Fluent Essays

Please make corrections to the attached paper. The attached paper has comments included in addition to the below feedback. If you need to rewrite portions or change citations, please feel free.Here is the instructor feedback:This is a great topic, but this is not what is needed in the proposal. First, you are missing sections! I have no idea if your problem, purpose and question align to each other or the material you just sent me. Second, your research design is not close. Finally - stick to the page limit!The major issue you have - not enough in-text citations! Basically, this could be considered plagiarism! Every thought, idea, concept, fact or example you use directly, through inference or by paraphrasing MUST be cited. Almost every sentence in your lit review needs a citation!Assignment InstructionsA formal thesis proposal shall be prepared in accordance with the standards of the academic discipline. The formal proposal must provide a clear and lucid description of a question or problem and a proposed method of answering the question or solving the problem. Capstone thesis faculty must approve the proposal before students move on to the next stage of the process. The proposal should explain the question or problem to be investigated and convince the thesis professor that the question or problem merits investigation. It should show that the student has read the relevant and recent literature on the subject and it should contain a list of academically appropriate resources consulted during the preliminary stages of research.In general, the thesis proposal should include background information related to the research topic, purpose of the research, methodology, and analytic procedures to be used. Proposal drafting is considered a learning process and helps students avoid oversights and possible mistakes. The formal proposal should not exceed five (5) pages (proposal title page not included). For further guidance on what the thesis should contain, see Appendix 1 (reprinted below from the End of Program Assessment Manual). HLSS699 Research Proposal - Specific Instructions For the thesis proposal, include each element in an abbreviated format not to exceed five pages. PLEASE USE THE ATTACHED TEMPLATE TO ENSURE YOUR PROPOSAL CONFORMS TO THE STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS. Appendix 1 MA Theses (adapted from the End of Program Assessment Manual)MA Theses are expected to contain the following elements:Introduction - Approximately one (1) page in length. Your introduction will provide background and contextual material justifying your topic. Your introduction will also include a statement of the problem followed by a purpose statement. The introduction concludes with one or several specific research questions that sets the general context for the study. Literature Review - Approximately two (2) pages in length with at least six (6) peer-reviewed journal articles that address the conceptual elements of the thesis and demonstrate that there is a research gap. Your review of the literature centers on your specific research question(s). The literature review focuses on discussing how other researchers have addressed the same of similar research questions. It introduces the study and places it in a larger context that includes a discussion of why it is important to study this topic. It provides current state of our accumulated knowledge as it relates to your specific research question. In your literature review you should summarize and synthesize the material. Identify the findings as well as the methdology used to obtain those findings. Theoretical Framework - Approximately one (1) page in length which includes a scholarly source that illustrates the framework you may use in your own study. In this section you will identify the gap in the literature and explain how your thesis addresses that gap. You will also present, explain, and justify your preliminary thoughts on a theory or model that you will use in your study. If you are developing a model you should present a preliminary diagram. Finally, you should state a hypothesis that is testable. Research Design. Approximately two (2) pages in length. This section represents your preliminary thoughts on how you will answer your research question(s). What design do you intend to use (i.e. case study method, mixed methods approach, interviews, surveys, policy evaluation). What data will you need to collect to answer your question? Where does this data exist? How will you collect it? How will you analyze it? What are the limitations of your method? v Reference List - References should be presented alphabetically in APA format.Supporting Materials assignment_2_needing_corrections.docx student_example_1.docx student_example_2.docx student_example_3.docx thesis_proposal_instructions.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview Running head: THE RISE IN LONE WOLF TERRORISM THE RISE IN LONE WOLF TERRORISMTHE RISE IN LONE WOLF TERRORISM A Master Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of American Public University by MARK VELASQUEZMARK VELASQUEZ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts OCTOBER 2020 American Public University Charles Town, WV 1 Introduction Lone wolf terrorism is recognized among the most effective present terrorism strategy. The former spokesperson for Islamic State, Abu Muhammad al-Adnan, tried to persuade the Muslims residing in Western nations and supporters to get rid of the “kafir.” These were individuals he defined as unbelieving Americans, European, French, Australian, Canadian or any other unbeliever in any form” (Dickson, 2015). This type of terrorism is difficult to predict, which makes it a real threat to the cordial and peaceful existence of the Western nations. Apart from the lone wolf terrorism ambush that was brought about by the collective designate of Islamic State, there were many other ambushes. The intelligence units and law administration nation agencies responsible for fighting terrorism are having a hard time addressing the increasing incidents of lone-wolf terrorism. The lone wolf terrorists can discretely select and attack their target. They usually do not require any monetary assistance and non-theoretical coaching from any nefarious groups. This is among the advantages and many other reasons why there is a rise in this phenomenon. The unknown forms of terror continue to be a puzzle to the intelligence and law administration team as it has an unforeseeable design, which is powerful. As reported by the highest-ranking law enforcement officials in the United States, lone-wolf terror is increasing rapidly. Thus, there is a call to figure out and offset the lone wolf terrorist. This paper aims to determine the effects of the United States policy on the increase of lone-wolf terrorists. Besides, the research question for this study is what effect has the United States policy had on the rapid growth of these lone-wolf terrorists in their state. Literature Review According to Bakker and De Graaf (2014), the word lone wolf was popularized by Tom Metzger and Alex Curtis in the 1990s to psyche other radicals to plot an ambush as sole loners to evade being arrested for abominable activities. Therefore, the term lone wolf rebel is by no means an unusual strategy but an ancient approach that has resurfaced. The idea of lone-wolf terrorism became of interest in both the terrorism and counterterrorism organizations after Andres Breivik executed seventy-seven individuals in the states of Utova and Oslo, Norway. The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) reported that a fruitful domestic attacks took place on average thirty-four-days. Besides, they also reported that lone-wolf terrorists performed more than seventy-four percent of the cases that were looked into. Over the past three years, there have been lone wolf terrorist attacks in many countries, such as the United Kingdom, France, the United States, and Norway. These cases have made the governments, intellectuals of global security, and the citizens concerned about the rising cases and ferocity of threats and attacks carried out by lone wolfs. The highlights of a well-known newspaper displayed the rage of a lone wolf terrorist some weeks after the 15th April attack in the Boston Marathon back in 2013. It elaborated on a catastrophe that killed three individuals, injured more than two hundred people, and caused the loss of more than three hundred million dollars. Only two people allegedly caused a significant loss of lives and financial returns. According to Becker (2014), the attack was enough proof that it takes little effort and a few individuals to cause more destruction, loss of lives, and even fear in the prior years. With reference to the incident of the Tsarnaev brothers, investigators concluded by saying that a religious motivation is difficult as it is clear that their outlook was not a particular act of faith. Kahan, Allen, and George (2017) claim that testimonials from both friends and family members of the two brothers have also affirmed that the attack carried out by one of the terrorists, who happens to a convert from American to Islam, and was charged with the radicalization of the Tsarnaev brothers was not influential. Nevertheless, this investigation revealed they spent many hours on the internet, on both Islamic as well as United States websites. Similarly, as shown in the incident of Anders Breivik, the internet was significant equipment in both philosophy and activities. Besides, Breiviks publication, the over onethousand-page manifesto, was probably a collection of online details taken from anti-Muslim and militant conservative websites. According to Monier (2014), the resilience in lone wolf terrorism requires a pondering thought, especially when it comes to homeland security and how to handle this phenomenon. At the moment, the significance of resilience in the homeland security position is constructed on an extensive explanation. There is an urgency for an explicit clarification of the concept and its connection with lone-wolf terrorism to narrow down the difference associating ‘how to’ and ‘what is’ of resistance. The describing resilience in the setting of handling the lone wolf terrorism, it is relevant to enlarge suggestions on how to go about the how-to of resistance in the venture of homeland security. Monier confirms that societys resilience must be perceived as an elaborate and adjustable procedure. This procedure can be employed to help every person become accustomed to critical circumstances that generate psychological issues that lead to the rise of lone-wolf terrorism. Theoretical Framework Leaderless defiance is an opposition strategy where a lone wolf or small independent groups challenges the government system of a state. These people are leaderless, have no central cooperation; thus, and act with no explicit communication. Hence, the origin of leaderless opposition is themselves being rebellious to conspirators and betrayers. The theory became famous because of Louis Beam. He wanted to assist the white patriot in going on fighting at odds with the United States government in what appeared to be unworkable. The outcome was that this idea became the de facto brutal edge strategy of environmental advocate operations and animal rights (Becker, 2014). In some circumstances, this idea may change into unsystematic activities of chaotic hazards that have no official goal politically. Accordingly, the effects of Leaderless opposition can be removed as the operations ‘ambitious assailants’ associate themselves with imitator felonies and let down loners who take part in ‘pity menaces. Thus, the likelihood of the move delegating into cultural defiance is employed by the helpless to overthrow a powerful adversary. Many aspects permit leaderless defiance to be taken as an adequate strategy. The first factor is the attempt of above-ground groups in increasing their theoretical perceptions, between their promoters to motivate the low-level groups progressive in the union (Goodwill, and Meloy, 2019). Second, it is not a necessity that a lone wolf terrorist needs to have a refined and fancy tool in contrarily with other categories like snipers who use Chevrolet Caprice in persecuting a region. The third aspect is that leaderless defiance permits terrorist migration and invasion, as the lone wolves perform their duties in seclusion. Finally, carrying out leaderless opposition sets off to be more convenient as they are some delicate prey. This theory asserts that the state security strategy does not have government set-ups and cohesion, as well as the officers of the state security. Therefore they should partner to establish plans to deal with the lone wolf terrorism. Research Design After the National Institute of Justice was formed in 2012, initiatives on domestic radicalization to terrorism have been funded. This was to study how the radicalization of terrorism occurs in the United States to promote mediation and precaution approaches. Some of the researchers seem to have been financed over the country and internationally to look over the radicalization process with the utilization of well-established and advanced actions as well as social science methods (Dickson, 2015). The outcome of this is that these categories of people have interviewed some individuals as well as groups who perpetrate and support subjectively directed attacks to more social, political, or religious-based goals. These groups consist of Islamic reformers but are still related to anti-government, antiforeigner, anti-capitalist, and other social and political terrorists’ operations. Therefore, I intend to examine a few people to get more information about these ideologically directed attacks. The significance regarding the radicalization procedures to terrorism and the necessity to take into account what motivates them have taken a higher priority. The lone wolf terrorists merge both political and individual outrages. Both personal and political incidents are the most significant as they have the essential ground question. There has to be an ideal proof of both political and individual injustices for any particular incidence, disproving the similarities. For example, the two subjects had proof in thirty of the thirty-eight instances for the pre-9/11 lone wolves terrorists. Also, for the post-9/11 lone wolf period, the two subjects had proof in thirty-six of the forty-five situations (Dickson, 2015). Nevertheless, the lone wolf assailants regularly merge both political and individual grievances. The personal instances refer to the notions that the wolf assailants had been acting alone. On the other hand, political insults are the insights that a political party or a government body had carried out an unfair act. Besides the two subjects that represent eighty percent of the instances, there was no diversity concerning their frequency when contrasting the lone wolves who struck before and after 9/11. The outcome of radicalization is the same; nevertheless, brutality gets to be taken into account as the only alternative to the injustice scheme for systematic terrorists as well as lone wolves. Thus, the dispute is that this outrages union is a mark of lone-wolf terrorism and generally occurs at the beginning of the radicalization exercise. Some other studies show that lone wolves typically established a relationship with a group or online supporters (Capellan, 2015). And thus, the individuals who presuppose that they do not communicate with other terrorists are wrong. The dispute was afterward emphasized by Goodwill, marking down a decrease in the percentage of lone wolves who had affiliated themselves with specific radical groups after 9/11. The outcome of the lone wolves who had performed attacks after 9/11 and noted that they had a relationship with a systematic group was only forty-two percent compared to the sixty-four percent of those proved to have performed attacks before 9/11. Based on this research, most of the variation is ascribed to the evolving communication technologies like the social network as well as the internet. The research is made up of secondary data. My findings for this study were obtained through a comparative review of three lone wolves, comprising of Timothy Mcveigh, Eric Robert Rudolph, and Nidal Hasan, who performed attacks in the United States in the midst of 1995 and 2010. The other source of my data is the internet, where I obtained primary statistics. However, the secondary information is the most efficient approach to collect data as it is easily accessible. The study approach comprised of an exception ground for establishing a case study strategy to look into the lone wolf terrorism. I started this strategy by gathering a list of glossaries of terrorism from a few local organizations as well as global entities as well as generating a functioning description that set up the consistency in commonalities in all of them. I used the same tactic on the definition of lone-wolf terrorism. Reference List Bakker, E., & De Graaf, B. (2014). Preventing lone wolf terrorism: Some CT approaches addressed. Perspectives on Terrorism, 5(5/6), 43-50. Becker, M. (2014). Explaining lone wolf target selection in the United States. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 37(11), 959-978. Capellan, J. A. (2015). Lone wolf terrorist or deranged shooter? A study of ideological active shooter events in the United States, 1970–2014. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38(6), 395-413. Dickson, L. (2015). Lone Wolf Terrorism. A Case Study: The Radicalization Process of a Continually Investigated & Islamic State Inspired Lone Wolf Terrorist. Goodwill, A., & Meloy, J. R. (2019). Visualizing the relationship among indicators for loneactor terrorist attacks: Multidimensional scaling and the TRAP‐18. Behavioral sciences & the law, 37(5), 522-539. Kahan, J. H., Allen, A. C., & George, J. K. (2017). An operational framework for resilience. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 6(1). Monier Jr, J. T. (2014). Clarifying Resilience in the Context of Homeland Security. NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS. AMERICAN MILITARY UNIVERSITY FINAL RESEARCH PROPOSAL BY STUDENT JULY 6, 2016 HLSS699 C001 SPR 16 DR. KATHRYN LAMBERT TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................3 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................4 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...............................................................................................6 RESEARCH DESIGN ...................................................................................................................7 REFERENCE LIST .......................................................................................................................8 2 INTRODUCTION On November 22, 2002, the House Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation signed into law, the Maritime Transportation Security Act (MTSA) of 2002 (P.L. 107-295). The purpose of the MTSA was to establish a framework to improve the security of the Homeland, focusing specifically on America’s ports, waterways and vessels. The real concerns to the ports involved the increasing number of potential vulnerabilities and the eventuality of the disruption to the transportation system and the effect it would have on the global supply chain and the global economy. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) took responsibility for enforcing the MTSA, with the United States Coast Guard (USCG) as the lead enforcement agency. Additional agencies responsible for enforcing and verifying compliance with the MTSA are Customs and Border Patrol (CBP) and the Transportation Security Administration (TSA). The MTSA was a catalyst to establish security programs and protocols that would enhance security at the ports and cooperation between federal, state, and local law enforcement; as well as public and private stakeholders. Specific criteria were established to conduct vulnerability assessments at the ports and adjacent facilities that have access to the ports and waterways. An integral part of the security plans has become controlling the access to the port at any time that the port may be accessible. The MTSA mandated some type of Transportation Security Card to be issued to all personnel with legitimate access to the ports and waterways. The ultimate implementation of this mandate became the Transportation Workers Identification Credential (TWIC). 3 LITERATURE REVIEW The importance of the ports cannot be understated. Port/Facility and Maritime Security are extremely vulnerable to “insider threats”. Altiok (2011, 2) refers to the importance of the seaports not only as independent critical infrastructure, but also as the multi-dimensional home of other types of major infrastructure. Many ports house intermodal facilities that include container terminals, oil refineries, petrochemical facilities, bridges and passenger terminals. All of these are “targets and vulnerable to terrorist attacks and potentially high consequences.” On July 29, 2015, the House of Representatives enacted an amendment to the Homeland Security Act of 2002, entitled the Department of Homeland Security Insider Threat and Mitigation Act (H.R. 3361). Section 104 (a)(1) of the act requires the development of training for Department employees to “identify, prevent, mitigate, and respond to insider threats to the Department’s critical assets.” The “insider threat” can refer to any type of intentional act causing harm to a system, company, industry, humanity or any debilitation or exploitation of internal vulnerabilities that is the result of an individual or group that has legitimate internal knowledge, because they are authorized to obtain it. Greenberg (2009, 122) explains that unlike power plants that are housed in remote locations, ports are located in urban areas and have multiple methods of access; by land, sea, and rail. Unlike the safety culture, the security culture is ever-changing. The vulnerability assessments and the mitigation priorities that are evaluated are often fluid policies, in so far as the policies once understood by the bad actors, must be re-evaluated to include new mitigation methods to remain hardened targets. While the majority of the port security analysis is focused on the shipping containers and what they may bring into or out of the ports, there is another aspect of security that is more accessible and less published. What about the land access that 4 allows TWIC holders to drive the trucks into the ports that may pick up or drop off those containers? The “insider threat” applies to those contract employees that may have daily access to the port and may, also, be compromised. Conrad, et al. (n.d.) states that since the events of 9/11, container shipments are believed to be a viable pathway to the introduction of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) into the United States. It has long been a problem of other types of contraband that may be introduced into the transportation system by shipping containers. Why not use the same covert operators to smuggle in terrorists and chemical or biological agents? A contract employee with access to the containers could be enticed or coerced into acting on behalf of or in support of any number of bad actors. In a DHS report considering the risks of U.S. Critical Infrastructure from the insider threat (NPPD/OIP, 2013, 36), scenarios addressing each area of critical infrastructure are played out, with varying impacts and results. One of the scenarios addresses a successful wide-area biological or chemical attack on a major U.S. shipping port that is perpetrated by an insider recruited by a terrorist group. The scenario assumes total port closure for an indefinite period of time, loss of life, loss of jobs, and loss of critical manufacturing. The wide-spread effects would have global consequences. The National Risk Estimate (NRE) identifies as consequences of the insider threat, six criticality factors: Business Continuity, Casualty Impact, Economic Impact, Emergency Response Function, National Strategic Importance, and Replacement Costs (NPPD/OIP, 2013, 89). According to the data, a significant portion of the world’s commercial fleet is staffed by professional crewing agencies. As can be found in other staffing agencies, there are some that ensure the individuals are properly vetted and have passed the background checks and fulfill any of the requirements necessary for the job assigned while other, less reputab ... Purchase answer to see full attachment