Fluent Essays

please read all the instructions. review the three attached examples, and the rubric. The final product should include the power point presentation, and well as a word document summery of the power point. These documents and presentation need to follow the instructions very carefully(please review three examples if needed). The presentation must include:An IntroductionDescription of your sampling method and explanation of how you applied a random sampling procedureDataSummary of data using descriptive statistics (graphs, tables and summaries)Two confidence interval estimates for your population parametersTwo hypothesis tests and the hypotheses testing procedures associated with eachInterpretation of results of your hypothesis testsSummary of findings from descriptive statistics and inferential statistics methodsConclusionsLet me know if there is anything else you need, or would like me to provide. thank you, example_1.pptx example_2.pptx example_3.pptx instructions.pdf rubric.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview A Case Study of the San Diego Chargers The luxury of playing an NFL game in a team’s home stadium is seen as a great advantage. Teams at home have the benefit of not having to travel far, sleep in an unfamiliar bed, and listen to the roar of the crowd cheering against them. For the most part, teams are expected to perform better while playing from home. With the rumors of the San Diego Chargers relocating to Los Angeles, many long-time Chargers fans are choosing to not attend home games. This leaves many tickets available so visiting team fans can travel to San Diego to watch their team play the Chargers. So far the current 2015 NFL season has turned out very poorly and many outside sources are attributing the turnout to the lack of San Diego fans at Chargers home games. I believe while this change may have affected the morale of the Chargers, it is not a main cause of the team’s misfortune. In fact, I am willing to state that the team does not play a better football game while at home because of the population and history of the city. Due to San Diego’s climate and military presence, a high percentage of the population are not native San Diegans. Most sports fans tend to “bring” their team with them when they move to the city. Additionally, San Diego The city of San Diego does not have a healthy history with sports championships or producing winning teams. Due to this poor history, most of the population who has moved to San Diego and some of the native population do not adopt the Chargers as their favorite team. Because of these reasons, the Chargers do not possess a large fan base within the city and usually host a large portion of opposing fans. With few native born fans and the influx of “transplant” football fans (NFL fans who move from their home town but retain their original sports identity, ie., a Baltimore Ravens fans living in New York), San Diego has never truly had a strong home team crowd and lacks a proper home team advantage. The Chargers performance at home is not better than their record at games outside of the city. • The Chargers do not score more than 20 points in home games • Philip Rivers, Chargers quarterback, does not throw more than 2 touchdowns in home games 2 3 In order to determine if the Chargers and Philip Rivers play better in away games, I needed to collect raw data including: final score and touchdowns. To get this data I used NFL.com, footballdb.com, espn.go.com, and profootball-reference.com. I gathered the data from the past four years in order to make a strong sample size of 50+ matches. Once I collected the data, I selected a stratified sampling method which sorted the final scores and touchdown totals into two categories: Home games and Away games. While in groupings I also sorted the home and away games into their respective years and gathered information on them to observe any patterns. Do to the massive amount of data I will be collecting, I will be presenting the results from all the seasons individually in order to not overload a single slide with information. 2012 Season Data Date 9/10/2012 9/16/2012 9/23/2012 Opponent @ Oakland Tennessee Atlanta Score W 22-14 W 38-10 L 27-3 Location O.co Coliseum (Oakland, CA) Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) Rivers Touchdowns 1 3 0 9/30/2012 @ Kansas City @ New Orleans Denver @ Cleveland Kansas City @ Tampa Bay @ Denver Baltimore Cincinnati @ Pittsburgh Carolina @ NY Jets Oakland W 37-20 L 31-24 L 35-24 L 7-6 W 31-13 L 34-24 L 30-23 L 16-13, OT L 20-13 W 34-24 L 31-7 W 27-17 W 24-21 Arrowhead Stadium (Kansas City, MO) 2 Mercedes-Benz Superdome (New Orleans, LA) Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) Cleveland Browns Stadium (Cleveland, OH) Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) Raymond James Stadium (Tampa, FL) Sports Authority Field at Mile High (Denver, CO) Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) Heinz Field (Pittsburgh, PA) Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) MetLife Stadium (East Rutherford, NJ) Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) 2 2 0 2 3 2 1 0 3 1 2 2 10/7/2012 10/15/2012 10/28/2012 11/1/2012 11/11/2012 11/18/2012 11/25/2012 12/2/2012 12/9/2012 12/16/2012 12/23/2012 12/30/2012 Season Record 7 wins - 9 losses The data from this chart which I am most interested in is the final score and the number of touchdowns Philip Rivers threw in the game. Two sets of descriptive statistics will be cultivated from these lists. The statistics taken from this list will be related to the Overall 2012 Season records. The chart to the right has to do with the average for the entire season. Next I will break the season into home games and away games to derive their statistics. I will then compare the statistics for home, away, and overall to discover a pattern. If I repeat this method for four seasons, I may be able to discover a pattern. Mean Median Mode Stan Dev Range Minimum Maximum Total TDs Games Rivers TDs 1.625 2 2 1.02469507 3 0 3 26 16 SD Score 21.875 24 24 10.80663 35 3 38 350 16 4 2012 Season Comparison 5 Mean Median Mode Standard Dev. Range Minimum Maximum Sum Count Record Rivers TD Away 1.875 2 2 0.991031209 3 0 3 15 8 Rivers TD Home Total Rivers TDs 1.375 1.625 1.5 2 2 2 1.06066 1.02469507 3 3 0 0 3 3 11 26 8 16 Chargers Score Away 24.625 24 24 9.288049 31 6 37 197 8 Chargers Score Home 19.125 18.5 24 12.11183 35 3 38 153 8 Chargers Score Total 21.875 24 24 10.80663 35 3 38 350 16 Home Away Season 3 wins – 5 losses 4 wins – 4 losses 7 wins – 9 losses Based on the data from the 2012 season, a descriptive table has been created in order to interpret the data and identify a relationship. From the 2012 season statistics, it would appear that the San Diego Chargers and Philip Rivers perform better when playing in an away game. Higher means and medians in addition to lower standard deviations suggest the away games were more successful. On average the Chargers would score more points and were more consistent in their high scoring games on the road. Additionally, they accumulated more wins on their road games than in their home games. 2013 Season Data Date 9/9/2013 9/15/2013 9/22/2013 9/29/2013 10/6/2013 10/14/2013 10/20/2013 11/3/2013 11/10/2013 11/17/2013 11/24/2013 12/1/2013 12/8/2013 12/12/2013 12/22/2013 12/29/2013 1/5/2014 1/12/2014 Location Rivers Touchdowns Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) 4 Lincoln Financial Field (Philadelphia, PA) 3 LP Field (Nashville, TN) 1 Opponent Houston @ Philadelphia @ Tennessee Score L 31-28 W 33-30 L 20-17 Dallas @ Oakland Indianapolis @ Jacksonville @ Washington Denver @ Miami @ Kansas City Cincinnati NY Giants @ Denver Oakland Kansas City @ Cincinnati @ Denver Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) W 30-21 O.co Coliseum (Oakland, CA) L 27-17 Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) W 19-9 EverBank Field (Jacksonville, FL) W 24-6 L 30-24, OT FedExField (Landover, MD) Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) L 28-20 Sun Life Stadium (Miami Gardens, FL) L 20-16 Arrowhead Stadium (Kansas City, MO) W 41-38 Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) L 17-10 Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) W 37-14 Sports Authority Field at Mile High (Denver, CO) W 27-20 Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) W 26-13 W 27-24, OT Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) Paul Brown Stadium (Cincinnati, OH) W 27-10 Sports Authority Field at Mile High (Denver, CO) L 24-17 Season Record* 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 3 2 1 3 1 2 Mean Median Mode Stan Dev Range Minimum Maximum Total TDs Games Rivers TDs 1.944444 2 1 0.998365 3 1 4 35 18 SD Score 24.33333333 25 17 7.791397972 31 10 41 438 18 10 wins - 8 losses *Once again, the data from the single season was collected and descriptive statistics were derived from the set. What separates this year from any other year I am studying is that the Chargers advanced into the playoffs and were able to play two additional games before being eliminated, thus adding two games to the total. Unfortunately, both games were played in opponent stadiums and as a result there will be ten games away compared to eight games at home. This difference has the potential to corrupt the findings from this year because the sample sizes were not exact. 6 2013 Season Comparison 7 Mean Median Mode Standard Dev. Range Minimum Maximum Sum Count Record Rivers TD Away 1.8 2 1 0.788811 2 1 3 18 10 Rivers TD Home Total Rivers TDs 2.125 1.944444 2 2 1 1 1.246423 0.998365 3 3 1 1 4 4 17 35 8 18 Chargers Score Away 24 24 17 7.845735 25 16 41 240 10 Chargers Score Home 24.75 26.5 8.241879 27 10 37 198 8 Chargers Score Total 24.33333333 25 17 7.791397972 31 10 41 438 18 Home Away* Season* 5 wins – 3 losses 5 wins – 5 losses 10 wins – 8 losses 2013 proved a particularly eventful season for the San Diego Chargers and their fans. With the replacement of a head coach at fan request and implementation of a stronger team on the field, fan attendance increased. As a serious competitor in the NFL, the increased their performance as compared to their 2012 season. A large portion of the statistics of the 2013 year greatly outweigh their 2012 counterparts, particularly Rivers and the team’s ability to win and score in home games. However, this increase in the teams performance in their home games did not surpass that of their away games but simply put them on par. There is a split between categories between the home and away games. For example, the Chargers were able to score more points on average in home games but were less consistent in their standard deviation between games. 2014 Season Data Date 9/8/2014 9/14/2014 9/21/2014 Opponent @ Arizona Seattle @ Buffalo 9/28/2014 Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) Jacksonville W 33-14 Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) NY Jets W 31-0 O.co Coliseum (Oakland, CA) @ Oakland W 31-28 Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) Kansas City L 23-20 Sports Authority Field at Mile High (Denver, CO) @ Denver L 35-21 Sun Life Stadium (Miami Gardens, FL) @ Miami L 37-0 Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) Oakland W 13-6 Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) St. Louis W 27-24 M&T Bank Stadium (Baltimore, MD) @ Baltimore W 34-33 Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) New England L 23-14 Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) Denver L 22-10 @ San Francisco W 38-35, OT Levis Stadium (Santa Clara, CA) Arrowhead Stadium (Kansas City, MO) @ Kansas City L 19-7 10/5/2014 10/12/2014 10/19/2014 10/23/2014 11/2/2014 11/16/2014 11/23/2014 11/30/2014 12/7/2014 12/14/2014 12/20/2014 12/28/2014 Score L 18-17 W 30-21 W 22-10 Location University of Phoenix Stadium (Glendale, AZ) Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) Ralph Wilson Stadium (Orchard Park, NY) Season Record Rivers Touchdowns 1 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 0 1 1 3 1 1 4 0 9 wins - 7 losses Slight regressions can be initially spotted when looking at the totals for Rivers and the Chargers. Averages stayed fairly similar but deviations, minimums and maximums altered for the worse. By having larger deviations the Chargers and Rivers were less consistent and prone to streaks of success depending on the opponent they were facing and not representing the Chargers ability. Lower minimums and slightly lower maximums are not as telling as the deviations but help illustrate the point. With a normal sixteen game season, 2014 should help nicely with the hypothesis. Mean Median Mode Stan Dev Range Minimum Maximum Total TDs Games Rivers TDs 1.9375 2 3 1.236595 4 0 4 31 16 SD Score 21.75 21.5 31 10.95140782 38 0 38 348 16 8 2014 Season Comparison 9 Mean Median Mode Standard Dev. Range Minimum Maximum Sum Count Record Rivers TD Away 2 2.5 3 1.511857892 4 0 4 16 8 Rivers TD Home Total Rivers TDs 1.875 1.9375 1.5 2 1 3 0.991031209 1.236595 2 4 1 0 3 4 15 31 8 16 Chargers Score Away 21.25 21.5 13.15566 38 0 38 170 8 Chargers Score Home 22.25 23.5 9.130013 23 10 33 178 8 Chargers Score Total 21.75 21.5 31 10.95140782 38 0 38 348 16 Home Away Season 5 wins – 3 losses 4 wins – 4 losses 9 wins – 7 losses The majority of the statistics of the 2014 season have regressed back to the notion that Philip Rivers does not perform at his best while playing at home. However, the team as a whole performed slightly better while playing at home which is evident by their low range, high average, and win-loss location. What is truly evident is the regression of the averages compared to the 2013 season. Rivers is playing better in away in away games and worse in home games yet the team totals reflect the opposite. This leads me to believe that while Rivers is increasing performance away from San Diego the remainder of the team decreasing in quality while playing away. This could be attributed to newer, less experienced players losing focus while playing in away games. 2015 Season Data Date Opponent Score Location Rivers Touchdowns 9/13/2015 9/20/2015 9/27/2015 Detroit @ Cincinnati @ Minnesota W 33-28 L 24-19 L 31-14 Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) Paul Brown Stadium (Cincinnati, OH) TCF Bank Stadium (Minneapolis, MN) 2 2 1 10/4/2015 Cleveland Pittsburgh @ Green Bay Oakland @ Baltimore Chicago Kansas City @ Jacksonville Denver @ Kansas City Miami @ Oakland @ Denver W 30-27 L 24-20 L 27-20 L 37-29 L 29-26 L 22-19 L 33-3 W 31-25 L 17-3 L 10-3 - Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) 3 Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) Lambeau Field (Green Bay, WI) Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) M&T Bank Stadium (Baltimore, MD) Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) EverBank Field (Jacksonville, FL) Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) Arrowhead Stadium (Kansas City, MO) Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, CA) O.co Coliseum (Oakland, CA) Sports Authority Field at Mile High (Denver, CO) 2 2 3 3 1 0 4 0 0 - 10/12/2015 10/18/2015 10/25/2015 11/1/2015 11/9/2015 11/22/2015 11/29/2015 12/6/2015 12/13/2015 12/20/2015 12/24/15 01/03/16 Current Record** 3 wins - 10 losses Those lonely three wins posted above this are the entire reason I have selected this topic for my project. During the offseason between the start of this season and the 2014 season, serious rumors about Charger relocation to Los Angeles surfaced. From these rumors the notion about the lack of fan support in San Diego arose which prompted me to create this presentation. The Chargers disappointing 2015 season is a reflection of the rumors of LA displacement and not from lack of fan support. A simple comparison between this seasons current totals and the totals from the previous seasons gives the reader some insight into the performance of the team. The means have dropped significantly and with massive standard deviations to show greater inconsistency. Mean Median Mode Stan Dev Range Minimum Maximum Total TDs Games Rivers TDs 1.769231 2 2 1.300887 4 0 4 23 13 SD Score 19.23076923 20 3 10.81783902 30 3 33 250 13 10 2015 Season Comparison 11 Mean Median Mode Standard Dev. Range Minimum Maximum Sum Count Record Rivers TD Away 2 2 2 1.414213562 4 0 4 12 6 Rivers TD Home Total Rivers TDs 1.571428571 1.769231 2 2 2 2 1.272418021 1.300887 3 4 0 0 3 4 11 23 7 13 Chargers Score Away 18.83333 19.5 9.745084 28 3 31 113 6 Chargers Score Home 19.57143 20 3 12.43459 30 3 33 137 7 Chargers Score Current 19.23076923 20 3 10.81783902 30 3 33 250 13 Home Away Current 2 wins – 5 losses 1 win – 5 losses 3 wins – 10 losses The 2015 season has been a train wreck so far. For the first time, the average score for away games has dipped below 20 points and home games followed it closely. The same relationship showing Rivers’ good performance in away games and poor team performance in away games shows more new blood in the team and higher pressure on Rivers to make plays thus subjecting him to more errors. Lower deviations are attributed to the teams ability to play abysmally consistently. 2013 Season 2012 Season 40 45 35 40 35 30 30 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 0 8/19/2012 5 9/8/2012 Home Score 9/28/2012 10/18/2012 Away Score 11/7/2012 11/27/2012 12/17/2012 Linear (Home Score) 1/6/2013 0 8/14/2013 Linear (Away Score) 9/3/2013 9/23/2013 10/13/2013 11/2/2013 11/22/2013 12/12/2013 1/1/2014 Home Games Away Games 2014 Season Linear (Away Games) 2015 Season 40 40 35 35 30 30 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 0 8/29/2014 Linear (Home Games) 1/21/2014 5 9/18/2014 10/8/2014 10/28/2014 11/17/2014 12/7/2014 12/27/2014 Home Games Away Games Linear (Home Games) Linear (Away Games) 1/16/2015 0 8/24/2015 9/13/2015 Home games 10/3/2015 Away Games 10/23/2015 11/12/2015 Linear (Home games) 12/2/2015 12/22/2015 12 Linear (Away Games) Number of Rivers Touchdowns 2012-2015 12 11 11 10 8 7 6 6 4 total 9 8 13 Chargers Score 4 home 4 2 2 1 away 0 0 1 Home Games 2 3 Away Games 4 0 5 10 15 min 20 q1 med 25 q3 30 35 max These two graphics bring doubt to the notion that Rivers and the Chargers have more success on the road. This first histogram displays the number of times Rivers has thrown X-many touchdowns. The results are interesting but tend to lend themselves to supporting Rivers has more success on the road. However, the box plot to the right takes the scores of all Charger home, away, and total games and creates three separate box plots to compare the three. The three appear very similar however, the home games tend to have a higher median than the away games while the away games have a smaller IQR. 40 45 2012 - 2015 Season Comparison 14 Mean Median Mode Standard Dev. Range Minimum Maximum Sum Count Record Rivers TD Away 1.90625 2 2 1.117583078 4 0 4 61 32 Rivers TD Home Total Rivers TDs 1.741935 1.825396825 2 2 1 1 1.124507 1.114995769 4 4 0 0 4 4 54 115 31 63 Chargers Score Away 22.5 23.5 24 9.830827091 41 0 41 720 32 Chargers Score Home 21.48387 24 3 10.28549 35 3 38 666 31 Chargers Score Total 22 24 24 9.9887033 41 0 41 1386 63 Home Away Total 15 wins – 16 losses 14 wins – 18 losses 29 wins – 34 losses This final comparison will help with the hypothesis testing I will be conducting. On this slide I have compiled all the information that will be necessary to prove my two tests: The Chargers do not score more than 20 points in home games and Philip Rivers does not throw more than 2 touchdowns in home games. μo ≥ 20 The Chargers score more than or equal to 20 points at their home games. What is assumed given my hypothesis. μa < 20 The Chargers score less than 20 points in their home games. What I am trying to prove. ഥ 𝒙 = 21.48387 The average score in a Chargers home game over the past four seasons. Where x = the score in one game. Sx = 10.28549 The standard deviation in scores per game. n = 31 Of the total 63 games observed, 31 were home games. The Chargers do not score more than 20 points in their home games. df = 30 n – 1 = df. The total degrees of freedom for the test is 30. I will be trying to prove this statement at a 5\% test level. t The test statistic represents the comparison between the null hypothesis and my data. I do not possess a population standard deviation, so I will be using t-distribution. = 0.80325181 p = 0.78592609 The p- value represents the comparison between alpha and will give concrete results for the test. α = 0.05 I will be searching for a value within 95\% of the actual value therefore 5\% will be the remainder. 95\% confidence interval (21.48387 - 3.62069 , 21.48387 + 3.62069) (17.86317 , 25.10456) The p- value is greater than alpha, therefore I will not reject the null hypothesis. Unfortunately, there is not sufficient evidence to prove my alternative hypothesis. While the data collected seemed to indicate a relationship showing the Chargers performed poorly at home games it was not strong enough to work satisfy the hypothesis test. Home Game Scores 38 7 10 31 33 3 24 37 20 30 24 29 26 13 20 31 30 27 27 29 13 19 30 14 19 13 20 33 10 3 3 15 μo ≥ 2 Philip Rivers throws more than or equal to 2 touchdowns per game. This is assumed given my h ... 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