Fluent Essays

Final Part 1 - Adolescence Discussion (50 pts.)Posting 1 (At least 4 paragraphs or more with MINIMUM 8 sentences). Refer to Modules/Chapters/Video/PPTs 14, 15, 16. Include in your reflection the following: What topic in Adolescence Development did you feel interested you the most and why?Why is it important to know about theories on brain and psychosocial (identity stages) development as a parent, teacher, policymaker or for oneself?Discuss the video on growth vs. fixed mindset and how does it improve on the way people learn and develop? How can we help our teens develop a growth mindset?Why is Adolescence described as being the most difficult times in parenting with intensity in conflict compared to earlier years? Are teens relationships with adults more important than peers?What do you think are the most pressing issues for our teenagers? (identity/growing up, eating disorders, bullying, cyberbullying, anxiety, depression, suicide, anti-social/violence behavior, etc.) In regards to the video that teens brains are wired for addiction, what do parents, teachers and/or policymakers need to do to support their teens?Why is gun violence a health epidemic for teens and why is this generation of teens more likely to care about gun violence?Chapter 14:During adolescence, the child continues to grow physically, cognitively, and emotionally, changing from a child into an adult. The body grows rapidly in size and the sexual and reproductive organs become fully functional. At the same time, as adolescents develop more advanced patterns of reasoning and a stronger sense of self, they seek to forge their own identities, developing important attachments with people other than their parents, particularly in Western societies, where the need to forge a new independence is critical (Baumeister & Tice, 1986; Twenge, 2006). Adolescence is a tough time as it is the years between the onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood. Previously, teenagers were likely to marry in their teens or early 20s, this period might have lasted only 10 years or less—starting roughly between ages 12 and 13 and ending by age 20, at which time the child got a job or went to work on the family farm, married, and started his or her own family.chapter 14 video: 1. Adolescence: Biosocial Development https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wM-3Hbelijw2. Video: How Your Brain Can Turn Anxiety into Calmness https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYJdekjiAog3. Video: Warning Signs & Symptoms of an Eating Disorder https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nJMtReAg1DI 4. Brain Development in Teenagers http://raisingchildren.net.au/articles/brain_development_teenagers.htmlhttps://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/teenbrain/work/adolescent.html5. Insight Into the Teenage Brain: Adriana Galván at TEDxYouth@Caltec6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=llWCbHrVbqwChapter 15: Video: 1. Adolescent Cognition: Thinking in a New Keyhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6wGMlbBc-c2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=2&v=LWUkW4s3XxY&feature=emb_title3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUWn_TJTrnU&feature=emb_title4. Video: Social Media and Brain Development https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HffWFd_6bJ05. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7EJ5kQAypcchapter 16 articles: Raising Children http://raisingchildren.net.au/articles/family_relationships_teenagers.html (Links to an external site.)Teen Health http://www.cyh.com/HealthTopics/HealthTopicDetails.aspx?p=243&np=291&id=2230Facts about Bullying from Stop Bullying website https://www.stopbullying.gov/media/facts/index.htm...It Gets Better Project: https://itgetsbetter.org/https://everytownresearch.org/impact-gun-violence-american-children-teens/videos: 1. Teens React to Bullying (Amanda Todd)2. Bullying continues after teen girl hangs herself (Links to an external site.)3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fWFuQR_Wt4M4. Video: Adolescence & Addictionhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLJyDN3XPe05. Video: The Teenage Brain Is Primed For Addictionhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNAbf3J3lR06. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HyBFXYIE3bA&feature=emb_title cd1_ch14_lecture_jb__10th_edition_.pdf cd1_ch15_lecture_jb.pdf cd1_ch16_lecture.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview Professor Benavides WHAT WILL YOU KNOW? How can you predict when puberty will begin for a particular child? Why do some teenagers avoid eating for days, even months? What makes teenage sex a problem instead of a joy? Puberty Begins Puberty Time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development Usually lasting three to five years Requires many more years to achieve psychosocial maturity Puberty Menarche • Girls first menstrual period, signaling that she has begun ovulation • Pregnancy is biologically possible, but ovulation and menstruation are often irregular for years after menarche. Spermarche • Boys first ejaculation of sperm • Erections can occur as early as infancy, but ejaculation signals sperm production. Puberty: Unseen Beginnings The entire process of puberty begins with an invisible event—a marked increase in hormones. Hormone •Organic chemical substance that is produced by one body tissue and conveyed via the bloodstream to another to affect some physiological function Pituitary •Gland in the brain that responds to a signal from the hypothalamus by producing many hormones, including those that regulate growth and control other glands, among them the adrenal and sex glands Puberty: Unseen Beginnings The pituitary produces hormones that stimulate the adrenal glands. Adrenal glands • Two glands, located above the kidneys, that produce hormones including the “stress hormones” epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine Puberty: Unseen Beginnings HPA (hypothalamus– pituitary–adrenal) axis • Sequence of a chain reaction of hormone production, originating in the hypothalamus and moving to the pituitary and then to the adrenal glands HPG (hypothalamus– pituitary–gonad) axis • Sequence of hormone production that originates in the hypothalamus, moves to the pituitary, and then to the gonads Sex Hormones Gonads • • Paired sex glands (ovaries in females, testicles in males). Gonads produce hormones and gametes. GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) Hormones that causes gonads to enlarge and increase production (estradiol in girls; testosterone in boys) • Estradiol Sex hormone, considered the chief estrogen. Females produce more estradiol than males do. • Testosterone Sex hormone, the best known of the androgens (male hormones). Secreted in far greater amounts by males than by females. JASON LEE/REUTERS/LANDOV T PETERSBURG TIMES/LARA CERRI/THE IMAGE WORKS Same Situation, Far Apart: Eye Openers Nature often grows eyelashes straight or slightly curly, but adolescent girls want them curlier. The main difference between these two settings is not the goal but the equipment. Girls in Pinellas Park, Florida, have large mirrors and metal tools designed for lash curling—both are rare in Beijing, China. Body Rhythms Hypothalamus and the pituitary regulate the hormones that affect the biorhythms of stress, appetite, sleep. Eveningness puts adolescents at risk for antisocial activities and sleep deprivation. Blue spectrum lights from electronic devices may have strong effects on human circadian system by interfering with nighttime sleepiness. PURESTOCK/GETTY IMAGES In puberty a phase delay in circadian sleep-wake cycles may occur. Sleepyheads Three of every four high school seniors are sleep deprived. Even if they go to sleep at midnight, as many do, they must get up before 8, as almost all do. Then all day they are tired. Algebra at 7 a.m.? Get Real! Sleep-deprived teenagers nod off in class and sometimes use drugs to stay awake or go to sleep. • In August 2014, the American Academy of Pediatrics concluded that high school should not begin until 8:30 or 9 a.m., because adolescent sleep deprivation causes a cascade of intellectual and behavioral problems. Do you agree? Disagree? Why? Age and Puberty RADIUS IMAGES/CORBIS Normally, pubertal hormones begin to increase between ages 8 and 14, and visible signs of puberty appear a year later. That six-year range is too great for many parents, teachers, and children, who want to know when a given child will begin puberty. If a child’s genes, gender, body fat, and stress level are known, some prediction is possible. Puberty About two-thirds of the variation in age of puberty is genetic. Genes on the sex chromosomes have a marked effect on age of puberty. Girls generally develop ahead of boys. The female height spurt occurs before menarche, whereas for boys the increase in height is relatively late, after spermarche. Puberty Body fat • Children who have a relatively large proportion of body fat experience puberty sooner than do their thin contemporaries. • Most girls must weigh at least 100 pounds before experiencing first period. • Globally urban children are more often overfed and underexercised than rural children. Puberty Secular trend • Data on puberty over the centuries that reveals a dramatic example of a long-term statistical increase or decrease. • Each generation has experienced puberty a few weeks earlier, and has grown a centimeter or so taller, than did the preceding one. • Secular trend has stopped in developed nations. Do you know why? Puberty Chemicals All the research on the effects on humans of hormones and other chemicals, whether natural or artificial, is complex. The female system is especially sensitive to leptin and other factors in the environment Leptin • Affects appetite and is believed to be involved in the onset of puberty. • Increases during childhood and peak at around age 12. • Evokes uncertainty about its effects Stress and Puberty Several longitudinal studies show a direct link between stress and puberty. Harsh parenting increased cortisol levels which affects puberty, increased sexual risk, but not other risks (Belsky and colleagues). Evolutionary theorists suggest shaping of genome over millennia. Girls Early-maturing girls tend to have lower self-esteem, more depression, and poorer body image than later-maturing girls. Early-maturing girls may be attracted to older boyfriends and enter into abusive relationships more often than other girls. © REDSNAPPER/ALAMY Too Early, Too Late All the Same? All four girls are 13, all from the same community in England. But as you see, each is on her own timetable, and that affects the clothes and expressions. Why is one in a tank top and shorts while another is in a heavy shirt and pants? Too Early, Too Late Boys Early-maturing boys are more aggressive, lawbreaking, and alcohol-abusing than later-maturing boys. Slow developing boys tend to be more anxious, depressed, and afraid of sex. Size and maturation are important for many adolescents in every nation. Ethnic Differences The effects of early puberty vary not only by sex, but also by ethnicity and culture. • In contrast to European Americans, early-maturing African American girls were not depressed, but early-maturing African American boys were. • European research finds that Swedish early-maturing girls were likely to encounter problems with boys and early drug abuse, but similar Slovak girls were not. • Early maturing Mexican American boys were likely to experience trouble with the police and with other boys if they lived in neighborhoods with relatively few Mexican-Americans, but not if they lived in ethnic enclaves. Growing Bigger and Stronger Growth spurt •Spurt is a relatively sudden and rapid physical growth that occurs during puberty. •Each body part increases in size on a schedule; growth is not always symmetrical. •Weight usually precedes height, and growth of the limbs precedes growth of the torso. The Transformations of Puberty Height spurt follows weight spurt, then a year or two later a muscle spurt occurs. Sequence: Weight, Height, Muscles Arm muscles develop more in boys; other muscles are genderneutral. The Transformations of Puberty Little difference Both sexes develop longer and stronger legs during puberty. The Transformations of Puberty Lungs triple in weight; consequently, adolescents breathe more deeply and slowly. Organ growth Heart doubles in size and the heartbeat slows, decreasing the pulse rate while increasing blood pressure. Only lymphoid system decreases in size. The Transformations of Puberty Skin becomes oilier, sweatier, and more prone to acne. Hair on the head and limbs becomes coarser and darker. Skin and hair New hair grows under arms, on faces, and over sex organs. In many ways, hair is more than a growth characteristic; it becomes a display of sexuality. Growth and Nutrition Diet deficiencies Many adolescents are deficient in their intake of necessary vitamins or minerals. Deficiencies of iron, calcium, zinc, and other minerals, since these are needed for bone and muscle growth. Nutritional deficiencies result from the food choices that young adolescents are allowed, even enticed, to make. STEPHAN GLADIEU/GETTY IMAGES Choices Made Nutritional deficiencies result from the food choices that young adolescents are enticed to make. These choices are influenced by: Fast-food establishments Price of healthy versus unhealthy choices School-based vending machines Anxiety about body image contributes to poor nutrition among teenagers. Focus on and exaggeration of imperfections Few adolescents are happy with their bodies. Discrepancy between teen body and bodies portrayed online and in teen-marketed media Dissatisfaction with body image can be dangerous, even deadly. CAREY KIRKELL/THE IMAGE BANK/GETTY IMAGES Body Image Eating Disorders Eating disorder characterized by self-starvation. Affected individuals voluntarily under eat and often over exercise, depriving their vital organs of nutrition. Anorexia can be fatal. Bulimia nervosa Eating disorder characterized by binge eating and subsequent purging, usually by induced vomiting and/or use of laxatives. FRED DUFOUR/AFP/GETTY IMAGES Anorexia nervosa Not Just Dieting Puberty: Eating Disorders Binge-eating disorder The DSM-5 introduced binge-eating disorder as a diagnostic category, in part to recognize that bingeing is sometimes associated with anorexia. Puberty: Eating Disorders Origins of disordered eating Cultural image Stress Puberty Hormones Childhood patters Family patterns and eating disorder reduction Healthy eating in childhood Eating together during childhood Brain Development Different parts of the brain grow at different rates. •Limbic system (fear, emotional impulses) matures before the prefrontal cortex (planning ahead, emotional regulation). •Instinctual and emotional areas develop before the reflective ones do. Brain scans confirm that emotional control, revealed by fMRI studies, is not fully developed until adulthood, because the prefrontal cortex is limited in connections and engagement. GOGTAY ET AL., ©2004 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, U.S.A. Same People, But Not the Same Brain Cognitive Development DENNIS MACDONALD/PHOTOEDIT Risk and reward Yes, Not No Diving into cold water with your friends is thrilling if you are a teenage boy and a girl is watching. Adult prohibition increases the joy. •Neurological research finds that the reward parts of adolescents’ brains are far stronger than inhibition parts. •Slower-maturing prefrontal cortex makes powerful sensations desirable—loud music, speeding cars, strong drugs—compelling. Benefits of Adolescent Brain Development There are benefits as well as hazards in the adolescent brain. Increased myelination and slower inhibition make reactions lightning fast. Brain’s reward areas activate positive neurotransmitters and teenagers become happier. Questioning assumptions can raise important issues. Risk taking often facilitates learning. Synaptic growth enhances moral development. Sexual Maturation Primary sex characteristics •Parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis. Secondary sex characteristics •Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a mans beard and a womans breasts. Sexual Activity Universal experience that produces another universal experience is influenced by cohort, gender, and culture. Boys are more influenced by hormones and girls by culture. •Both are influenced by hormones, society, biology, and culture. Sexual Maturation H.D.WILLIAMS LIFE MOMENTS PHOTOGRAPHY/FLICKR/GETTY IMAGES Sexual Activity Research finds that the most powerful influence on adolescents’ sexual activity is their close friends, not national or local norms for their gender or their ethnic group. Sexual Problems in Adolescence Problems less than in earlier decades. Positive trends Decreased teen births in every nation Rise in use of protection Decrease in teen abortion rate Hazards related to adolescent sexual activity Correlation of early sex with depression and drug abuse Absence of husband Increased complexity and expense related to parenting More common and dangerous STIs. DASHA PETRENKO/SHUTTERSTOCK Sexual Maturity Sexual Abuse Child sexual abuse Definition Most common time International and national rates Characteristics Family members most likely to abuse. Victims often isolated and uninformed. Impact of abuse often continues into adulthood. Sexually Transmitted Infections Worldwide, sexually active teenagers have higher rates of most common STIs: gonorrhea, genital herpes, and chlamydia. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has no immediate consequences but increases the risk of serious, lifethreatening cancer in both sexes; rate reduced by immunization. Early age of first intercourse, failure to use condoms, hesitancy to report infection contribute to high U.S. infection rate. Professor Julie Benavides WHAT WILL YOU KNOW? Why are young adolescents often egocentric? Why does emotion sometimes overwhelm reason? Is cyberbullying worse than bullying directly? What kind of school is best for teenagers? Logic and Self Adolescents’ development propels impressive cognitive growth, as teenagers move from egocentrism to abstract logic. • Brain maturation • • • • Intense conversations Schooling Moral challenges Increased independence Logic and Self • Characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10 to 14) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others IMAGE SOURCE/GETTY IMAGES Adolescent egocentrism Logic and Self Egocentrism leads adolescents to interpret everyone else’s behavior as if it were a judgment on them. Personal fable • Aspect of adolescent egocentrism characterized by an adolescents belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, or experiences are unique, more wonderful or awful than anyone elses. Logic and Self • Adolescents egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, or highspeed driving. MARK JENSEN/GETTY IMAGES Invincibility fable Logic and Self Imaginary audience • Other people who, in an adolescents egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior • This belief makes many teenagers self-conscious. • The imaginary audience dominates online. Formal Operational Thought Formal operational thought: Piaget • Fourth and final stage of cognitive development • Characterized by more systematic logic and the ability to think about abstract ideas • Examples seen in adolescent math, social science, and science performance Piaget’s Experiments Piaget and his colleagues devised a number of tasks to assess formal operational thought. • Balancing task required balancing scale with weights. • Skill in logically solving the task improved with age. Let’s take a closer look on the next slide. How to Balance a Scale Hypothetical thought • Includes reasoning that uses propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality • Transforms perceptions • May complicate decision making with immediate, practical questions AP PHOTO/LAS CRUCES SUN-NEWS, VLADIMIR CHALOUPKA Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning “Is it possible to train a cockroach?” This hypothetical question, an example of formal operational thought, was posed by 15-year-old Tristan Williams of New Mexico. Cognitive Development Deductive reasoning • Reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out (deduce) specifics • Sometimes called top-down reasoning Inductive reasoning • Reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to a general conclusion; may be less cognitively advanced than deduction • Sometimes called bottom-up reasoning Formal Operational Thought Younger adolescents are more confident of their illogical ideas than older adolescents are. • Sunk cost fallacy: Mistaken belief that if money, time, or effort that cannot be recovered has already been invested in some endeavor, then more should be invested in an effort to reach the goal. • Base rate neglect: Person ignores the overall frequency of some behavior or characteristic (called the base rate) in making a decision. Two Modes of Thinking: Intuition Versus Analysis Advanced logic in adolescence is counterbalanced by the increasing power of intuitive thinking. Intuitive thought • Thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation, and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions. Analytic thought • Thought that results from analysis, such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts • Analytic thought depends on logic and rationality. The Irrational Adolescent Klaczynskl compared child and adolescent thinking. • Almost every adolescent is analytical and logical on some problems but not on others. • With age, adolescent gain or regress in logical thinking, due to social context and statistical training. • Being smarter (IQ score) does not advance logic as much as experience. • In some domains, social variables are better predictors of age differences in heuristics and biases than cognitive abilities. Preferring emotions • Rational judgment is difficult when egocentric emotions dominate. • Experience in decision-making and thinking facilitates more accurate use of analysis. Better thinking • Intuitive decisions are not always best. • With maturity, adolescents gradually balance formal analytic thinking and emotional, experiential thinking. AP PHOTO/GREGORY SMITH Two Modes of Thinking Impressive Connections This robot is about to compete in the Robotics Competition in Atlanta, Georgia, but much more impressive are the brains of the Oregon high school team (including Melissa, shown here) who designed the robot. JONATHAN WILSON/MCT/LANDOV Formal Operational Thought Seeking a Higher Power Amidst the Depths Religious faith is very powerful for young Mormons, who are expected to spend a mission year at the end of adolescence. Thinking about religion • Most adolescents felt close to God and affirmed. • Most children and adolescents adhere to the faith and values of their parents. Formal Operational Thought Dual processing and the brain • Limbic system is activated by puberty; prefrontal cortex matures more gradually. • Cortical regions involving impulse control continue to develop through early adulthood. • Subcortical regions involving sensation seeking develop rapidly after puberty. Risky Decisions in Adolescents with their Peers Look Before You Leap As you can see, adolescents become less impulsive as they mature, but they still enjoy the thrill of a new sensation. Digital Natives As costs tumble, the smartphone has been particularly important at creating digital natives among low-SES adolescents of every ethnic group. • Discrepancies in number and quality of devices still follow SES lines. • ... Purchase answer to see full attachment