Fluent Essays

CRIME & PUNISHMENT RESEARCH PAPER I. ASSIGNMENT Select one of the prompts in Section V and write a research essay of no less than 1500 and no more than 2500 words that addresses the questions that the prompt raises. The paper should be a combination of Exposition and Argumentation. Exposition should always serve Argumentation. a. Exposition seeks to explain the concepts, claims, analyses, and arguments of authoritative sources. Exposition provides detailed, accurate, and precise definitions and explanations of the central concepts, issues, and claims (using, where helpful, relevant examples) [Definition/Explanation]. Exposition also breaks the theory, principle, or issue under discussion down into its relevant parts and explains the connections between the parts clearly and accurately [Analysis]. Finally, Exposition successfully integrates all the relevant parts of the theory, principle, or issue under discussion into a clear and coherent account [Synthesis]. b. Argumentation seeks to establish or prove a thesis. Argumentation lays out a series of ideas or claims that are linked together. Argumentation explains how one idea (or set thereof) leads to another idea (or set), that is, how they are linked together, and how this series of steps in thought lead, either necessarily or probabilistically (that is, more likely than not), to a conclusion that is the thesis or position for which the paper is arguing. IV. SOURCES/CITATIONS The paper may use the sources that have been assigned for the class or that we have access to through the readings provided in the course. Though this is not required due to the current pandemic restrictions, the paper may also make use of sources beyond those we have read or have had access to through the course. a. Number of Sources: There is no set number of required sources. The paper should use as many sources as the topic requires and that can be accessed online. Use Google Scholar. b. Citation Method: Footnotes, Endnotes, or Author/Date are all acceptable. The paper may use citation formats laid out in the Chicago Manual of Style/Turabian, the American Psychological Association (APA) Style, Modern Language Association (MLA) Style, or any other citation method by which the source can be identified and tracked back to its original publication. V. RESEARCH PAPER PROMPTS 1. State and explain the Consequentialist justification of punishment. What are the criticisms of this theory made by the Retributivist and Restorative traditions? Do you agree or disagree with these critiques? State and explain the reasons why or why not. 2. Compare and contrast Wacquant and Gilmore on the relationship of incarceration and race. Specifically, what, according to Wacquant, is the role that racial ostracization plays in the practice of imprisonment? What role does racism play in Gilmore’s explanation of incarceration? Which, if either, account do you find more persuasive? State and explain the reasons that lead to your judgment. 3. Foucault claims that the same set of techniques of normalization or disciplinary power are at work in schools, workplaces, hospitals, and prisons. Explain what these techniques are and then show how they can be said to define modern educational, economic, healthcare, and punitive spaces. Do you agree with Foucault’s claim in full, in part, or not at all? State and explain the reasons that lead to your position. I attached the original file on the requirements and two other readings that can be used in the paper. cp__research_paper_assignment.pdf beccaria__on_crimes_and_punishments__1_.pdf gilmore__golden_gulag.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview PHL / CRIM 209: CRIME & PUNISHMENT RESEARCH PAPER I. ASSIGNMENT Select one of the prompts in Section V and write a research essay of no less than 1500 and no more than 2500 words that addresses the questions that the prompt raises. The Research Paper counts for 30\% of the final course grade. II. DEADLINE Monday, June 15th, 2020, by no later than 12:00 PM (Noon) CDT, via D2L Submission Folder III. EXPECTATIONS/GRADING RUBRIC The paper should be a combination of Exposition and Argumentation. Exposition should always serve Argumentation. a. Exposition seeks to explain the concepts, claims, analyses, and arguments of authoritative sources. Exposition provides detailed, accurate, and precise definitions and explanations of the central concepts, issues, and claims (using, where helpful, relevant examples) [Definition/Explanation]. Exposition also breaks the theory, principle, or issue under discussion down into its relevant parts and explains the connections between the parts clearly and accurately [Analysis]. Finally, Exposition successfully integrates all the relevant parts of the theory, principle, or issue under discussion into a clear and coherent account [Synthesis]. b. Argumentation seeks to establish or prove a thesis. Argumentation lays out a series of ideas or claims that are linked together. Argumentation explains how one idea (or set thereof) leads to another idea (or set), that is, how they are linked together, and how this series of steps in thought lead, either necessarily or probabilistically (that is, more likely than not), to a conclusion that is the thesis or position for which the paper is arguing. IV. SOURCES/CITATIONS The paper may use the sources that have been assigned for the class or that we have access to through the readings provided in the course. Though this is not required due to the current pandemic restrictions, the paper may also make use of sources beyond those we have read or have had access to through the course. a. Number of Sources: There is no set number of required sources. The paper should use as many sources as the topic requires and that can be accessed online. Use Google Scholar, the Philosopher’s Index (https://libguides.depaul.edu/philosophy), or the Sociology Collection (https://libguides.depaul.edu/sociology) to identify and access relevant secondary literature on the topic selected. b. Citation Method: Footnotes, Endnotes, or Author/Date are all acceptable. The paper may use citation formats laid out in the Chicago Manual of Style/Turabian, the American Psychological Association (APA) Style, Modern Language Association (MLA) Style, or any other citation method by which the source can be identified and tracked back to its original publication. V. RESEARCH PAPER PROMPTS 1. State and explain the Consequentialist justification of punishment. What are the criticisms of this theory made by the Retributivist and Restorative traditions? Do you agree or disagree with these critiques? State and explain the reasons why or why not. 2. Compare and contrast Wacquant and Gilmore on the relationship of incarceration and race. Specifically, what, according to Wacquant, is the role that racial ostracization plays in the practice of imprisonment? What role does racism play in Gilmore’s explanation of incarceration? Which, if either, account do you find more persuasive? State and explain the reasons that lead to your judgment. 3. Foucault claims that the same set of techniques of normalization or disciplinary power are at work in schools, workplaces, hospitals, and prisons. Explain what these techniques are and then show how they can be said to define modern educational, economic, healthcare, and punitive spaces. Do you agree with Foucault’s claim in full, in part, or not at all? State and explain the reasons that lead to your position. GOLDEN GULAG AMERICAN CROSSROADS EDITED BY EARL LEWIS, GEORGE LIPSITZ, PEGGY PASCOE, GEORGE SÁNCHEZ, AND DANA TAKAGI GOLDEN GULAG PRISONS, SURPLUS, CRISIS, AND OPPOSITION IN GLOBALIZING CALIFORNIA RUTH WILSON GILMORE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS B E R KE LEY LOS ANG E LES LON DON University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2007 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gilmore, Ruth Wilson, 1950–. Golden gulag : prisons, surplus, crisis, and opposition in globalizing California / Ruth Wilson Gilmore. p. cm—(American crossroads ; 21). Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn-13: 978-0-520-22256-4 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn-10: 0-520-22256-3 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn-13: 978-0-520-24201-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) isbn-10: 0-520-24201-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Prisons—California. 2. Prisons—Economic aspects—California. 3. Imprisonment—California. 4. Criminal justice, Administration of—California. 5. Discrimination in criminal justice administration—California. 6. Minorities—California. 7. California—Economic conditions. I. Title. II. Series. HV9475.C2G73 2007 365.9794—dc22 2006011674 Manufactured in the United States of America 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 This book is printed on New Leaf EcoBook 60, containing 60\% postconsumer waste, processed chlorine free; 30\% de-inked recycled fiber, elemental chlorine free; and 10\% FSC-certified virgin fiber, totally chlorine free. EcoBook 60 is acid free and meets the minimum requirements of ansi/astm d 5634–01 (Permanence of Paper).1 FOR MY MOTHER, RUTH ISABEL HERB WILSON AND IN LOVING MEMORY OF MY FATHER, COURTLAND SEYMOUR WILSON This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS List of Illustrations / i x List of Tables / x i Acknowledgments / x i i i List of Abbreviations / x x i prologue: The Bus / 1 1. Introduction / 5 2. The California Political Economy / 3 0 3. The Prison Fix / 87 4. Crime, Croplands, and Capitalism / 1 2 8 5. Mothers Reclaiming Our Children / 1 8 1 6. What Is to Be Done? / 2 4 1 epilogue: Another Bus / 2 4 9 Notes / 2 5 3 Bibliography and References / 2 8 1 Index / 3 5 5 This page intentionally left blank ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES 1. California crime index, 1952–1995 / 8 2. Revised California crime index, 1952–2000 / 9 3. Defense prime contracts and manufacturing jobs, 1972–1992 / 4 4 4. Population growth by region, 1980–1990 / 47 5. Growth in the ratio of property/proprietors’ (profit) income to total income, 1977–1996 / 5 9 6. Rise in interest income as a percentage of property/proprietors’ income and decline in the prime rate, 1980–1989 / 6 1 7. California farmland and irrigated land, in millions of acres, 1945–1987 / 6 6 8. Votes cast for governor and general fund expenditures, 1978–1994 / 8 5 MAP California state adult prisons / 1 0 ix This page intentionally left blank TABLES 1. Employees in Principal California Manufacturing Industries, 1980–1995 / 5 1 2. California Population, Labor Force, Jobs, Unemployment, and Prisoners, 1973–2000 / 73 3. Three Waves of Structural Change in Sources of California Tax Revenues, 1967–1989 / 8 2 4. CDC Prisoner Population by Race/Ethnicity / 1 1 1 5. CDC Commitments by Controlling Offense / 1 1 2 6. Mechanization of Cotton Production, 1940–1980 / 1 4 1 7. Overview of Kings County Agriculture, 1982–1992 / 1 4 4 8. Annual Change in Corcoran Housing Stock and Vacancy Rate, Selected Years / 1 5 9 xi This page intentionally left blank ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Golden Gulag is a late first book—late in my life, late to the press, and so late in the twentieth century that it appears well into the twenty-first. In some ways, the contents are old news, but alas not old enough to have become mere bad memories or the stuff of history to learn from. Over the years, as I’ve wrestled with the questions and evidence that shape the book, I’ve had so much help from so many people that this section of the volume should, by rights, be longer than any chapter and contain far more entries than the bibliography. However, well into my second halfcentury on this troubled planet, I’m as forgetful as I am indebted—and hopeful that if you don’t find your name here, you’ll forgive the oversight. And may all, named or not, excuse the errors. Poor Neil Smith. As Geography Department chair at Rutgers, he generously accepted a cranky middle-aged activist packing a couple of drama degrees and a headful of social theory to be his Ph.D. student and got plenty of drama in return. He also made me think systematically about society and space, accepted my for- xiii xiv AC K N OW LE D G M E N TS mulation for what happened, why, and to what end—and then made me prove it to him, revision after revision, in my dissertation. We fought a lot. We also celebrated often, and I’m grateful to Neil and to Cindi Katz for embracing both Gilmores the moment we arrived at New Brunswick, for wining and dining and throwing parties for us for four years, and making me a scholaractivist. At Rutgers, Professors Leela Fernandes, Dorothy Sue Cobble, Bob Lake, Ann Markusen, Susan Fainstein, John Gillis, and Caridad Souza taught me to work across disciplines; Leela, in particular, models the analytical courage interdisciplinarity demands. I hope Susan will accept this book in lieu of the paper I owe her. When I headed off to Rutgers, my Los Angeles compañeras— especially Theresa Allison, Geri Silva, Pauline Milner, and Donna Warren—in Mothers Reclaiming Our Children wished me well, and they always welcomed me back to the fold—expecting me always to bring useful knowledge and help make their knowledge useful. A coalition sparked by Mothers ROC and Families to Amend California’s Three Strikes (FACTS) expanded statewide thanks to the relentless energy of Geri Silva, Gail Blackwell, Barbara Brooks, Sue Rheams, Claudia Marriott, Julia Gonzales, Mary Avanti, Doug Kieso, Dennis Duncan, Carmen Ewell, and Christy Johnson, among many other tireless people. My capacity to think theoretically, but speak practically, I owe to the stern sisterly tutelage of my Wages for Housework mentors, Margaret Prescod and Selma James. Without Mike Davis there would be no Golden Gulag. He shared ideas, research, and resources, pointed me toward Moth- AC K N OW LE D G M E N TS xv ers ROC and Corcoran, asked plenty of great questions, read the manuscript thoroughly, and also showed me the practical connections between analytical, political, and pedagogical creativity. Years ago, when neither of us had a proper job, we shook our graying heads in dismay at a future of endless adjuncting. Now we both have steady jobs; who knew? George Lipsitz, Dave Roediger, Robin D. G. Kelley, Don Mitchell, Beth Richie, Ed Soja, Audrey Kobayashi, Andrea Smith, Lauren Berlant, Lakshman Yapa, Cindi Katz, Greg Hooks, Amy Kaplan, George Sánchez, Chris Newfield, Fred Moten, Devra Weber, Barbara Christian, Bruce Franklin, Angela Y. Davis, Wendy Brown, Cathy Cohen, Judith Butler, Wahneema Lubiano, Steve Martinot, Joy James, Linda Evans, Cheryl Harris, Joan Dayan, Mike Merrill, Paul Gilroy, Vron Ware, Peter Linebaugh, Bobby Wilson, Cedric Robinson, Elizabeth Robinson, Agnes Moreland Jackson, Sue E. Houchins, Deborah Santana (who set me straight on my working title “Sunshine Gulag” and suggested “Golden,” lest anyone think the book was about Florida), and, more than anyone, A. Sivanandan and Stuart Hall indelibly influenced how I think: each fiercely demonstrates how learning well is a generous art. During graduate school, we students—Laura Liu, Rachel Herzing, John Antranig Kasbarian, Curtis Frietag, Melina Patterson, Lisa Lynch, Alex Weheliye (who made me think about land!), Yong-Sook Lee, Marlen Llanes, Nicole Cousino, and Ralph Saunders—formed communities of purpose that still bind us in our commitment to live the change. I’d never have spent a minute, much less six years, at Berkeley were it not for the interventions, encouragement, friendship, and mentoring of Dick Walker, Gill Hart, and Carol Stack. I also xvi AC K N OW LE D G M E N TS had the fortune to share work-in-progress with amazing colleagues—Jean Lave, Pedro Noguera, Dan Perlstein, Barrie Thorne, Harley Shaiken, Allan Pred, Evelyn Nakano Glenn, Elaine Kim, Michael Omi, Pat Hilden, José David Saldívar, Jeff Romm, John Hurst, Caren Kaplan, and my dearest Cal pal Kurt Cuffey. Delores Dillard, Jahleezah Eskew, Nat Vonnegut, Carol Page, and Dan Plumlee made life easy for the bureaucratically challenged and, along with Don Bain and Darin Jensen, prove that staff are the backbone and conscience of academia. The students of Carceral Geographies at Berkeley dutifully studied the manuscript and, integrating their readings with ambitious fieldwork, concluded every fall semester with group research projects full of excellent evidence and surprising insights. The embarrassment of riches of wonderful Berkeley graduate students who inspired and challenged me around many a seminar table include Clem Lai, Dylan Rodriguez, Frank Wilderson, Micia Mosely, Judith Kafka, Sora Han, Sara Clarke Kaplan, Mark Hunter, Priya Kandaswamy, Nari Rhee, Jenna Loyd, Ethan Johnson, Chris Neidt, Wendy Cheng, Kysa Nygreen, Juan DeLara, Judy Han, Trevor Paglen, Jen Casolo, Brinda Sarathy, Joe Bryan, Sylvia Chan, Amanda LaShaw, Kiko Casique, and Kirstie Dorr. With patience, brilliance, and skill, four research assistants— Nari Rhee, Dana Kaplan, Ari Wohlfeiler, Pete Spannagle— moved the work forward. Many exemplary people made research possible, especially the research librarians at Alexander Library at Rutgers and the University Research Library at UCLA. Two print journalists, Dan Morain of the Los Angeles Times, and Jeannette Todd of the Corcoran Journal, gave me time and insights; Morain’s exemplary AC K N OW LE D G M E N TS xvii work on California prisons is a starting point for any serious student of the subject, as is the investigative reporting by Mark Arax and Mark Gladstone. Public servants Don Pauley of Corcoran, Melissa Harriman of Avenal, Ed Tewes of Modesto, and Bernie Orozco of the now defunct Joint Legislative Committee on Prison Construction and Operation provided crucial guidance without hesitation. Paula Burbach at the California Department of Corrections cheerfully responded to inquiries. Some of the research for this book received support from a Center for the Critical Analysis of Contemporary Culture graduate fellowship; a Ford dissertation fellowship; a University of California at Berkeley chancellor’s postdoctoral fellowship; and fellowships from the University of California Humanities Research Institute and the Open Society Institute. At the University of California Humanities Research Institute, Angela Y. Davis, Gina Dent, David Theo Goldberg, Sandra Baringer, Nancy Scheper-Hughes, and Avery Gordon engaged in spirited collaborative study and fieldwork; we have a book to make from that experience. American Studies and Ethnicity at the University of Southern California is a dream job. I am especially grateful to George Sánchez, Laura Pulido, and Fred Moten for friendship and mentoring, to all my colleagues for their trust, and to Sonia Rodriguez, Kitty Lai, and Sandra Jones—along with Billie Shotlow and Onita Morgan-Edwards in Geography—for their skillful and good-humored staffing. I’ve shared parts of this work with many scholars whose sharp insights rapidly improved my thinking, thanks to the support of sponsoring institutions: the National University of Singapore, University of Washington, University of Chicago, the University xviii AC K N OW LE D G M E N TS of Texas at Austin, Johns Hopkins, the Claremont Colleges, Scripps College, Queens University (CAN), UC Irvine, the Society for Cultural Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation, the Social Science Research Council, New York University, City University of New York, UCLA, the Brecht Forum, Brown, and Yale. And then there’s the generosity of activists—a constant caring regard for doing things both right and well. The principal organizations I work in and depend on are the California Prison Moratorium Project, Critical Resistance, and the Central California Environmental Justice Network. In these and other groups, many thanks to Tom Quinn, Catherine Campbell, the late Holbrook Teter, Michelle Foy, Sarah Jarmon, Ellen Barry, Bo Brown, Karen Shain, Peter Wagner, Brigette Sarabi, Tracy Huling, Kevin Pranis, Dorsey Nunn, Eddie Ellis, Naomi Swinton, Joe Kaye, Ajulo Othow, Naneen Karraker, Laura Magnani, Jason Ziedenberg, Deborah Peterson Small, Jonathan Wilson, Lois Ahrens, John Mataka, Rosenda Mataka, Sandra Meraz, Yedithza Vianey Nuñez, Joe Morales, Luke Cole, Bradley Angel, Jason Glick, Amy Vanderwarker, Lani Riccobuono, Debbie Reyes, Leonel Flores, Dana Kaplan, Ari Wohlfeiler, Rachel Herzing, and the activist’s activist Rose Braz. At the University of California Press, Linda Norton and Monica McCormick did everything possible to move this book into print . . . and Niels Hooper did the impossible. Suzanne Knott and Peter Dreyer are patient and thorough editors who taught me a lot about writing to be read. My brothers, Courtland, Peter, and Jon, and their families, have waited impatiently, as have my friends who are so close as to be fictive kin: Howard Singerman, Janet Ray, Brackette AC K N OW LE D G M E N TS xix Williams, Allen Feldman, Barbara Harlow, Sid Lemelle, Salima Lemelle, Salim Lemelle, the late and always missed Glen Thompson, Rachel Herzing, Avery Gordon, Chris Newfield, Laura Liu, Clyde Woods, Mike Murashige, Laura Pulido, Julia Gonzales, Annie Blum, and Rose Braz helped me develop my capacities, while demanding, singly and in chorus: “Write it down! Send it in!” My great regret is that my late father, Courtland Seymour Wilson, tireless activist, self-educated working-class intellectual, honest man, won’t have this book on his towering stack of things to read next; he and my beautiful mother, Ruth Isabel Herb Wilson, sent me out young to do antiracist work, let me be a reader and dreamer, and always welcomed their prodigal daughter home. Finally, my husband and best friend, Craig Gilmore, should be listed as co-author of this book; so much of the thinking, and more than half the suffering of it, was his. This page intentionally left blank ABBREVIATIONS AICCU BJS BPP BRC CCPOA CDC CDF CDF-CEI CEZ CO DOD EDD ERC xxi Association of Independent California Colleges and Universities Federal Bureau of Justice Statistics Black Panther Party California Blue Ribbon Commission on Inmate Population and Management California Correctional Peace Officers Association California Department of Corrections California Department of Finance California Department of Finance, California Economic Indicators California enterprise zone corrections officer; prison guard Department of Defense California Employment Development Department Equal Rights Congress xxii A B B R E V I AT I O N S FACTS FIRE GOB GSP JfJ JLCPCO LAO LAPD LRB LULUs MAPA Mothers ROC NAIRU NIMBY PIA PRCC ROC SPWB UFW Families to Amend California’s Three Strikes finance, insurance, and real estate sector general obligation bond gross state product Justice for Janitors Joint Legislative Committee on Prison Construction and Operations California Legislative Analyst’s Office Los Angeles Police Department lease revenue bond locally unwanted land uses Mexican American Political Alliance Mothers Reclaiming Our Children non-accelerating ... Purchase answer to see full attachment