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Week 1 Group Assignment:Section I; include the Title page.Also, the Appendix and References pages should be created in Week 1 and submitted even if they are blank.They will be there each week and can be updated according to the weekly assignments.Instructions:==============1. Please READ Building a Business Case.docx, Trusty Carpets Case Study.docx and Group Assignment section 1-ROSS.docx2. In-text citations and scholar references is a MUST, APA Format.3. Please make reference to the GRADING RUBRIC when writingASSIGN PART: ROSS Background and Environmental Analysis (Notice the proper formatting above with Roman numeral and heading capitalization; use these for your business case.)The purpose of this section is to give a clear introduction to the business case and project. It provides the background on the core aspects of the business and its operation in sufficient detail to set the stage for the explanation of the problems, opportunities, or changes that will follow.This section also contains an analysis of the environment within which the business operates, identifying problems or opportunities in a number of areas, setting the stage for Section II, where the team will identify one problem or opportunity area for which a technology solution will be proposed in the business case. Approach to Developing this Section A. Background.Begin with an introduction (A.) to the situation portrayed in the case study to provide a background on the organization and its current operation. Include the important points, but do not just reiterate the information in the case study. B. Environmental Analysis.Conduct some research on industry analysis and trends for the business in the case study, and select those that could impact the business.Include a description of at least one problem or opportunity in each of the following areas:(Ross, Gabriel, Vincent)An opportunity or change to the Business Vision, Strategy or Objectives(Ross)Business processes or technologies which are not operating efficiently or have been rendered obsolete(Ross)New technology trends (or opportunities resulting from new technologies)Commercial or operational trends which are driving changes in the business or industryNew or better products, technologies or processes in use by competitorsChanges to statutory, legislative or other environmental requirements. Provide facts or evidence to support the conclusions drawn above, using one or two sentences with citations/references as appropriate. group_assignment_section_1_ross.docx epa_warm_document_chapter_3_carpet.pdf trusty_carpets_case_study.docx building_a_business_case.docx Unformatted Attachment Preview below is the summary of the Group Assignment for (Group 4 - Alpha Group: Week 1: Section I - Assignment II: Google Share Location: Assignment II Google Share Location), I will be sending the Group Assignment delegation for Group 4 - Alpha Group: Week 1: Group Schedule and PM Assignments, asap. Lastly, if anybody has any questions or you feel the workload is too much, I or any team member can jump in to help. I. Background and Environmental Analysis The purpose of this section is to give a clear introduction to the business case and project. It provides the background on the core aspects of the business and its operation in sufficient detail to set the stage for the explanation of the problems, opportunities, or changes that will follow. This section also contains an analysis of the environment within which the business operates, identifying problems or opportunities in a number of areas, setting the stage for Section II, where the team will identify one problem or opportunity area for which a technology solution will be proposed in the business case. A. Background. Begin with an introduction (A.) to the situation portrayed in the case study to provide a background on the organization and its current operation. Include the important points, but do not just reiterate the information in the case study. (Rotimi, and Brittanie) B. Environmental Analysis. Conduct some research on industry analysis and trends for the business in the case study, and select those that could impact the business. Include a description of at least one problem or opportunity in each of the following areas: (Ross, Gabriel, Vincent) • • • • • • • An opportunity or change to the Business Vision, Strategy or Objectives (Ross) Business processes or technologies which are not operating efficiently or have been rendered obsolete (Ross) New technology trends (or opportunities resulting from new technologies) (Gabriel) Commercial or operational trends which are driving changes in the business or industry (Gabriel) New or better products, technologies or processes in use by competitors (Vincent) Changes to statutory, legislative, or other environmental requirements. (Vincent) References (The Entire Team) IFSM 495-6380 TRENDS & PRACTICAL APPLICATION IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT IT Project Manager’s Checklist of Responsibilities Project/Document Name Project Manager/Owner Name Rotimi Version 1.0 Alpha Team Date 5-20-20 Rotimi Ogundeyin Group 4 IFSM 495 Trends and Practical Applications Mobile Email Address Number Title Project Manager (Week 1) Brittanie Ross Gabriel Deputy PM Configuration Manager/ Editor Research Managers /Editor Vincent Documentation Manager Throughout the project, the Project Manager should focus on: WEEK 1 TASK 1. Establishment of Team Name for Group 4 2. Communication Platform 3. Contact List 4. Documentation COMMENT/STATUS The Alpha Team has been established and agreed by my team members, Professor has approved of the name as of 5-19-2020. • Email Communication has been established • Google Hangout Chat Group has been created Group contact information has been collected and shared among the Alpha Group Google Document Collaborative Share drive has been created FILE LOCATION https://learn.umgc.edu/d2l/lms/group/user_group_list.d2l?ou=486 https://hangouts.google.com/group/2RTmq9wBSfSxbpcL8 https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/folders/1qtwk_yb9RFncaeexa https://drive.google.com/open?id=1_ofh1pohU3UDkD5OmxMox Group 4 - Alpha Group: Week 1: Group Schedule 5. Group Assignment Part and PM Assignments (PENDING I DELEGATION) 6. Group Group 4 - Alpha Group: Assignment Part Week 1: Section I II https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/folders/19ybTmjpqJBSr6pd_6 https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/folders/1FVRFhvuuQS3pf_H2 hGRd ALPHA TEAM RESPONSIBILITY REQUIREMENTS PHASE RESPONSIBILITY DONE? COMMENT/STATUS 1. Rotimi (Section A) Background 2. Brittanie (Section A) Background (Section B) Environmental Analysis (Section B) Environmental Analysis (Section B) Environmental Analysis 3. Ross 4. Gabriel 5. Vincent ADDITIONAL COMMENTS & QUESTIONS Week 1 Communication document SIGN-OFF <> Reviewer (Alpha Team Members) Signature above Printed Name/Date Project Manager Rotimi Ogundeyin 5/20/20 Signature above Printed Name/Date WARM Version 14 3 Carpet February 2016 CARPET 3.1 INTRODUCTION TO WARM AND CARPET This chapter describes the methodology used in EPA’s Waste Reduction Model (WARM) to estimate streamlined life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emission factors for carpet beginning at the point of waste generation. The WARM GHG emission factors are used to compare the net emissions associated with carpet in the following four materials management alternatives: source reduction, recycling, landfilling, and combustion. For background information on the general purpose and function of WARM emission factors, see the WARM Background & Overview chapter. For more information on Source Reduction, Recycling, Landfilling, and Combustion, see the chapters devoted to those processes. WARM also allows users to calculate results in terms of energy, rather than GHGs. The energy results are calculated using the same methodology described here but with slight adjustments, as explained in the Energy Impacts chapter. At the end of its useful life, carpet can be recovered for recycling, sent to a landfill or combusted. Landfilling is the most commonly selected waste management option for carpet. According to EPA (2011), 9 percent of carpet is recycled annually. Efforts by industry, EPA, and other organizations over the past few years have increased the fraction of waste carpet that is recycled. WARM accounts for the four predominant materials constituting face fibers in residential carpeting: Nylon 6, Nylon 6-6, Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and Polypropylene (PET). Because the composition of commercial carpet is different than that of residential carpet, the emission factors presented in this chapter and in WARM only apply to broadloom residential carpet. The components of nylon broadloom residential carpet in this analysis include: face fiber, primary and secondary backing and latex used for attaching the backings. Exhibit 3-1 shows the general outline of materials management pathways in WARM and how they are modeled for carpet. Recycling carpet is an open-loop process, meaning that components are recycled into secondary materials such as carpet pad, molded products and carpet backing. In WARM, the life-cycle energy and material requirements for converting recycled carpet into these various secondary end products were unavailable (Realff, 2010a). Therefore, in the recycling pathway, the recycling benefits for carpet incorporate the avoided manufacture of the various virgin plastic resins only. Carpet is collected curbside and at special recovery events, or individuals can bring it to designated drop-off sites. Once carpet has been collected for recycling, it is sent to material recovery facilities that specialize in separating and recovering materials from carpet. Building on Exhibit 3-1, a more detailed flow diagram of the recycling pathway for carpet is provided in Exhibit 3-2. 3-1 WARM Version 14 Carpet February 2016 Exhibit 3-1: Life Cycle of Carpet in WARM Since the original development of the carpet material type energy and GHG emission factors for WARM in 2004, updated life-cycle data for the recycling pathway which more accurately reflect carpet composition and recycling input energy have become available (Realff, 2011b). The updates include revisions to include two additional types of plastics found in the face fibers of residential broadloom carpets as well as the incorporation of the loss rates within the carpet recycling process. Updated information on the source reduction and landfilling life-cycle pathways for carpet was not available. Therefore, this update to the carpet factors in WARM includes changes only to the recycling and combustion pathways. 3-2 WARM Version 14 Carpet February 2016 Exhibit 3-2: Detailed Recycling Flows for Carpet in WARM 3.2 LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT AND EMISSION FACTOR RESULTS The life-cycle boundaries in WARM start at the point of waste generation, or the moment a material is discarded, and only consider upstream emissions when the production of materials is affected by end-of-life materials management decisions. Recycling and source reduction are the two materials management options that impact the upstream production of materials and consequently are the only management options that include upstream GHG emissions. For more information on evaluating upstream emissions, see the chapters on Recycling and Source Reduction. WARM includes source reduction, recycling, landfilling, and combustion pathways for materials management of carpet. Composting and anaerobic digestion are not included as pathways for materials management of carpet. As Exhibit 3-3 illustrates, most of the GHG emissions from end-of-life management of carpet occur from waste management of this product, while most of the GHG savings occur from offsetting upstream raw materials acquisition and the manufacturing of other secondary materials that are recovered from carpet. 3-3 WARM Version 14 Carpet February 2016 Exhibit 3-3: Carpet GHG Sources and Sinks from Relevant Materials Management Pathways Materials Management Strategies for Carpet Source Reduction Composting Recycling Landfilling Combustion Anaerobic Digestion GHG Sources and Sinks Relevant to Carpet Changes in Forest or Soil Raw Materials Acquisition and Manufacturing Carbon Storage End-of-Life Offsets NA NA · Transport of raw materials and intermediate products · Virgin process energy · Virgin process non-energy · Transport of carpet to point of sale Not applicable because carpet cannot be anaerobically digested Emissions NA Emissions · Transport of recycled materials · Collection of carpet and transportation to recycling · Recycled process energy center · Recycled process non-energy · De-manufacturing and Offsets reprocessing recovered carpet · Emissions from producing Nylon 6, Nylon 6-6, PET and PP plastic resins from virgin material NA NA Emissions · Transport to landfill · Landfilling machinery NA NA Emissions · Transport to WTE facility · Combustion-related CO2 Offsets · Avoided electric utility emissions Not applicable because carpet cannot be anaerobically digested NA = Not applicable. WARM analyzes all of the GHG sources and sinks outlined in Exhibit 3-4 and calculates net GHG emissions per short ton of carpet inputs. For more detailed methodology on emission factors, please see the sections below on individual materials management strategies. Exhibit 3-4: Net Emissions for Carpet under Each Materials Management Option (MTCO 2E/Short Ton) Material Carpet Net Source Reduction (Reuse) GHG Emissions For Current Mix of Inputsa -3.83 Net Recycling Emissions -2.36 Net Composting Emissions NA Net Landfilling Emissions 0.02 Net Combustion Emissions 1.09 Net Anaerobic Digestion Emissions NA a The current mix of inputs for carpet is considered to be 100\% virgin material. Note: Negative values denote net GHG emission reductions or carbon storage from a materials management practice. NA = Not applicable. 3.3 RAW MATERIALS ACQUISITION AND MANUFACTURING The components of nylon broadloom residential carpet in this analysis include: face fiber, primary and secondary backing and latex used for attaching the backings. The face fiber used for nylon carpet is typically made of a combination of Nylon 6, Nylon 6-6, Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and Polypropylene (PP). For the purpose of developing an emission factor that represents “typical” broadloom residential carpet, WARM reflects the market share of each material in the carpet industry. 3-4 WARM Version 14 Carpet February 2016 Carpet backing for broadloom carpet typically consists of polypropylene (PP). For latex used to adhere carpet backings, EPA modeled styrene butadiene, the most common latex used for this purpose. Styrene butadiene latex is commonly compounded with a filler such as calcium carbonate (limestone). Inputs to the manufacture of nylon, PP and styrene butadiene are crude oil and/or natural gas. Exhibit 3-5 provides the assumed material composition of the typical carpet used for this analysis (FAL, 2002, Realff, 2011b). Exhibit 3-5: Material Composition of One Short Ton of Carpet Material Nylon, PET, PP mix PP Styrene butadiene latex Limestone Total Application \% of Total Weight 45\% 15\% 8\% 32\% 100\% Face Fiber Woven for backing Carpet backing adhesive Filler in latex adhesive Weight (lbs.) (Assuming 2,000 lbs. of Carpet) 910 304 164 648 2,026 lbs.a a Note that these values total 2,026 pounds, which is greater than one short ton. This is because 26 pounds of the raw materials used to manufacture carpet are assumed to be “lost” during the manufacturing process. In other words, producing one short ton of carpet actually requires slightly more than one short ton of raw materials (FAL, 2002). The main polymers that are used for the face fiber are Nylon 6-6, Nylon 6, PET, and PP with very small amounts of wool and a growing interest in the use of bio-based fibers. The average proportion of each of these plastic resins in carpet face fibers is provided in Exhibit 6. These components are recovered and recycled in different ways, each consuming different amounts of energy. For example, Nylon 6 face fiber is recycled mostly through depolymerization, whereas Nylon 6-6 face fiber is recycled mainly through shaving the fiber followed by remelting and extrusion. Exhibit 3-6: Residential Face Fiber Mix 1995-2000 Plastic Resin Nylon 6 Nylon 6-6 PET PP Total Face Fiber \% of Total Weight 40\% 25\% 15\% 20\% 100\% Source: Realff, 2011b The process used to turn the components in Exhibit 3-5 into a finished carpet may include weaving, tufting, needlepunching and/or knitting. According to the Carpet and Rug Institute, 95 percent of carpet produced in the United States is tufted (CRI, 2010). During tufting, face pile yarns are rapidly sewn into a primary backing by a wide multineedled machine. After the face pile yarns are sewn into the primary backing, a layer of latex is used to secure a secondary backing, which adds strength and dimensional stability to the carpet. 3.4 MATERIALS MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES This analysis considers source reduction, recycling, landfilling, and combustion of carpet. It is important to note that carpet is not recycled into new carpet; instead, it is recycled in an open loop process. The life-cycle assessment of carpet disposal must take into account the variety of secondgeneration products made from recycled carpet. Information on carpet recycling and the resulting second-generation products is sparse; however, EPA has modeled pathways for which consistent data are available for recycled carpet components. As described previously, due to unavailable life-cycle data on the manufacture of second-generation products from recycled carpet, EPA modeled only the remanufacture of the various virgin plastic resins (i.e., one step before the resins are used to manufacture the second-generation products such as carpet pad, molded products and carpet backing). Please see Exhibit 2 for the process flow diagram that illustrates these boundaries. 3-5 WARM Version 14 Carpet February 2016 The data source used to develop the emissions factor for source reduction is a 2002 report published by Franklin Associates Limited (FAL) on energy and GHG emission factors for the manufacture and end-of-life management of carpet (FAL, 2002). These data were based on a number of industry and academic data sources dating from the 1990s and 2000s. The background data for the development of the source reduction carpet emission factors are available in an EPA background document associated with the FAL 2002 report (EPA, 2003). The data source used to develop the open-loop recycling emission factor for carpet is based on updated data from Dr. Matthew Realff of Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech). His findings were informed by the 2009 Carpet America Recovery Effort (CARE) 2009 annual report, which provided a breakdown of the components of carpet face fiber polymer (CARE, 2009). In 2011, Dr. Realff collected data in collaboration with the carpet industry that provided the energy inputs used to recycle carpet face fiber into plastic constituents (Realff, 2011b). Dr. Realff provided the life-cycle data for recycling carpet in a spreadsheet designed for incorporation into WARM (Realff, 2011c). 3.4.1 Source Reduction Source reduction activities reduce the amount of carpet that is produced, thereby reducing GHG emissions from carpet production. Source reduction of carpet can be achieved through using less carpeting material per square foot (i.e., thinner carpet) or by finding a way to make existing carpet last longer through cleaning or repair. For more information on this practice, see the Source Reduction chapter. Exhibit 7 outlines the GHG emission factor for source reducing carpet. GHG benefits of source reduction are calculated as the avoided emissions from raw materials acquisition and manufacturing (RMAM) of new carpet. Exhibit 3-7: Source Reduction Emission Factor for Carpet (MTCO2E/Short Ton) Material Carpet Raw Material Acquisition and Manufacturing for Current Mix of Inputs -3.82 Raw Material Acquisition and Manufacturing for 100\% Virgin Inputs -3.82 Forest Carbon Storage for Current Mix of Inputs NA Forest Carbon Storage for 100\% Virgin Inputs NA Net Emissions for Current Mix of Inputs -3.82 Net Emissions for 100\% Virgin Inputs -3.82 Note: Negative values denote net GHG emission reductions or carbon storage from a materials management practice. Information on the share of recycled inputs used in production is unavailable or is not a common practice; EPA assumes that the current mix is comprised of 100\% virgin inputs. Consequently, the source reduction benefits of both the “current mix of inputs” and “100\% virgin inputs” are the same. NA = Not applicable. Post-consumer emissions are the emissions associated with materials management pathways that could occur at end-of-life. Source reducing carpet does not involve post-consumer emissions because production of the material is avoided in the first place. Forest products are not used in the production of carpet; therefore, forest carbon storage is not applicable to carpet and thus does not contribute to the source reduction emission factor. 3.4.1.1 Developing the Emission Factor for Source Reduction of Carpet To calculate the avoided GHG emissions for carpet, EPA looks at three components of GHG emissions from RMAM activities: process energy, transportation energy and process non-energy GHG emissions. Exhibit 8 shows the results for each component and the total GHG emission factor for source reduction. More information on each component making up the final emission factor is provided in the remainder of this section. 3-6 WARM Version 14 Carpet February 2016 Exhibit 3-8: Raw Material Acquisition and Manufacturing Emission Factor for Virgin Production of Carpet (MTCO2E/Short Ton) (a) (b) Material Process Energy Carpet 3.22 (c) (d) Transportation Energy 0.10 Process Non-Energy 0.50 (e) Net Emissions (e = b + c + d) 3.82 FAL (2002) reports the amount of energy required to produce one short ton of carpet as 60.32 million Btu. FAL (2002) also provided the fuel mix that makes up this energy estimate. To estimate GHG emissions, EPA multiplied the fuel consumption (in Btu) by the fuel-specific carbon contents. Summing the resulting GHG emissions, by fuel type, gives the total process energy GHG emissions, including both CO2 and CH4, from all fuel types used in carpet manufacture (Exhibit 3-9). Exhibit 3 ... Purchase answer to see full attachment