-menkauremycerinus-and-queen Menkaure and his Wife, ca. 2490-2472 BCE. Graywacke; Height: 4 feet 67/8 inches (139.5 cm) • • Was excavated by the Harvard University -Museum of Fine Arts Expedition team in 1909 Partage system – 1911 placed in the Museum of Fine Arts (Boston) Menkaure and his Wife, ca. 2490-2472 BCE. Graywacke. • The sculpture was blocked out in the general shape of the figure with the help of red guiding lines • The statue was then further shaped and polished. • The sculpture was not completely carved, perhaps due to the death of the king. Menkaure and his Wife (?), ca. 2490-2472 BCE. Graywacke; Height: 4 feet 67/8 inches (139.5 cm) • • • • • Dignity, calm, permanence. The compactness of statue ensures a lasting alternative home for the ka (if the mummy is damaged) The queen’s symbolic gesture of embrace – royal lineage of the ruler (share no emotions) Figures are depicted in accordance with the Egyptian ideal. King -- athletic, youthful figure (muscular arms and legs), nude to the waist and wearing the royal kilt, false beard and headcloth (symbols of royal authority). Left foot forward stance traditional for Egyptian sculpture (association with the heart). Queen (?) -- sheer, close-fitting garment reveals the curves of her slim body. Menkaure and his Wife, ca. 2490-2472 BCE. Graywacke. Two Worshippers (Votive Statues), Sumerian, ca. 2700 BCE, Gypsum inlaid with shell and black limestone Middle Kingdom • • The Middle Kingdom designates a period of ancient Egyptian civilization stretching from approximately 2030 to 1650 B.C. (Dynasty 11 through Dynasty 13). Many Middle Kingdom monuments are poorly preserved, which contributes to the era’s relative lack of modern prominence. Hippopotamus (William); ca. 1961–1878 B.C.; From Tomb B3 of the nomarch (governor) Senbi II; Faience; L. 20 cm (7 7/8 in.); W. 7.5 cm (2 15/16 in.); H. 11.2 cm (4 7/16 in.) https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-artcivilizations/egypt-art/new-kingdom/v/precaution Hippopotamus (William) -- Molded in faience -- a ceramic material made of ground quartz. -- Beneath the blue glaze, the body was painted with lotuses. These river plants depict the marshes in which the animal lived, but at the same time their flowers also symbolize regeneration and rebirth as they close every night and open again in the morning. The New Kingdom Hatshepsut (1507– 1458 BC), 18th Dynasty -- 2nd confirmed female pharaoh. Daughter of Thutmose I; married Thutmose II, her halfbrother. Her stepson, Thutmose III would succeed her as pharaoh -- Re-established trade routes – Trade mission to the Land of Punt (southeast of Egypt) – 31 live myrrh trees. -- Ambitious building program -- Her reign was one of the most prosperous and peaceful in Egypt’s history • • Thutmose III and Hatshepsut, Red Chapel, Karnak Princess Neferure Hatshepsut and Thutmose II had a daughter, Neferu-Ra, while Thutmose II fathered a son with his lesser wife Isis. After the death of her husband, Thutmose II, she became a regent for Thutmose III, assuming the title and a full authority of the pharaoh during the 7th year of her regency • Hatshepsut kneels before Amun Birth myth: “He [Amun] in the incarnation of the Majesty of her husband, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt [Thutmose I] found her sleeping in the beauty of her palace. She awoke at the divine fragrance and turned towards his Majesty. He went to her immediately, he was aroused by her, and he imposed his desire upon her. He allowed her to see him in his form of a god and she rejoiced at the sight of his beauty after he had come before her. His love passed into her body. The palace was flooded with divine fragrance.” Temple inscription • • Hatshepsut kneels before Amun She is the daughter of the powerful God, who wanted her to become a pharaoh: “Welcome my sweet daughter, my favorite, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Maatkare, Hatshepsut. Thou art the Pharaoh, taking possession of the Two Lands” • • Statue of Thutmose I Hatshepsut also claimed that her father, Thutmose I, wanted her to rule Egypt: “Then his majesty said to them: This daughter of mine, Hatshepsut—may she live!—I have appointed as my successor upon my throne... she shall direct the people in every sphere of the palace; it is she indeed who shall lead you. Obey her words, unite yourselves at her command. The royal nobles, the dignitaries, and the leaders of the people heard this proclamation of the promotion of his daughter, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Maatkare— may she live eternally.” 25 years after her death (toward the end of the reign of Thutmose II, and into the reign of his son, Amenhotep II, the images of Hatshepsut had been deliberately chipped away, removed, defaced, vandalized. Also, an attempt was made to remove Hatshepsut from certain historical and pharaonic records. Contemporary historians believe that these actions were initiated by Amenhotep II rather than Thutmose III. Large Kneeling Statue of Hatshepsut, ca. 1479–1458 B.C.// The Female Pharaoh Hatshepsut, ca. 1479–1458 B.C. Large Kneeling Statue of Hatshepsut, ca. 1479–1458 B.C. Granite H. 261.5 cm (102 15/16 in.); W. 80 cm (31 1/2 in.); D. 137 cm (53 15/16 in.) • Monumental scale • Originally located the middle terrace of her temple, flanking the central pathway • Idealized; wears traditional pharaonic clothing: the nemes headcloth, false beard, and kilt. • Hatshepsut is offering Amun Maat (order/ truth), asserting it as her guiding principles. She also took Maatkare as her throne name. The Female Pharaoh Hatshepsut, ca. 1479–1458 B.C. H. 170 × W. 41 × D. 90 cm, 620.5 kg (66 15/16 × 16 1/8 × 35 7/16 in., 1368 lb.) • • • Depicted in female attire, yet wears the nemes-headcloth (symbol of royal power) Inscriptions: “Lady of the Two Lands and Bodily Daughter of Re.” The posture indicated that this statue was to be placed inside a temple to receive the offerings. Thus this was a private rather than public statue (She was represented as a male king in public statues, even though the inscriptions did not misrepresent her gender) Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri, Egypt, Dynasty XVIII, 1473-1458 BCE • • • • Funerary temple dedicated to Amun and Hatshepsut. She was not buried in her mortuary temple but in a tomb in the nearby Valley of the Kings Location: Across the river from Thebes, near the Valley of the Kings on the west bank of the Nile The temple was designed by Hatshepsut’s steward and confidante Senenmut. Took 15 ye ... Purchase answer to see full attachment