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I need help with paraphrase/reword both the Assignments so it is not similar to the current one. Both the Assignments cover the same topic, they need to be paraphrased into one single Report. For both the assignment the task is to go though the provided sample report understand the concept and paraphrase the concept in own words with good English in one report. _report11__1_.doc _report2__1_.docx Unformatted Attachment Preview Site Inspection Report Pavement Design 1 1 Executive Summary This engineering report after inspection of two sites examines different type of concrete pavements. Rigid concrete cast in situ and segmental pavements sites were observed. The objective of this report was to determine the functional use of pavement and to analyse for both pavements advantages and limitations. It comprises how these pavements were initially constructed and what construction techniques are used. This report also contains their performance and distress and cracks in pavements. Although both pavements are made up of concrete, but they function in different ways. The construction method uses for both pavements are different. One pavement requires skilful labours and the other one does not require worker with too much knowledge about pavement. Distress and cracks in both pavements are kind of same but the remedial techniques sometimes used is different depending on the pavement. In the end this report mentions recommendations about maintenance and performance. Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................... 3 2 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4 3 Site 1 ................................................................................................................................... 5 3.1 3.2 Construction ......................................................................................................................... 5 Crack/Deformation .............................................................................................................. 6 3.2.1 Scaling ..................................................................................................................... ......................... 6 3.2.2 Joint spalling ..................................................................................................................................... 7 3.2.3 Depression Cracking ......................................................................................................... ................ 7 3.3 4 Maintenance .......................................................................................................................... 7 Site 2 ................................................................................................................................... 8 4.1 4.2 Construction ......................................................................................................................... 8 Crack/deformation ............................................................................................................... 9 4.2.1 Cracking of slabs ........................................................................................................... ................... 9 4.2.2 Spalling of joints .............................................................................................................................. . 9 4.2.3 Stepping of joints and cracks .......................................................................................................... 10 4.3 Maintenance ........................................................................................................................ 10 5 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 11 6 References .................................................................................................................. ...... 12 7 Appendix .......................................................................................................................... 13 2 2 Introduction Concrete pavements highlight noticeably in the metropolitan landscape for parking lots, footpaths, expressway and driveways. Concrete could be used in different form for construction of pavements. In this report two different types of concrete pavement are discussed after sites inspections. Although both pavements execute functional requirement, but they are constructed and designed in different ways. The cost which includes both construction and maintenance cost are also different for both pavements. Both of them have different deformation/cracks and need different remedial action. This report examines advantages and limitations of both pavements orderly by distress categorization and highlighting purposes of each pavement restoration and fixing technique. It also comprises the arrangement and attributes of wide variety of restoration materials for cracks, spalling and rough patches. It also covers maintenance methods of both pavements. 4 Site 2 Figure (7). Site 2 4.1 Construction Figure (8) Principal elements of a concrete block pavement To find the required orientation for layers it is critical to spot the starting point. Pattern in which the blocks will be laid should be designed before installation. Carefully laying the first 8 row will make it easy to do the rest of it. The holes/voids should be covered. Outside part of the block should be connected with the other. Unskilled labour and simple equipment could be used to set interlocking (Figure (8)) concrete blocks. Construction is also possible in areas with complicated alignment and hilly areas when the use of ordinary construction machines is not possible. Furthermore, block pavements can be used by the traffic and pedestrians right away unlike conventional concrete pavements. Unlike other materials the installation of concrete blocks is not dependant on temperature and hence blocks could be laid over a longer construction season. 4.2 Crack/deformation Concrete segmental pavements can degrade gradually over time, variety of potential defects including: 4.2.1 Cracking of slabs Figure (9) Cracking of slabs The figure (9) clearly shows the crack in slab. This could be result of Plastic shrinkage, Drying shrinkage and Fatigue. Techniques such as Grouting, sealing and cross-stitching may be used to repair crack. Not all cracks could be repaired like the one caused by drying shrinkage as they are expected and normal. 4.2.2 Spalling of joints Figure (10) Spalling of joints 9 Expansion and ingress of incompressible are the main causes for the distress shown in fig (10). 4.2.3 Stepping of joints and cracks Figure (11). Stepping of joints and cracks Figure (11) shows stepping of cracks and joints caused by movement and expansion that cannot be hold. High stiffness bandage within joint before setting up slab could help to minimise the movement. 4.3 Maintenance Segmental pavements are long-lasting but also depends on performance of the base, sub-base and subgrade instead on degradation of blocks themselves. ‘In Netherlands, if maintenance is carried out on regular basis the concrete block may last for 40 years or more on average.’ Commonly 90 and 95\% of the original blocks are re-use during reconstruction. Recycling process is also easier. Unlike conventional pavements blocks can be raised and laid over and over again which gives an easy access for underground maintenance operations. No need of tools like jackhammers for excavation. Since blocks are available in variety of colours, traffic control markings can be integrated in bock pavements that reduced the long-term maintenance cost. 10 5 Conclusion If durable raw materials are used for pavement construction, it can last many years with little maintenance. In very few cases, yet, inadequate construction techniques and badly selected materials have greatly reduced pavement life or need more maintenance over time. In most areas block pavement will be selected in preference to other options because it’s not expensive. Installation is easier and it has maintenance and functional advantages. Although there are many advantages of using concrete segmental pavements, but it is clear that it has some limitations as well. The installation is slower than asphalt pavement. If poorly installed higher chances of deformation and distress. Even though Rigid concrete pavements are durable, but they are expensive comparing it with concrete blocks and asphalt pavements. Moderate aesthetically as it has very limited colours. Construction and maintenance techniques are more complicated. Advanced knowledge of construction techniques and maintenance methods would be an additional advantage in supporting the use of concrete pavements. 11 6 References Brett Neal, P. (2020). 13 Pavement Defects and Failures You Should Know! | pavemanpro. [online] Pavemanpro.com. Available at: https://www.pavemanpro.com/article/identifying_asphalt_pavement_defects/ [Accessed 7 Mar. 2020]. Concrete Pavement Design, S. (2020). Concrete Pavement Design, Construction, and Performance, Second Edition by Norbert J. Delatte - PDF Drive. [online] Pdfdrive.com. Available at: https://www.pdfdrive.com/concrete-pavement-design-construction-andperformance-second-edition-e169883792.html [Accessed 7 Mar. 2020]. Ucprc.ucdavis.edu. (2020). [online] Available at: http://www.ucprc.ucdavis.edu/PDF/Final\%20Stg\%206\%20Concrete\%20Summary\%20UCPR C-SR-2006-01.pdf [Accessed 7 Mar. 2020]. Ccaa.com.au. (2020). [online] Available at: https://www.ccaa.com.au/imis_prod/documents/Library\%20Documents/CCAA\%20Reports/P avementRepair.pdf [Accessed 7 Mar. 2020]. Cmaa.blob.core.windows.net. (2020). [online] Available at: https://cmaa.blob.core.windows.net/media/1021/pa02-concrete-segmental-pavementsdesign-guide-for-residential-accessways-and-roads.pdf [Accessed 7 Mar. 2020]. Moodle.telt.unsw.edu.au. (2020). Notice. [online] Available at: https://moodle.telt.unsw.edu.au/pluginfile.php/5439056/mod_resource/content/1/Shackel\%20 Chapter\%201\%20300dpi.pdf [Accessed 7 Mar. 2020]. Moodle.telt.unsw.edu.au. (2020). Notice. [online] Available at: https://moodle.telt.unsw.edu.au/pluginfile.php/5439058/mod_resource/content/1/Shackel\%20 Chapter\%202\%20300dpi.pdf [Accessed 7 Mar. 2020]. Assessment Task 1: Site Inspection Report Pavements 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………1 2. Segmental Pavement……………………..………………………………….2 2.1. Inspection …………………………………………………………………………..2 2.2. Construction………………………………………………………………………... 2 2.3. Defects………………………………………………………………………………3 2.4. Performance………………………………………………………………………....4 4. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………….8 References……………………………………………………………………………………….9 Appendix A: Segmental Pavement………….……………………………………… 1. Introduction Pavements of different uses all similarly abide by certain standards and physically possess similar aesthetics. However, pavements utilised in a commercial or industrial sense are designed and constructed with a certain set of characteristics to be able to maintain structural integrity as well as prolong its useful life. The pavements that are constructed with materials that are mismatched with their purposes can become problematic especially in engineering as issues of lower productivity, vehicle defects and safety concerns may arise. This report presents site inspections of two distinct pavements used in commercial applications at differing locations in Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2. The inspections presented through photographic evidence illustrate the method of construction and its current state. Additionally, an analysis of each respective pavement’s overall performance over time is conducted with a large focus on the failures and the mode of failures as well as defects. 2. Segmental Pavement Segmental paving is commonly applied to mixed traffic environments of pedestrians and vehicles. Therefore, in commercial or industrial context, segmental paving is commonly found in car parks and loading docks where vehicles and pedestrians mutually use the space alike. This report examines and analyses a rigid concrete type of segmental pavement. 1 Concrete is renowned for its versatility, uniformity but most importantly, for its strength and ability to withstand loads. Concrete segmental pavements have been constructed in Australia since the 1970s and continue to maintain its popularity as a pavement option within Australia, predominantly in the commercial and industrial industry. 2.2 Construction Concrete evidently makes up the chosen pavement as it must withstand environmental conditions such as extreme wind from the open ocean as well as the slow process of erosion from the nearby sand as well as substantial loads from loading trucks. There are a variety of methods involved in the construction of segmental concrete pavements. Taking into consideration the age of the pavement, it can be assumed the process was predominantly performed by hand with minimal use of machinery. Firstly, the natural soil that acts as the base of the pavement known as subgrade is trimmed and compacted. Following that, the subgrade is proof rolled with a fully loaded truck to ensure the subgrade has complete uniformity. The next layer to the pavement is the subbase and base which act as the strong foundation to the pavement. The following vital layer is the sand bedding layer which is distributed in an even layer to secure pavers. During Australia’s early introduction to concrete segmental pavers, it was discovered that pavers that were placed closely together would quickly result in cracking when subjected to substantial loads from heavy vehicles. Therefore, pavers are then placed systematically with some proximity with each other to avoid cracking. After this process, most of the construction process is finalised through the completion of compacting the bedding. Lastly, dry sand is spread and filled in the joints then processed through a plate compactor. This process is repeated until joints are sufficiently filled. 2.3. Defects Defects in pavements are due to structural failures caused by a combination of factors during and after the construction process. The concrete pavement selected is primarily subjected to factors such as strong winds and heavy loads from vehicular movement. The cracking of the pavers, slight loss of surface texture and uneven surface are the main failures associated with the pavement at Bondi Beach. 2 Bondi Beach is continually known as Australia’s most famous beach. Through globalisation and increase in tourism, the nearby businesses have flourished and this has translated in an increase in vehicular movement at the road space. The increased vehicular activity has resulted in several cracks and defects in the concrete pavers delineated in Figure 1.2 (refer to Appendix A for more details). Concrete cracks are generally caused by plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage or fatigue. With regard to the weather conditions at Bondi Beach and the location itself, it is likely the cause of the cracking may be due to fatigue and ageing of the pavement. The location of the pavement is susceptible to moderate winds from the open water and may have caused the concrete pavers to slowly but inevitably erode. Furthermore, as the functional use of the space is as a loading dock, the pavement is consistently subject to excessive loads from loading trucks. This in conjunction with the gradual reduction in strength leads to the various cracks. In addition, the steady deterioration of the pavement is evident through the dullness in colour of the concrete and indicates there is slight loss in surface texture, which is also classified as a failure. On the contrary, the failure of unevenness can be caused by the natural environment. Figure 1.3 demonstrates the instability of the pavement’s surface and weed flourishing beneath it. It can be assumed weed roots are responsible for the unevenness and the pavement in this segment is poorly maintained. Moreover, the weed sprouting through the concrete pavement has created a pothole, another failure, shown in Figure 1.3. 3 2.4. Performance - how it’s maintained The performance of pavements can be investigated in two parts: structural and functional. Structural performance refers to the pavement’s physical properties such as thickness, materials used and its ability to withstand loads that are applied to it. Whereas, functional performance refers to the efficiency and quality of the driver’s experience which takes into account the appropriateness of line markings and uniformity on the pavement. Both the structural and functional performance of the pavement are hindered by the failures and defects mentioned above. Concrete cracking lowers the structural performance as it does not demonstrate the ability to withstand loads. Similarly, the instability and deformities of the pavement’s surface as well as the potholes obstruct the efficient driver’s experience and decrease its functional performance alike. However, maintenance is apparent in Figure 1.5 through bitumen resurfacing marginally boosting the pavement’s structural integrity. References https://www.fnqroc.qld.gov.au/files/media/original/004/0f0/d8e/326/ S3-Segmental-Paving-Specifications-0317---Issue-7.pdf 4 https://moodle.telt.unsw.edu.au/pluginfile.php/5421732/mod_resour ce/content/1/AGPT01-09\%20web\%20version.pdf https://assets.master-builders-solutions.basf.com/enus/shrinkage_of_concrete_ctif.pdf https://www.claremontasphalt.com.au/asphalt-vs-bitumen/ 5 ... Purchase answer to see full attachment