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Explain the ethical implications involved in your proposal, including any ethical considerations related to the problem, intervention (if appropriate), research methods, and design. Include in your discussion a brief description of the population of interest and what kinds of ethical implications might be involved with this population. For example, are you working with kids, older adults, inmates, or other special populations? Are you working with people who might have suffered a trauma of some sort? You must explain the needs of your potential population and how diversity may play a role (e.g., different cultural needs).If you think your study will have limited ethical implications, explain how you have evaluated the topic for ethical considerations, including the guidelines you have used. Finally, identify ways to mitigate or address any ethical issues.In your responses to your classmates, discuss any other potential concerns or ethical implications you see.Refer to the Capstone Discussion Rubric for directions on completing these discussions.MY RESEARCH TOPIC: Assessing the relationship between depression and anxiety from the perspective student academic performanceResearch Aim: Emotional disturbance is considered to be a psychological element that can lead to the deterioration of the daily activities of students. Since, academic achievements are an integral dimension of students’ lives, depression, anxiety and other forms of emotional disturbance might lead to poor academic performance. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to assess the relationship between depression and anxiety on student academic performance.PREVIOUS MILESTONES AND DISCUSSIONS ATTACHED FOR YOU TO USE AS REFERENCE!AFTER COMPLETING THE INITIAL POST, PLEASE ALSO RESPOND TO THE FOLLOWING TWO STUDENTS REGARDING THE SAME TOPIC. PLEASE RESPOND IN A POSITIVE MANNER WITH A MINIMUM OF 150 WORDS EACH! STUDENT ONE:Ethics is a norm that is used to distinguish what is acceptable and what is unacceptable behavior. Ethics in research is important as it helps to ensure that the research promotes truth, values cooperation, shows accountability to the public, builds public support, and promotes moral and social values (Resnik, 2015). The ethical implications involved in my proposal are based on language, accessibility, communication, and body language. Because my research is utilizing both a questionnaire and interview language is very important. One ethical issue can be using the wrong language for the audience or using a language that can be misconstrued. The US has a large diversity of cultures and languages. To be able to remain ethical and fair I will ensure that the language used is approved by the ethics committee prior to use. I will be using an online platform and require participants to be able to have access to the internet, this can be considered an ethical issue as some may feel that they are not included because they are unable to access the questionnaire.The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) questionnaire used to measure burnout has already been approved as an ethical questionnaire so I will only need to work on language with the interview process. Communication will be used both electronically and face to face so I will ensure that consent forms are administered prior to the questionnaire and again prior to the interview to ensure that participants are completely aware of the process and how the information will be used. Ensuring the security of participants, staff, and of the information received is extremely important. According to Curwood et al. (2019) in todays world research is no longer done simply face to face but has now delved into the online world and researchers must understand the importance of protecting participants in these online environments to ensure the research stays ethical and does not eschew the results. Understanding that everyone thinks and acts differently it an important aspect to remember when conducting research. The language and communication used must be understood correctly to ensure valid results and to ensure ethical implications do not arise from misinformation. Body language is another part of my research that can cause ethical implications. One must be flexible, understanding, and knowledgeable in the field to ensure proper interviews that can be used for research.Another ethical implication that I found through research is the collaboration of the researcher and those that fund the research. Because of the extensiveness of time and money to conduct the research, I will most likely need to look for funding, and this can bring its own ethical implications. According to Mauthner (2002) researchers need to take care when agreeing to restrictions placed on the research by those that fund their research as these restrictions can be unethical and may cause legal issues if the contract is broken. One should not base their solely on ethics but one should understand the importance of ethics and how it can impact your research.Curwood, J. S., Magnifico, A. M., Lammers, J. C., & Stornaiuolo, A. (2019). Ethical Dilemmas within Online Literacy Research. Literacy Research: Theory, Method, and Practice, 68(1), 293–313.Edwards, R. & Mauthner, M. (2002). Ethics and feminist research: theory and practice. In Mauthner, M., Birch, M., Jessop, J., & Miller, T. Ethics in qualitative research (pp. 15-31). London: SAGE Publications Ltd doi: 10.4135/9781849209090Resnik, D. B. (2015, December 1). What Is Ethics in Research & Why Is It Important? Retrieved from https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/index.cfmSTUDENT TWO:The data from my research is a collection of qualitative data from studies and the data is collected from secondary sources of information including physical fitness/activity and human health journals. Qualitative research is particularly challenging in that there is no statistical analysis in the studies, the researcher has to interpret from his or her evaluation and observation (Sanjari, Bahramnezhad, Fomani, Shoghi, & Cheraghi, 2014). Hence, it is important that the researchers have the necessary skills and comply strictly to the set of ethics in the studies for better extraction of reliable data so not to mislead the results. The important ethical concerns considering while conducting qualitative research are protection of participates through informed consent process, participant anonymity, strength of qualitative research methods used, potential impact on the volunteers and well-defined use of practical guidelines and protocols in all stages of the studies (Richard & Schwartz, 2002). For me, there was a great selection of qualitative research using qualitative methods; however not all of them mentioned the challenges of ethical issues surrounding qualitative research. The articles that I selected to support my project, all have some mention of ethical challenges and fell within the guideline points above. Another consideration of my project is that my data is collected from secondary sources. According to Heaton (1998), “the use of existing data collected is for the purpose of a prior study, in order to pursue a research interest which is distinct from that of the original work” (Heaton, 1998, p. 1). One of my concerns with secondary data is that I need to ensure that I collected data to answer the same research question. I had to make sure that I evaluated the data for certain criteria such as the methodology of data collection, purpose of the data collection and its content. I needed to ensure that I do not manipulate what I read or misinterpret the result differently from the researchers’ intent for my own opportuneness. Due to the convenience of the internet and e-library, articles and journals is freely available to all, so the permission for further use and analysis is implied. But I am ethically obliged to acknowledge the ownership from where the original data was collected – i.e. proper citing. There seem to be a lot of mention among scholars for the need to formulate “specific guidelines for data reusage, data protection and anonymization and issues of consent in secondary data analysis” (Tripathy, 2013, p. 1479). I have not come across any journals that I felt violated the code of ethics. The participants were not identified other than gender or age or what type of job they did, it seems to me the academia world is quite ethical and honourable.References Heaton. J. (2008). Secondary Analysis of Qualitative Data: An Overview. Historical Social Research/ Historische Sozialforschung, 33(3 (125)), 33. https://eds-b-ebscohost-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/eds/C...Richards, H.M. & Schwartz, L.J. (2002). Ethics of qualitative research: are there special issues for health services research? Family Practice. Volume 19, Issue 2, Pages 135–139. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/19.2.135Sanjari, M., Bahramnezhad, F., Fomani, F. K., Shoghi, M., & Cheraghi, M. A. (2014). Ethical challenges of researchers in qualitative studies: the necessity to develop a specific guideline. Journal of medical ethics and history of medicine, 7, 14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4263394/Tripathy, J. P. (2013). Secondary Data Analysis: Ethical Issues and Challenges. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 42(12), 1478–1479. https://eds-b-ebscohost-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/eds/C... _1_discussion__relevant_theory___psy_790_q4375_capstone_in_psychology_20tw4.pdf _1_discussion__preliminary_methodology___psy_790_q4375_capstone_in_psychology_20tw4.pdf psy_790___4_2_milestone_two__literature_review___janes__1_.docx psy_790___6_2_milestone_three__methodology__design__and_data___janes.docx Unformatted Attachment Preview PSY-790-Q4375 Capstone in Psychology 20TW4 SJ 3-1 Discussion: Relevant Theory Back to Topic 3-1 Discussion: Relevant Theory Sharaya Janes posted Apr 26, 2020 11:44 AM Subscribed Beck’s (1967) Theory is one of the theories that I am going to use in my research. Aaron Beck studied individuals with depression and found out that most of them viewed events and things in a negative way. According to Beck, depression-prone personas develop a self-schema that is negative in all aspects (Scher, Segal & Ingram, 2004). He believed that such people possess a set of expectations and beliefs about themselves that are pessimistic and negative. This theory is appropriate for my final research because it explains why depression-prone individuals perform so poorly in life. It explains that individuals whose self-schemas are negative are more likely to make errors in the thinking and often focus on negative aspects of a situation while ignoring the rest. The theory states that depression happens when an individual realizes that their trials of escaping negative situations are always fruitless. Such a state is called helplessness and can affect anyone, including students. This theory can, therefore, be used to explain why most students whose performances are poor have a negative self-schema. It also explains why test-anxiety leads to poor performance among students (Yousefi, Redzuan & Bte Juhari, 2016). Poor performance can lead to students thinking that they are inadequate or defective, that all their life experiences result in failures, or that their future is hopeless. Consequently, with a negative self-schema, the student cannot improve. References Yousefi, F., Redzuan, M., & Bte Juhari, R. (2016). Study of Comparison Among Information Processing Theory, Interference Model of Test Anxiety and Beck’s Cognitive Theory of Depression with Regard to / Their Relationship with Academic Achievement. Avicenna Journal of Neuro Psycho Physiology, 3(4), 94100. Scher, C., Segal, Z., & Ingram, R. I. C. K. E. (2004). Beck’s Theory of Depression. Contemporary cognitive therapy: Theory, research, and practice, 27-44. Reply to Thread Filter by: All Posts | Clear filters Show: Threaded Sarah Bertles April 26 at 2:19 PM Hi Sharaya, For your topic of depression, I think you chose a great theory that looks at how people with depression view the world. Beck thought there were three different mechanisms that were responsible for depression. One of these was his idea of the cognitive triad. The cognitive triad are three forms of negative thinking that people with depression feel about themselves, the world and the future (McLeod, 2015). As all of these three factors interact with each other, it messes with our normal cognitive functions and it leads to impairments in our perception, memory and problem solving, by allowing the depressed person to be overran with negative thoughts (McLeod, 2015). Another theory that may also be beneficial to your topic on depression is operant conditioning. There are some studies done that utilize positive/negative reinforcements to treat depression. Azrin & Besalel (1981), looked at treating depression based on an operant reinforcement perspective. The study included increased reinforcers, behavioral contrast, overcorrection, reinforcer sampling and stimulus control by positive events (Azrin & Besalel, 1981). Training was also provided in skills that were related to the cause of their depression, such as communication skills, job-finding skills, martial help, and study skills (Azrin & Besalel, 1981). Operant conditioning suggests that depression is caused by the removal of positive reinforcements from the persons environment. Understanding that, it is evident that people that lose something positive in their life may have this downward spiral of negative thoughts and actions and may not know how to reverse the negativity. References Azrin, N., H. & Besalel, V., A. (1981). An operant reinforcement method of treating depression. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry.12(2):145–151. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(81)90008-2 / McLeod, S. (2015). Psychological theories of depression. retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/depression.html Reply Colleen OConnor April 26 at 4:15 PM Sharaya, Becks theory involving mental approach and environmental achievement would be a great choice examining academic success of students. You have a great implementation example of Becks theory in the education environment. Does this theory offer intervention strategies for negatively minded people? You mentioned that students with a negative mindset cannot improve, does Beck suggestions any methods to change a persons mindset? Colleen Reply Desirae Owens April 26 at 8:00 PM Hello Sharaya, You have a great capstone topic. Becks theory appears to relate with your research question. I also believed many variables in someones life triggered their depression. I never thought of reoccurring failure trigging depression. I often thought of trauma or family history of depression as the main causes for the disorder. Reply Thomas MacCarty April 26 at 8:58 PM Sharaya Becks cognitive theory has been around for a long time but it is still a bellwether theory when it comes to understanding depression and treating those that suffer from it. I think it fits extremely well with your research proposal. Cognitive self-talk can definitely go both ways - think good thoughts and good outcomes might happen but self-defeating thoughts can be self-fulfilling. Tom / Reply 1 /1 Reply to Thread Reflect in ePortfolio Activity Details Well done! You have contributed to the discussion Assessment 10 / 10 A Starts Apr 18, 2020 11:59 PM Discussion Rubric: Capstone Level Achieved: Points earned out of 100 Last Visited May 12, 2020 5:03 AM / PSY-790-Q4375 Capstone in Psychology 20TW4 SJ 5-1 Discussion: Preliminary Methodology Back to Topic 5-1 Discussion: Preliminary Methodology Sharaya Janes posted May 8, 2020 5:46 PM Subscribed The research methodology that I will use is a qualitative approach. Our objective is to assess the relationship between depression and anxiety from the perspective of student academic performance. Both variables (depression and anxiety) are intangible aspects of life. A qualitative approach is the best method to measure variables whose measures are subjectively determined (McLeod, 2019). In most cases, a score range is determined by value qualities. For instance, the depression level of students can be given a scale of 1 to 5, where I represent the least depressed, and five is the most depressed. Research design: correlational research design will be useful in determining the relationship between depression and anxiety from the perspective of student academic performance. Correlational design is appropriate in determining naturally occurring relationships and their kind or type (Yahng & Clark, 2020). Philosophers think and postulate there exists a relationship between a depressed student and anxiety from the perspective of a students academic performance. This is a hypothesis, and confirming it will require us to determine if true there is such a relationship and whether it is positive or negative. Correlational research is best-suited design is drawing these conclusions. Data collection instruments that I will apply in my study will be participant observation and interviews. Since this research is qualitative, to get rich information will be essential to make a representative conclusion on the findings for my topic. Interviews produce extensive responses that can be used to analyze trends in society and cause-effect relationships. Observation is the surest method that gives certainty of accurate and unbiased data. However, these methods of research are costly both in terms of resources and time. Interviews and observations require individual participants with close contact and scrutiny. Observation is a reliable instrument because the results of depressed and non-depressed students cannot be biased. However, students can give wrong data on their state, since opinions are subjective. Using both instruments neutralizes the unreliability of the data. Content validity and criterion/ related validity are ascertained because the method applied is consistent with the variables demand (Sullivan, 2011). References McLeod, S. (2019). What’s the difference between qualitative and quantitative research? retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/qualitative-quantitative.html Sullivan G. M. (2011). A primer on the validity of assessment instruments. Journal of graduate medical education, 3(2), 119–120. retrieved from https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-11-00075.1 Yahng, L., & Clark, A. (2020). Developing and testing quality data collection instruments. Reply to Thread Filter by: All Posts | Clear filters Show: Threaded Jennifer Almodovar May 9 at 10:09 AM Hello Shariya, I think that you have chosen the right method for your research. I also agree that observation would be beneficial to see how the effects of depression and anxiety react in a natural setting. The only drawback is that this method can be very time consuming and expensive. I agree that using more than one method will help in obtaining reliable data and you can compare it to previous research to see if it is consistent. Overall I think you are on the right track. Good luck with your project. It is a very interesting topic and one that should be researched with depression and anxiety becoming more pronounced in our society. Reply Martisha Johnson May 9 at 10:50 AM Good post Sharaya, a qualitative approach to research is the best method for the topic that you are addressing. Correlations will also allow you to examine the variables across those various contexts. Great design and good luck. Reply Shanika McNeal-Adams May 9 at 12:57 PM / Great post and qualitative research is the best for your project. I can say I will be using the same type of research for my question as it poses the most real life environments. When doing the observation that is were things can get tricky and costly because not everyone will be in the same area. Overall I believe you have the right idea for your research project good luck. Reply Thomas MacCarty May 9 at 2:20 PM Sharaya Nice post - there is nothing at all wrong with using correlational research but remember correlation does not mean causation. Inferences can be drawn but it is not proof positive. You are correct when you stated Interviews produce extensive responses that can be used to analyze trends in society and cause-effect relationships. Observation is the surest method that gives certainty of accurate and unbiased data. However, these methods of research are costly both in terms of resources and time. As a school psychologist I observed children and adolescents more time than I care to count and the same is true with interviews done during evaluations. They take time and they can be costly if someone is asked to done them on a contract basis. They are very reliable though when it comes to gathering information. Tom Reply 1 /1 Reply to Thread Reflect in ePortfolio Activity Details Well done! You have contributed to the discussion Assessment 10 / 10 A Starts May 2, 2020 11:59 PM / Discussion Rubric: Capstone Level Achieved: Points earned out of 100 Last Visited May 12, 2020 5:00 AM / Running head: MILESTONE TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW Milestone Two: Literature Review Sharaya Janes Southern New Hampshire University 1 MILESTONE TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2 Milestone Two: Literature Review Research Questions i. What is the relationship between depression and anxiety and student academic performance in university? ii. Are there differences between gender in the levels of depression and anxiety? iii. Is there difference between colleges and instances of depression and anxiety recorded among students? Fit to Field Adolescents and young adults experience psychological problems primarily depression and anxiety. Depression is prevalent at the onset of adolescence (Al-Qaisy, 2011). The condition manifests in terms of sadness and being broken down and lonely. However, the condition can also cause reduced self-esteem, hopelessness, suicidal tendencies, anger, and self-blame (AlQaisy, 2011). Previous research shows that depression and anxiety occur at the same time. When students join university or other tertiary institutions, it can be a stressful event for students. New students are particularly at risk and face numerous new stressors (Al-Qaisy, 2011). It is a transitional period and there are new psychological and psychosocial changes that must be addressed. Young adults are also dealing with the autonomy that comes with higher education and social demands in university. There is evidence showing that college students are susceptible to mental health issues. Studies have shown high prevalence of depression and anxiety due to MILESTONE TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 3 academic and work-related problems. The high stress levels coupled with limited resources to cope can be cited for the problem. Research Findings Synthesis According to Preoteasa, Axante, Cristea, & Preoteasa, (2016) higher education is characterized by high stress. The transition period is highly demanding and the environment is stressful. Some of the psychological issues include depression, burnout, and anxiety that are repeatedly mentioned in studies. Data illustrates that academic stress is a predictor of students’ psychological wellbeing among college students. Higher education is characterized by heavy workload and demanding curricula, examination, and transition to professional practice. Today’s higher education entails more than a transmission of facts. Students must be molded to reach their full potential. Academic stress is cited to have a bidirectional impact on students’ learning experiences (Preoteasa, Axante, Cristea, & Preoteasa, 2016). Academic stress is said to enhance student learning if it is optimal. However, excess stress has negative effects on academic and professional performance and development. Academic stress increases throughout a students’ higher education. Stress accumulation negatively impacts students’ psychological well-being and is linked to academic performance. During their academic semester, there was a progressive decline in psychological wellbeing which was associated with increasing academic demands (Preoteasa, Axante, Cristea, & Preoteasa, 2016). Students analysed in the study had similar population norms. There was a dramatic decline in the well-being of students related to academic stressors. Results show that stressors related to academic life have a cumulative effect on student psychological well-being MILESTONE TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 4 (Preoteasa, Axante, Cristea, & Preoteasa, 2016). There were also gender differences. Male and female students demonstrated the same positive well-being levels. However, female students had a higher decrease in well-being as the semester’s progress. Male students are more stable (Preoteasa, Axante, Cristea, & Preoteasa, 2016). In a cross-sectional study that analysed the relationship between academic performance and psychological well-being, the results showed a weak positive relationship between the two variables (Preoteasa, Axante, Cristea, & Preoteasa, 2016). There are only few longitudinal studies published on the same issue. However, results show that positive psychological well-being is dynamic in nature. To understand the relationship between psychological well-being and academic performance, research should focus on more than just the cross-sectional analysis. In a study conducted by Preoteasa, Axante, Cristea, & Preoteasa, (2016) the authors found that students that have higher academic performance have a higher psychological wellbeing. The results are supported by previous research conducted by Yusoff, Pa, Mey, Aziz, & Rahim, (2013) that analysed Malaysian medical students. The study concluded that there was a relationship between students’ performance and stress levels. There is burnout syndrome that is evident in the studies meaning that students have higher scores during the initial years and worse performance as time goes on (Yusoff, Pa, Mey, Aziz, & Rahim, 2013). Evaluation In a study conducted by Yusoff, Pa, Mey, Aziz, & Rahim, (2013), the authors concluded that there is a relationship between student’s positive well-being, academic performance and assessment. However, Yusoff, Pa, Mey, Aziz, & Rahim, (2013) has limitations. In the study, the authors drew from a small sample only from a single school and the sample comprised of only MILESTONE TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 5 female students. Moreover, the research suggests that positive psychological well-being is related to academic performance among dental students. However, Yusoff, Pa, Mey, Aziz, & Rahim, (2013) only addressed academic stress brought on by examinations and therefore there is need to understand how other academic stressors have a role to play in students’ psychological well-being. Research Gaps The research from various studies like Al-Qaisy, (2011) and Yusoff, Pa, Mey, Aziz, & Rahim, (2013) demonstrate various relationships between students’ performance and psychological well-being. However, the gap in existing research is that there is no comparison between different schools, for instance, Ivy League schools and other forms of tertiary institutions. Contribution of Present Research The research aims to analyze how depression and anxiety affect the two genders differently and how they cope with the mental illness in the schools. Moreover, the essay paper will discuss how different universities experience more students suffering from depression and anxiety than other campuses. Also, the need to see the impact on how mood disorders affect the lives of the students in their day to day routine and again how they interact with the society. Again, the issue of a student coming from minority groups in the society and also disabled students who are greatly experiencing depression and anxiety in the university campuses. Conclusion MILESTONE TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 6 Although the transition to higher education is a high risk period for depression onset, young people entering institutions of higher learning face additional social and intellectual challenges. These challenges increase the likelihood of anxiety and depression. The increased rates of anxiety and depression among students has serious implications for their academic performance. Psychological issues will have adverse effects on students’ educational attainment, institutional life, and family life as well as overall quality of life. There are gender differences reported in previous studies which show that there is a negative relationship between academic achievement and psychological well-being. Females have increased anxiety compared to males, while males are more depressed compared females. MILESTONE TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 7 References Al-Qaisy, L. M. (2011). The relation of depression and anxiety in academic achievement among group of university students. Inter J Psychology Counseling, 3(5), 96-100. Preoteasa, C. T., Axante, A., Cristea, A. D., & Preoteasa, E. (2016). The relationship between positive well-being and academic assessment: Results from a prospective study on dental students. Education Research International, 2016. Yusoff, M. S. B., Pa, M. N. M., Mey, S. C., Aziz, R. A., & Rahim, A. F. A. (2013). A longitudinal study of relationships between previous academic achievements, emotional intelligence and personality traits with psychological health of medical students during stressful periods. Education for Health, 26(1), 39. Running Head: EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE Emotional Disturbance Sharaya Janes Southern New Hampshire University May 15, 2020 1 EMOTIONAL DISTU ... Purchase answer to see full attachment